the gale encyclopedia of neurological disorders

... compression of the median nerve in the carpal nel of the hand, characterized by pain tun-Cornea The clear, dome-shaped outer covering of the eye that lies in front of the iris and pupil Thecornea ... TermsAtrophy The progressive wasting and loss of func- tion of any part of the body Cerebellum The part of the brain involved in the coordination of movement, walking, and balance Neurodegeneration The ... the National Institute ofNeurological Disorders and Stroke and is aimed at under-standing the development of dementia The hope is that thediagnosis of dementias will be improved Ultimately, thegoal

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 16:21

... the retina Atrophy The progressive wasting and loss of func-tion of any part of the body Iritis Inflammation of the iris, the membrane in the pupil, the colored portion of the eye It is ized ... neuropathologist Rather, the specialist works in the background, in the setting of the laboratory, to assist in the patient’s diagnosis In the path that leads to the diagnosis of a tumor, disease, or other ... covering of the brain and spinal cord Meningioma A tumor made up of cells of the lining of the brain and spinal cord (meninges) Neurofibromas Soft, rubbery, flesh-colored tumors made up of the fibrous

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 16:21

... across theback of the scapula (shoulder blade) and the tip of theshoulder Pain often radiates down the outer side of thearm and up along the neck, and seldom spreads down asfar as the outer side of ... by the loss of myelin (a waxy type substance)along the axon of the nerve cell The role of myelin will bediscussed later in the description of the nerves themselves As a result of this loss of ... inhibits the functioning of a myriad of glands Trang 10and muscles Examples include the acceleration of the heartbeat, raising of blood pressure, shrinkage of the pupils of the eyes, and the redirection

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 16:21

... cortex; the brain stem; the base of the forebrain; and the basal... exertions of different body parts Most of these disorders involve the hands, The demographics of repetitive ... than the result of tissue loss or destruction The areas of the brain that are most severely affected by the lack of MeCP2 are the frontal, motor, and temporal portions of the ... changes when the resonance is forced to change by altering the en- ergy of impacting photons. The speed and extent of the resonance changes permit a non-destructive (because of the use of low-energy

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 16:21

... due to the trauma of the blow against the skull, and secondarily as a result of oxy-gen deprivation and swelling of the brain The banging of the brain against the sides of the skull causes the inflam-mation ... side en-of the skull to the other The bashing can be very tive to the brain, causing bruising, swelling, or bleeding.Bleeding of the brain is also called intracerebral hemor-rhage The force of shaking ... behavior, loss of consciousness, paling of the skin color or develop-ment of a bluish tinge to the skin, vomiting, and convul-sions These symptoms are the result of the destruction of brain cells

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 16:21

... to as the “bolus.” The oral transit phase refers to the movement of the bolus to the back of the mouth, through the actions of the tongue The pharyngeal phase refers to the transit of the bolusinto ... refers to the mouth; pha-ryngeal refers to the pharynx (the area of the airway at the back of the mouth, and leading to the esophagus and the lungs); esophageal refers to the esophagus (the tube ... allow access to the brain Dura matter The strongest and outermost of three membranes that protect the brain, spinal cord, andnerves of the cauda equina Skull All of the bones of the head. and long

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 16:21

... on the inside of the skull Because of the location of these prominences and theposition of the brain within the skull, the frontal lobes (be-hind the forehead) and temporal lobes (underlying thetemples) ... and then to the brain; motorcommands are conveyed along parallel fibers from thebrain to the muscles of the jaw The sensory fibers of thetrigeminal nerve are specialized for the conveyance of ... fragments of the broken skull sink down from the skull surface and press against the surface of the brain In a penetrating skull fracture, bone fragments enter brain tissue Either of these types of

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 16:21

... body The neck will flex until either the facet joints in the back of the vertebrae or the anterior longitudinal ligament in the front of the vertebrae stop the motion The ... of intrinsic factor, which results in pernicious anemia. Inad- equate production of intrinsic factor can occur because of atrophy (wasting) of the stomach lining, the removal of the part of the ... Loss of the protective sheet of tissue that covers the axon (the part of the. .. roles in the various chemical reactions Zellweger syndrome is caused by mutations in any one of

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 16:21

... increasing the speed of nerve conduction. SCIATIC NERVE The nerve controlling the muscles of the back of the knee and lower leg, and providing sensa- tion to the back of the thigh, part of the lower ... around the soft tissues ofthe neck, and loss of muscle tone with aging. PITCH.The property of sound that is determined by the frequency of sound wave vibrations reaching the ear. PITUITARY GLAND The ... to the buttock and back of the leg to below the knee or even to the foot. SCLERA. The tough white membrane that forms the outer layer of the eyeball. SCOLIOSIS.An asymmetric curvature of the

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 16:21

... by the integration of wild-type genes into the AAVS1 locus The use of AAVs was further simplified by the arrival of commercially available systems Following the hypothesis that homology of the ... at the C-terminal end of the protein Introduction of frame shifts within a coding exon of the gene prior to the catalytic part leads to destruction of all enzymatic activity Also shown is the ... 1995) They offer a genetic size of over 30 kb, which allows a flexible selection of homologous parts and the integration of a large amount of genetic information, but making the design of targeting

