the gale encyclopedia of genetic disorders pdf

... proximal end of an extremity is at the junction of the extremity (i.e., arm or leg) with the trunk of the body The distal end of an extremity is the point on the extrem-ity farthest away from the trunk ... palms of the hands turnforward up-In the standard anatomical position, superior means toward the head or the cranial end of the body. The term inferior means toward the feet or the caudal end of the ... arteries The catheter may also be placed inthe left ventricle to examine the mitral and aortic valves ofthe heart If the cardiologist requires a view of the rightventricle of the heart or of the tricuspid

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 16:21

... scissors in the other and rub them against one another with hesitant motions GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS Apraxia of speech is a subtype of kinetic apraxia This disorder is often observed ... secondary effects of the inflammatory process itself GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS Arachnoid One of the three membranes that sheath the spinal cord and brain; the arachnoid is the middle ... and the parasympathetic nervous system Dysfunctions of the autonomic nervous system are recognized by the symptoms that result from failure of the sympathetic or parasympathetic components of the

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 16:21

... slicing of thestill-frozen material The latter technique has the advan-tage of avoiding the removal of water, which can alter thestructure of the tissue cells Microscopic examination fo-cuses on the ... helps the client to maintain the benefits of thetherapy in the event of a relapse Shiatsu Shiatsu is the oldest form of bodywork therapy, ing been practiced for centuries in Japan as part of tradi-tional ... relaxesthe muscles associated with it In the second part of thetherapy session, the client learns a series of exercises thatprogressively stretch the muscles that have been relaxed by the therapist’s

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 16:21

... one hemisphere of the brain to crossoverand nourish tissue on the other side of the brainwhen the supply to the other side of the brain isimpaired.des-Circle of Willis Also known as the circulus ... dominance The preeminence of one cerebral hemisphere over the other in the control ofcerebral functions Handedness The preference of either the right or left hand as the dominant hand for the performance ... the other branch is the white ramuscommunicans Together they are referred to as the rami.Other rami connections lead to the pelvic area The bi-directional (two-way) communication network of the

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 16:21

... center of the brain, just above the brainstem It is made up of the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain, below the telencephalon, the most basal part of the cerebrum The two major components of the ... odors Also on the underside of the hypothalamus, and toward the front, is the optic chiasma, where the two optic nerve cables of the eyes cross From the floor of the hypothalamus, the posterior ... side GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS Dizziness of the body, and slurred speech and/or lack of coordination If the loss of blood supply to the brain is due to a blockage in one of the

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 16:21

... lesion in the PNS usually occurs below the level of the lesion There is a broad spectrum of diseases, disorders, and medications that cause dysesthesias There are two broad categories of dysesthesias ... development, the neural tube forms by the closure of the neural structure When this does not occur in the case of an encephalocele, the result is a groove The groove can form down the middle region of the ... a lack of oxygen to the entire brain, which GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS Cerebral herniation against the skull Movement of the brain Cerebral ischemia Lack of oxygen to the brain,

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 16:21

... of these muscles is spe-to allow the spe-toes spe-to swing up from the ground during thebeginning of a stride and to control the movement of thefoot following the planting of the heel towards the ... the episodes can fill in the gaps about the particulars of the seizure The description of the behaviors during a seizure can go a long way to catego-rizing the type of seizure and help with the ... the former begins with the legs and moves upward Fisher syndrome, on the other hand, begins in the head (paralysis of the eyes) and moves in the direction toward the neck and arms Al-though the

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 16:21

... upper part of the neck • the venous sinuses inside the head • the large arteries at the base of the brain • the large arteries that supply the dura mater, which is the outermost of the three meninges ... the brain and spinal cord • the portion of the dura mater at the base of the skull Tension headaches typically result from tightening of the muscles of the face, neck, and scalp as a result of ... headaches; whether other family members have the same type of headache; whether the patient feels depressed; whether the headaches are related to changes in the weather; and so on. The answers to the questions

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 16:21

... ofthe opening, and whether there are associated ab-normalities of the development of the spinal cordand nerves disabil-Thoracic Referring to the area of the torso com-monly called the chest There ... in thetissue in the iris of the eye Each of these problems will af-fect their vision, and eye surgery may not be beneficial.The central nervous system problem affects the larger muscles of the ... toes. Retina The light-sensitive layer of tissue in the back of the eye that receives and transmits visualsignals to the brain through the optic nerve Vermis The central portion of the cerebellum,

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 16:21

... compression of the median nerve in the carpal nel of the hand, characterized by pain tun-Cornea The clear, dome-shaped outer covering of the eye that lies in front of the iris and pupil Thecornea ... TermsAtrophy The progressive wasting and loss of func- tion of any part of the body Cerebellum The part of the brain involved in the coordination of movement, walking, and balance Neurodegeneration The ... increases blocking of the thalamic nu-clei, preventing them from sending signals to the motor cortex The result is a loss of movement (motor activity), other movement disorders, although the exact mechanisms

