the electrical engineering handbook crc press

... b Reduce the area of high luminance causing the glare condition c Increase the angle between the glare source and the line of vision d Increase the luminance of the area surrounding the glare ... The greater the contrast difference in luminance, the more readily the seeing task is performed.The eye functions most comfortably and efficiently when the luminance within the remainder of the ... Determine the required level of illuminance b Determine the coefficient of utilization(CU) which is the ratio of the lumens reaching the workingplane to the total lumens generated by the lamps

Ngày tải lên: 30/12/2013, 22:33

... by CRC Press LLC According to the deformation potential theory, the strain will shift the energy of all the states in a given band extremum by the same amount, i.e., the valley moves along the ... by CRC Press LLC The influence of hydrostatic pressure on the electrical resistivity can provide additional insights on the transport properties. Some of the noted features include (1) high pressures ... Amin, A. “Piezoresistivity” The Electrical Engineering Handbook Ed. Richard C. Dorf Boca Raton: CRC Press LLC, 2000 © 2000 by CRC Press LLC 51 Piezoresistivity 51.1 Introduction

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... underestimates the current associated with the shallow traps and overcompensates for the current due to the deep traps The mobility of the free charge carriers is determined by the depth of the traps, the ... assumed not to disturb the trapped charge; the received electrical signal is then correlated with the acoustical wave to determine the profile of the trapped charge Errors in the measurement would ... to the dielectric loss dissipated in the dielectric in J s–1, where E is the external field, e¢ the real value of the permittivity, and tand the dissipation factor at the radial frequency v Other

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... employed The mercury thermometer was mentioned in the Introduction as a nonelectrical sensor The most commonly used electrical temperature sensors are thermocouples, thermistors, and resistance thermometers ... temperature As the electrons in the metal gain thermal energy, they move about more rapidly and undergo more frequent collisions with each other and the atomic nuclei These scattering events reduce the ... by the force generated by the acceleration (F = m · a) and the restoring force of the spring Another example is the displacement of the center of a deformable membrane due to a difference in pressure

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... Young, D., Pu, Y. “Magnetooptics” The Electrical Engineering Handbook Ed. Richard C. Dorf Boca Raton: CRC Press LLC, 2000 © 2000 by CRC Press LLC 57 Magnetooptics 57.1 Introduction ... data, the same thermal process can be applied while reversing the direction of the bias magnetic field. To read the stored information optically, the Kerr effect is used to detect the presence of these ... another 45 degrees through the Faraday material, and, because its polarization is now 90 degrees from the incident beam, is deflected by the first calcite prism. The four ports of the circulator then

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... resistor and the other as a voltage probe where either can function in either role For the Y coordinate value the top layer is the voltage probe, and the voltage is applied by the controller to the bottom ... on the glass, and the time of arrival of the waves at the receivers is known because the wave velocity is known The placing of a finger on the glass weakens the signal and the location of the ... across the substrate The Y axis is scanned in the same fashion after the X wave dies out Then, when the finger touches the substrate, its water content absorbs some of the energy in the wave,and the

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... 1Tallarida, R.J “Section XII – Mathematics, Symbols, and Physical Constants”The Electrical Engineering Handbook Ed Richard C Dorf Boca Raton: CRC Press LLC, 2000 Trang 2The mathematical equation used ... ACHIEVEMENTS in engineering deeply affect the lives of all of us and also serve to remind us of the importance of mathematics Interest in mathematics has grown steadily with these engineering achievements ... —The kelvin, unit of thermodynamic temperature, is the fraction 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water (13th CGPM, 1967). Mole —The mole is the amount of substance

Ngày tải lên: 31/12/2013, 21:25

... of all the branch currents and voltages as the state of the network, then the knowledge of the instantaneous values of all these variables determines this instantaneous state Not all of these ... variables as the state variables in order to formulate the state equations If we call the set of instantaneous values of all the branch currents and voltages the state of the network, then the knowledge ... variables State: A set of data, the values of which at any time t, together with the input to the system at the time, determine uniquely the value of any network variable at the time t. State equation

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... voltage is the difference between the potential of the node entered and the potential of the node at which the path exits. Alternatively, the voltage drop along a branch is the difference of the node ... the associated current is said to be entering the node; if the arrow is drawn away from the node, the current is said to be leaving the node. The current i 1 is entering node b in Fig. 3.1; the ... orientation in the sense that in “walking” along the path one would enter one of the nodes and exit the other. This establishes a direction for determining the voltage across a branch in the path: the voltage

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... Wiley and Sons, Inc. Trang 3The roots of the numerator polynomial N(s) are the zeros of the system, and the roots of the denominatorD(s) are the poles of the system (the points of infinite response) ... frequency to the normalized cut-off frequency (1 rad/s) Note that the impedance scaling factor increases the size of the resistors and inductors, but reduces the size of the capacitors The result ... of the shunt capacitors and the series inductor By low-pass we mean a circuit that passes the lower frequencies and attenuates higher frequencies The cut-off frequency is the point at which the

