the gale encyclopedia of science author

... proximal end of an extremity is at the junction of the extremity (i.e., arm or leg) with the trunk of the body The distal end of an extremity is the point on the extrem-ity farthest away from the trunk ... palms of the hands turnforward up-In the standard anatomical position, superior means toward the head or the cranial end of the body. The term inferior means toward the feet or the caudal end of the ... arteries The catheter may also be placed inthe left ventricle to examine the mitral and aortic valves ofthe heart If the cardiologist requires a view of the rightventricle of the heart or of the tricuspid

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 16:21

... and the parasympathetic nervous system Dysfunctions of the autonomic nervous system are recognized by the symptoms that result from failure of the sympathetic or parasympathetic components of the ... resulting loss of flexibility Spinal laminectomy (spinal decompression) Surgical removal of a piece of the bony roof of the spinal canal known as the lamina to increase the size of the spinal canal ... malformations One hypothesis is that the base of the skull is too small, forcing the cerebellum downward Another theory focuses on overgrowth in the cerebellar region The overgrowth pushes the cerebellum

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 16:21

... slicing of thestill-frozen material The latter technique has the advan-tage of avoiding the removal of water, which can alter thestructure of the tissue cells Microscopic examination fo-cuses on the ... helps the client to maintain the benefits of thetherapy in the event of a relapse Shiatsu Shiatsu is the oldest form of bodywork therapy, ing been practiced for centuries in Japan as part of tradi-tional ... relaxesthe muscles associated with it In the second part of thetherapy session, the client learns a series of exercises thatprogressively stretch the muscles that have been relaxed by the therapist’s

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 16:21

... one hemisphere of the brain to crossoverand nourish tissue on the other side of the brainwhen the supply to the other side of the brain isimpaired.des-Circle of Willis Also known as the circulus ... dominance The preeminence of one cerebral hemisphere over the other in the control ofcerebral functions Handedness The preference of either the right or left hand as the dominant hand for the performance ... the other branch is the white ramuscommunicans Together they are referred to as the rami.Other rami connections lead to the pelvic area The bi-directional (two-way) communication network of the

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 16:21

... center of the brain, just above the brainstem It is made up of the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain, below the telencephalon, the most basal part of the cerebrum The two major components of the ... odors Also on the underside of the hypothalamus, and toward the front, is the optic chiasma, where the two optic nerve cables of the eyes cross From the floor of the hypothalamus, the posterior ... through the lobes of the thalamus These laminae are full of neurons that interconnect various thalamic nuclei The edges of the internal lamina reach the surfaces of the lobes They show as narrow,

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 16:21

... development, the neural tube forms by the closure of the neural structure When this does not occur in the case of an encephalocele, the result is a groove The groove can form down the middle region of the ... Encephalitis lethargica The latest epidemic is a result of the relaxed surveillance for the disease that happened with the near-eradication of the disease in the 1960s As of 2004, the disease is a threat ... another by a vector or carrier organism early phase symptoms) and the use of tests that detect antibodies to the parasite in the blood An early diagnostic sign of the bite of the tsetse fly is the

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 16:21

... of these muscles is spe-to allow the spe-toes spe-to swing up from the ground during thebeginning of a stride and to control the movement of thefoot following the planting of the heel towards the ... the episodes can fill in the gaps about the particulars of the seizure The description of the behaviors during a seizure can go a long way to catego-rizing the type of seizure and help with the ... the former begins with the legs and moves upward Fisher syndrome, on the other hand, begins in the head (paralysis of the eyes) and moves in the direction toward the neck and arms Al-though the

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 16:21

... upper part of the neck • the venous sinuses inside the head • the large arteries at the base of the brain • the large arteries that supply the dura mater, which is the outermost of the three meninges ... the brain and spinal cord • the portion of the dura mater at the base of the skull Tension headaches typically result from tightening of the muscles of the face, neck, and scalp as a result of ... headaches; whether other family members have the same type of headache; whether the patient feels depressed; whether the headaches are related to changes in the weather; and so on. The answers to the questions

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 16:21

... ofthe opening, and whether there are associated ab-normalities of the development of the spinal cordand nerves disabil-Thoracic Referring to the area of the torso com-monly called the chest There ... in thetissue in the iris of the eye Each of these problems will af-fect their vision, and eye surgery may not be beneficial.The central nervous system problem affects the larger muscles of the ... toes. Retina The light-sensitive layer of tissue in the back of the eye that receives and transmits visualsignals to the brain through the optic nerve Vermis The central portion of the cerebellum,

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 16:21

... compression of the median nerve in the carpal nel of the hand, characterized by pain tun-Cornea The clear, dome-shaped outer covering of the eye that lies in front of the iris and pupil Thecornea ... TermsAtrophy The progressive wasting and loss of func- tion of any part of the body Cerebellum The part of the brain involved in the coordination of movement, walking, and balance Neurodegeneration The ... impede the flow of blood through the vessel Deprivation of the essential blood is catastrophic for the regions that are supplied by the ves-sels In the brain, such vessel blockage can cause the