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 16:21

... the retina Atrophy The progressive wasting and loss of func-tion of any part of the body Iritis Inflammation of the iris, the membrane in the pupil, the colored portion of the eye It is ized ... neuropathologist Rather, the specialist works in the background, in the setting of the laboratory, to assist in the patient’s diagnosis In the path that leads to the diagnosis of a tumor, disease, or other ... covering of the brain and spinal cord Meningioma A tumor made up of cells of the lining of the brain and spinal cord (meninges) Neurofibromas Soft, rubbery, flesh-colored tumors made up of the fibrous

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 16:21

... across theback of the scapula (shoulder blade) and the tip of theshoulder Pain often radiates down the outer side of thearm and up along the neck, and seldom spreads down asfar as the outer side of ... by the loss of myelin (a waxy type substance)along the axon of the nerve cell The role of myelin will bediscussed later in the description of the nerves themselves As a result of this loss of ... inhibits the functioning of a myriad of glands Trang 10and muscles Examples include the acceleration of the heartbeat, raising of blood pressure, shrinkage of the pupils of the eyes, and the redirection

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 16:21

... cortex; the brain stem; the base of the forebrain; and the basal... exertions of different body parts Most of these disorders involve the hands, The demographics of repetitive ... than the result of tissue loss or destruction The areas of the brain that are most severely affected by the lack of MeCP2 are the frontal, motor, and temporal portions of the ... irradiation. The most common forms of external radiation therapy use gamma and x rays. During the last half of the twentieth century, the radioisotope cobalt-60 was the frequently used source of radiation

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 16:21

... due to the trauma of the blow against the skull, and secondarily as a result of oxy-gen deprivation and swelling of the brain The banging of the brain against the sides of the skull causes the inflam-mation ... side en-of the skull to the other The bashing can be very tive to the brain, causing bruising, swelling, or bleeding.Bleeding of the brain is also called intracerebral hemor-rhage The force of shaking ... behavior, loss of consciousness, paling of the skin color or develop-ment of a bluish tinge to the skin, vomiting, and convul-sions These symptoms are the result of the destruction of brain cells

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 16:21

... to as the “bolus.” The oral transit phase refers to the movement of the bolus to the back of the mouth, through the actions of the tongue The pharyngeal phase refers to the transit of the bolusinto ... refers to the mouth; pha-ryngeal refers to the pharynx (the area of the airway at the back of the mouth, and leading to the esophagus and the lungs); esophageal refers to the esophagus (the tube ... allow access to the brain Dura matter The strongest and outermost of three membranes that protect the brain, spinal cord, andnerves of the cauda equina Skull All of the bones of the head. and long

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 16:21

... on the inside of the skull Because of the location of these prominences and theposition of the brain within the skull, the frontal lobes (be-hind the forehead) and temporal lobes (underlying thetemples) ... and then to the brain; motorcommands are conveyed along parallel fibers from thebrain to the muscles of the jaw The sensory fibers of thetrigeminal nerve are specialized for the conveyance of ... fragments of the broken skull sink down from the skull surface and press against the surface of the brain In a penetrating skull fracture, bone fragments enter brain tissue Either of these types of

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 16:21

... twin to the umbilical vein of the other. This abnormal connection can cause serious complications including loss of the pregnancy. GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GENETIC DISORDERS 7 Acardia The GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA ... activity. These individuals have no symptoms of AKU. However, they are carriers of AKU and can pass the gene on to their off- spring. All of the offspring of two parents with AKU will inherit the disorder. ... some feminization. The degree of severity is a direct result of the degree of severity of the genetic alteration in the androgen receptor and resulting amount of functional androgen receptor. The internal...

Ngày tải lên: 29/03/2014, 17:20

... Page 5 The GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA of NEurological Disorders FrontMatter1.qxd 10/5/04 2:21 PM Page i GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS 25 Alcohol-related neurological disease Institute of Allergy ... 20 16 GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS Agenesis of the corpus callosum early intervention. Administration of clonidine, a drug that inhibits the fight-or-flight response, and of other ... Beach, CA xviii GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS Contributors FrontMatter1.qxd 10/5/04 2:21 PM Page xviii GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS 7 Acupuncture any part of the body can...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 01:20

... their mother or father. Sometimes the change occurs spontaneously when the egg and sperm come together to form the first cell of the baby. The children of a person with NF2 have a 50% chance of inheriting ... fashion. The cells that make up blood are produced in the bone marrow and the lymph system. The bone marrow is the spongy tissue found in the large bones of the body. The lymph system includes the ... brain stem. The brain stem is the stalk-like portion of the brain that joins the spinal cord to the cerebrum, the thinking and reasoning part of the brain. Different parts of the brain- stem have different...

Ngày tải lên: 06/03/2014, 18:20

... visual center of the brain (the visual cortex) at the back of the head. The visual cortex sends instruction to the eye based on whether the object of vision is near or far and whether the surrounding ... influence of the ciliary body, the lens further bends and directs the incoming light back to the retina. There it is received and trans- ferred through the optic nerve at the back of the eye to the ... pain in the upper body, the ‘‘LI4’’ point is recommended. It is located in the web between the thumb and index finger, on the back of the hand. Using the thumb and index finger of the other hand,...

Ngày tải lên: 16/02/2014, 06:20