Ngày tải lên: 31/12/2013, 21:26

... be of the form: where f1 = w1/2p is the frequency and X1 is the amplitude of the input signal Let the output of the nonlinearcircuit be where Y0 is the dc component of the output, Y1 is the amplitude ... because the biased diode is in parallel with the output Although the circuits behave the same way whether or not one side of the dc voltage source is connected to the common (low) side of the input ... inputs, then the nonlin- earity results in not only the fundamental and harmonics but also additional frequencies called the beat frequencies at the output The distortion due to the components at the

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... must follow that the real part of the exponential argument be positive, that is, If this were not the case, the evaluation of expression (6.1) at the upper limit t = +¥ would either be unbounded ... PropertyThe convolution integral signal y(t) can be expressed as where x(t) denotes the input signal, the h(t) characteristic signal identifying the operation process. The Laplace transform of the ... determine the time signals that generateeach of the elementary transform functions The required time signal is then equal to the same linear combi-nation of the inverse Laplace transforms of these

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... Processing” The Electrical Engineering Handbook Ed. Richard C. Dorf Boca Raton: CRC Press LLC, 2000 © 2000 by CRC Press LLC 14 Digital Signal Processing 14.1 Fourier Transforms Introduction • The Classical ... 2000 by CRC Press LLC Since s a (t) is a CT signal, it is appropriate to apply the CT Fourier transform to obtain an expression for the spectrum of the sampled signal: (14.3) Since the expression ... s(t). The peak magnitude of the Gibbs oscillation is 13% of the size of the jump discontinuity s(t 0 – ) –s(t 0 + ) regardless of the number of terms used in the approximation. As N increases, the

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... Neudorfer, P. “Frequency Response” The Electrical Engineering Handbook Ed. Richard C. Dorf Boca Raton: CRC Press LLC, 2000 © 2000 by CRC Press LLC 11 Frequency Response 11.1 Introduction ... frequency response plot with the real part of the transfer function on the abscissa and the imaginary part of the transfer function on the ordinate. Resonance: The enhancement of the response of a physical ... curves for the transfer function, the curves for the individual terms are added together. The terms used as the basis for drawing Bode diagrams are found from factoring N(s) and D(s), the numerator

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... furthermore allowed the engineer to see the effects of small changes in the gain, K, on the stability of the system The root-locus diagram shows the location in the s-plane of the poles of the ... nonlinear, then the Lyapunov method is the most popular choice for stability analysis If the system is linear, then the direct application of Theorem 12.5 is more attractive, since the eigenvalues of the ... If both the input and output are single, then or in the familiar electrical engineering notation (12.9) where K is the gain term in the forward loop, G(s) represents the dynamics of the forward

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... which the Si-SiO2 interface moves into the silicon In general the greater the concentration of oxidant (C0), the faster the growth of the oxide and the greater the flux of oxidant needed at the ... vacancies andinterstitials The gate is at the center of the device Notice how the edges of the gate have lifted up due to thediffusion of oxidant under the edges of the polysilicon (the polysilicon, as ... second equation results form the incompressibility of the oxide The varying pressure P within the oxide leads to mechanical stress, and the oxidant diffusion constant D0 and the oxide growth rate constant

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... (42.13b) For the TE m modes, the E field is transverse to the direction (z) of propagation, while the H field lies in a plane parallel to the z axis For the TM m modes, the reverse is the case The highest- ... constant and h = is the intrinsic impedance of the medium Because the film is bounded by the upper and lower layers, the rays follow the zigzag paths as shown in Fig 42.3 The upward and downward ... A.H, Tariyal, B.K “Lightwave”The Electrical Engineering Handbook Ed Richard C Dorf Boca Raton: CRC Press LLC, 2000 Trang 2Lightwave 42.1 Lightwave WaveguidesRay Theory • Wave Equation for Dielectric

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... Bahl, I.J. “Solid State Circuits” The Electrical Engineering Handbook Ed. Richard C. Dorf Boca Raton: CRC Press LLC, 2000 © 2000 by CRC Press LLC 43 Solid State Circuits 43.1Introduction ... automated testing have played a significant role in the advancement of these circuits during the past decade. The theory and performance of most of these circuits have been well documented [Kollberg, ... individually to the printed interconnect circuit by the use of soldering and wire bonding techniques. The solid state active elements are either silicon or gallium arsenide (or other III–V compound)

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... numerical model for the whole problem space either by (a) the variational method in which the total energy of the system is expressed in terms of the finite element trial functions and then minimized ... eight parameters; see Fig 44.1 for other examples The functions N i are called the local shape functions and the parameters U i are the solution values at the nodes The finite elements can be integrated ... “Three-Dimensional Analysis”The Electrical Engineering Handbook Ed Richard C Dorf Boca Raton: CRC Press LLC, 2000 Trang 2Three-Dimensional Analysis 44.1 Introduction 44.2 The Field Equations Low

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... the anal-ysis or the direct problem, the input is known and the transfer function is derivable from the problem spec-ification, with the output or response to be deter-mined For the case of the ... determined by the human effort required to develop the computer input and interpret the output and by the associated computer cost of running the model. Utility The applicability of the computer ... open-endedprocess that cumulatively can absorb more effort than all the other steps together The primary focus of thefollowing discussion is on the issue of numerical implementation.Desirable Attributes

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