Ngày tải lên: 26/11/2015, 09:54

... disor-ders if we substitute the notion of the cause for the notion of a cause To speak of the cause is to suggest that there is only one; this has been called the doctrine of "monocausation" ... psychiatry into the biomedical mainstream —Eisenberg, 1986, p 499 The father of medicine, Hippocrates, provided the first biological theory of mental disease in the form of a humoral theory Hippocrates ... Theories for the Science and Disciplines of Psychopathology 199 References 203 Appendix Multicausal (Diathesis-Stress and Other Biopsychosocial) Theories of Mental Disorders 205 Adjustment Disorders

Ngày tải lên: 22/03/2014, 16:20

... Minnesota, the operators of the Metrodome, where the Twins play their home games, sued the Twins and MLB, asking a state court to order the Twins to play the 2002 season They sought either to win on the ... school Neither she nor any of the other members of the Little Rock Nine—who arrived later in a group, as arranged—were allowed to pass through the line of Guard members surrounding the school The attempt ... that the plaintiff be aware of a battery at the time it is committed The gist of the action is the lack of consent to contact It is no defense that the victim was sleeping or unconscious at the

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 21:21

... volume 16 of the Lawyer’s Edition, second series, beginning on page 694 Year of decision The year the court issued its decision in the case appears in parenthe-ses at the end of the citation ... explore the reasoning of the judges and the arguments of the attorneys that produced major decisions on important legal and social issues Included in each Milestone are the opinions of the lower ... opposite Case title The title of the case is set in italics and indicates the names of the parties The suit in this sample citation was between Ernesto A Miranda and the state of Arizona Reporter

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 21:21

... abatement is a decrease in the amount of tax imposed. Abatement of taxes relieves property of its share of the burdens of taxation after the ASSESSMENT has been made and the LEVY of the tax has been accomplished. ... the court’sjurisdiction, the venue of the trial, the sufficiency of process, or of the SERVICE OF PROCESS,thelegal sufficiency of the plaintiff’s claim, or the f ailure to include someone who ... or with postea. The illegality of the conduct or the revela- tion of the real facts makes the entire situation illegal ab initio (from the beginning), not just from the time the wrongful behavior

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 21:21

... affected by these incidents could not seek safe abortions because of the strict laws then in existence Reacting to these and other developments, and inspired by the successes of theCIVIL RIGHTS ... Does The three-judge district court combined Roe’s case with the cases of Hallford and the Does, but later dismissed the suit brought by the Does on the grounds that neither had violated the law ... regulation by the state The state has “legitimate interests in protecting both the pregnant woman’s health and the potentiality of human life” (i.e., the life of the fetus) To specify when the state’s

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 21:21

... life or health. And third is the principle that the State has legitimate interests from the outset of the pregnancy in protecting the health of the woman and the life of the fetus that may become ... overturn Roe, the Court’s opinion defended the reasoning of the Roe decision. The Court characterized the Roe ruling as having three major provisions: First is a recognition of the right of the woman ... gestational age of the fetus; the method of payment for the abortion; and the basis of determination that “a child is not viable.” When the Pennsylvania law came before the Court in the 1986 case

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 21:21

... direct the guide wire to the correct location. Once it is in position, the needle is then removed, and a catheter is threaded over the length of the guide wire until it reaches the area of study. The ... number of doses of triptans per month. Patients who need more doses either must have their doctors try to get the insurance company to authorize them, or the patients must pay the full price of the ... role in the progression of the disease. The accumulation of dam- age and loss of brain cells eventually results in the failure of many different organ systems in the body. According to the National...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 16:21

... 110 GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS 127 Autonomic dysfunction Key Terms Dysarthria A group of speech disorders caused by disturbances in the strength or coordination of the muscles of ... location of the defective chromosome. Autosomal dominant inheritance requires the presence of the mutation in only one of the two copies of a gene (maternal or paternal) to trigger the onset of the ... Arnold-Chiari malformations. One hypothesis is that the base of the skull is too small, forcing the cerebellum downward. Another theory focuses on overgrowth in the cerebellar region. The overgrowth pushes the cerebellum...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 16:21

... The process of atherosclerosis causes a hardening of the walls of the arteries and, in the case of atherosclerosis in the carotid artery, results in a carotid stenosis that reduces the flow of ... stenosis is the medical description of the nar- rowing or constriction of the carotid artery. The artery is located in the neck, and the narrowing of the artery is caused by the buildup of plaque ... specific to the type of tumor, location of the tumor, and general health of the patient. Surgery, radiation therapy, and LetterB.qxd 10/5/04 2:40 PM Page 178 GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS 151 Beriberi ã...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 16:21

... Page 241 214 GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS Cerebral circulation In the embryo, the components of the circle of Willis develop from the embryonic dorsal aortae and the embry- onic ... The part of the brain that is damaged determines what parts of the body are affected. LetterC.qxd 10/6/04 4:13 PM Page 219 GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS 231 Chorea Key Terms Athetosis ... which they are named. In the spinal cord of humans, the myelin-coated axons are on the surface and the axon-dendrite network is on the inside. In cross-section, the pattern of contrasting color of these...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 16:21