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 16:21

... the retina Atrophy The progressive wasting and loss of func-tion of any part of the body Iritis Inflammation of the iris, the membrane in the pupil, the colored portion of the eye It is ized ... covering of the brain and spinal cord Meningioma A tumor made up of cells of the lining of the brain and spinal cord (meninges) Neurofibromas Soft, rubbery, flesh-colored tumors made up of the fibrous ... excretion of urine Uveitis Inflammation of all or part the uvea The uvea is a continuous layer of tissue which consists ofthe iris, the ciliary body, and the choroid The uvealies between the retina

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 16:21

... across theback of the scapula (shoulder blade) and the tip of theshoulder Pain often radiates down the outer side of thearm and up along the neck, and seldom spreads down asfar as the outer side of ... by the loss of myelin (a waxy type substance)along the axon of the nerve cell The role of myelin will bediscussed later in the description of the nerves themselves As a result of this loss of ... inhibits the functioning of a myriad of glands Trang 10and muscles Examples include the acceleration of the heartbeat, raising of blood pressure, shrinkage of the pupils of the eyes, and the redirection

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 16:21

... The areas of the brain that are most severely affected by the lack of MeCP2 are the frontal, motor, and temporal portions of the brain cortex; the brain stem; the base of ... changes when the resonance is forced to change by altering the en- ergy of impacting photons. The speed and extent of the resonance changes permit a non-destructive (because of the use of low-energy ... irradiation. The most common forms of external radiation therapy use gamma and x rays. During the last half of the twentieth century, the radioisotope cobalt-60 was the frequently used source of radiation

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 16:21

... due to the trauma of the blow against the skull, and secondarily as a result of oxy-gen deprivation and swelling of the brain The banging of the brain against the sides of the skull causes the inflam-mation ... side en-of the skull to the other The bashing can be very tive to the brain, causing bruising, swelling, or bleeding.Bleeding of the brain is also called intracerebral hemor-rhage The force of shaking ... behavior, loss of consciousness, paling of the skin color or develop-ment of a bluish tinge to the skin, vomiting, and convul-sions These symptoms are the result of the destruction of brain cells

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 16:21

... to as the “bolus.” The oral transit phase refers to the movement of the bolus to the back of the mouth, through the actions of the tongue The pharyngeal phase refers to the transit of the bolusinto ... refers to the mouth; pha-ryngeal refers to the pharynx (the area of the airway at the back of the mouth, and leading to the esophagus and the lungs); esophageal refers to the esophagus (the tube ... allow access to the brain Dura matter The strongest and outermost of three membranes that protect the brain, spinal cord, andnerves of the cauda equina Skull All of the bones of the head. and long

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 16:21

... on the inside of the skull Because of the location of these prominences and theposition of the brain within the skull, the frontal lobes (be-hind the forehead) and temporal lobes (underlying thetemples) ... and then to the brain; motorcommands are conveyed along parallel fibers from thebrain to the muscles of the jaw The sensory fibers of thetrigeminal nerve are specialized for the conveyance of ... fragments of the broken skull sink down from the skull surface and press against the surface of the brain In a penetrating skull fracture, bone fragments enter brain tissue Either of these types of

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 16:21

... body The neck will flex until either the facet joints in the back of the vertebrae or the anterior longitudinal ligament in the front of the vertebrae stop the motion The ... of intrinsic factor, which results in pernicious anemia. Inad- equate production of intrinsic factor can occur because of atrophy (wasting) of the stomach lining, the removal of the part of the ... Loss of the protective sheet of tissue that covers the axon (the part of the. .. roles in the various chemical reactions Zellweger syndrome is caused by mutations in any one of

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 16:21

... increasing the speed of nerve conduction. SCIATIC NERVE The nerve controlling the muscles of the back of the knee and lower leg, and providing sensa- tion to the back of the thigh, part of the lower ... around the soft tissues ofthe neck, and loss of muscle tone with aging. PITCH.The property of sound that is determined by the frequency of sound wave vibrations reaching the ear. PITUITARY GLAND The ... to the buttock and back of the leg to below the knee or even to the foot. SCLERA. The tough white membrane that forms the outer layer of the eyeball. SCOLIOSIS.An asymmetric curvature of the

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 16:21

... levelled the city of Carthage and treated the surrounding fields with salt to destroy the agricultural capability of the land, thereby preventing the rebuilding of the city. The attraction of chemicals ... regulation Tenrecs Teratogen Term Termites Terns Terracing Territoriality Tetanus Tetrahedron Textiles Thalidomide Theorem Thermal expansion Thermochemistry Thermocouple Thermodynamics Thermometer Thermostat Thistle Thoracic surgery Thrips Thrombosis Thrushes Thunderstorm Tides GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SCIENCE ... phenomena Atmospheric pressure GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SCIENCE 3 viii Topic List TLFeBOOK GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SCIENCE 3 v CONTENTS Topic List vii Organization of the Encyclopedia xxvii Advisory Board...

Ngày tải lên: 06/03/2014, 18:20

... visual center of the brain (the visual cortex) at the back of the head. The visual cortex sends instruction to the eye based on whether the object of vision is near or far and whether the surrounding ... influence of the ciliary body, the lens further bends and directs the incoming light back to the retina. There it is received and trans- ferred through the optic nerve at the back of the eye to the ... pain in the upper body, the ‘‘LI4’’ point is recommended. It is located in the web between the thumb and index finger, on the back of the hand. Using the thumb and index finger of the other hand,...

Ngày tải lên: 16/02/2014, 06:20