the cambridge history of warfare

... dialectologyexplore the scribal and linguistic make-up of the texts, and Mclntosh et al have therefore suggested a classification of text types in terms of the history of copying and of the different patterns of ... 469) ' for the right of them all' (12) hare ba&re luue {St.Kath (Tit) 1212-13) ' the love of both of them' (13) her eitheres werke (Pal/adius (Tit) 808) ' the work of both (each) of them' When ... which is itself the work of two scribes The Cotton MS of The Owl and the Nightingale is a well-known example of the latter, and in this case the place where one scribe finished and theother began

Ngày tải lên: 19/08/2013, 13:40

... Whatever the merits of the concept of the Heptarchy, from thelinguistic point of view the most important fact is that the politicalcentres of power fluctuated considerably from the seventh to the ... chronologically-oriented presentation of the data, surveys scholarship in the area and takes full account of the impact of developing and current linguistic theory on the interpretation of the data The chapters have ... nospecialised knowledge of the history of English This work attempts toremedy that lack We hope that it will be of use to others too, whetherthey are interested in the history of English for its own

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 13:21

... aspect of the diphthongal system is uncertain and subject to fierce debate and the most controversial of these are discussed in §3.3.3 in the context of the development of the language The situation ... from the e/o-ablaut, all other types of qualitative ablaut are less clear and of minor importance The most frequently encountered type of quantitative ablaut consists of the absence of the vowel ... the course of the twentieth century the position and interpretation of' a' has stood in the centre of prolonged research and discussion The main points of dispute can be outlined as follows There

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 13:21

... */r/ The problem here is that West Germanic gemination did not double */r/ Otherwise the development of these verbs paralleled the other class verbs, except that they, because of the absence of ... history of the language, is of only minor consequence (for the effects of breaking are largely eliminated at the end of the period) The reason is as follows Let us accept that breaking of long ... witnessing is the falling together of the indicative and subjunctive inflexions under the indicative, that is to say, we are witnessing the beginnings of the demise of separate inflexions for the subjunctive,

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 13:21

... that it is part of the system of English, but also that **She has arrivedyesterday is not (** signals that the pattern is not part of the structure of the language, or at least of the variety in ... whether this is a result of the Latin or of the OE; however, when the two are distinctly different, we may assume that we have fairly clear evidence of OE rather than of Latin structure Where the ... peer 'there, where', swa 'so, as' The main exception is the pair gif ponne 'if then' (as is true in the case of the P D E reflex ;/ then, ponne cannot occur alone without gif as the marker of

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 13:21

... that Jim would paint the kitchen' If the subject of the lower verb is co-referential with the subject of the higher verb, then there is no NP2 (cf She expected to paint the kitchen) This is called ... eitherthe object/oblique NP of the higher clause or as the subject of the lowerclause Therefore what appears as NP2 is actually the object ('this man')of the lower clause: The bishop commanded someone: ... him Absence of both the object of the higher clause and the object of the lower clause appears to be possible only when they have indefinitereference Such constructions are therefore often translated

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 13:21

... of the Father'), the sea (fisces epel' home of the fish', seolhbxp ' seal-bath', jpa geswing ' surge of the waves'), thunder {wolcna sweg 'sound of the clouds'), dragon {lyftfloga 'flier in the ... on the basis of already existing lexical material.The most basic property of such new formations is their transparent,motivated status: on the basis of their structure and the meaning of the ... basic criterion used here is the derived status of thedeterminatum and the function of the determinant as one of thearguments of the underlying predicate.'retainer' (b) The determinatum represents

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 13:21

... trace the history of the spread or decline of the selected features They also hope to explain those changes by relating them to contact among speakers of different varieties, to the mobility of ... Northumbrian kings the rulers of all England, while in another place he acknowledges the southern supremacy of the Mercians King Ceolwulf and Bede knew the power of the written word They would probably ... with the study of the history of the language Historical documents were localised and then analysed as sources of data for reconstructing earlier pronunciations (Ellis, Sweet, Wright) At about the

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 14:20

... ways, the traditional techniques of versecomposition both discourage the use of a variety of verbs and deprivethem of emphasis when they are used One further manifestation of this is the use of ... mixture of the old, the colloquial and theinnovative to Bede Virtually all that survives of Old English poetry is contained in fourmanuscripts The fact that two of them, the Exeter Book and the Juniusmanuscript, ... nominal rather than verbal Here as in otherrespects, however, the initial proviso about individual variations needs to be remembered The poet of The Dream of the Rood breaks all the rules about the

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 14:20

... anthroponym The name of a person, cf idionym. aorist One of the past tense forms of the Greek verb, usually represented in English by the simple past In linguistic discussions the issue is most often thephonological ... of the PDE modals, with many of the semantic but not the syntactic properties of the PDE forms preterite Past tense, although the term is often specifically used in mor-phology to refer to the ... 1959 'The inflection of the Germanic o presents' Language 35.1-15 Cox, B 1972 'The significance of the distribution of English place-names in -ham in the Midlands and East Anglia' Journal of the

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 14:20

... Editor and the contributors to the first two volumes of the Cambridge History of the English Language learned of Cecily Clark's death on 26 March 1992 Although she was able to see the proofs of her ... 31centuries following the Conquest One of the best of these is The Owl and the Nightingale, probably written at the beginning of the thirteenthcentury in the south-east of the country (Stanley 1960) This ... nospecialised knowledge of the history of English This work attempts toremedy that lack We hope that it will be of use to others too, whetherthey are interested in the history of English for its own

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 14:20

... bird, hurt and the like The early loss — and continued absence — of such vowels is a southeastern mainland English phenomenon The loss of these vowels in the ancestor of the southern standard ... feip, etc Further, because of the different development of OE / a : / in the north and south, a number of categories that fell together in southern /DU/ remained separate in the north: southern grow, ... connected speech The point is that both are essentially the same,even if the strong syllable is on the left in one case and the right in theother: the fricative in question is at the margin of a weak

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 14:20

... is the borrowing of foreign verbs into the strong conjugation {strive/strove/striven < OF estriver is one of the few examples). The conceptual basis of the weak conjugation is marking of the ... from the class IV type of 'bear' (OE past pple -boren), with loss of the original type (OE -giefen, -specen), though in the first of these the old pattern has prevailed in the modern standard These ... superiority of the weakverbs, we could predict a reconstruction of the strong past on the weakmodel, with the addition of second- and third-person singular endings; on the other hand, given the simplicity

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 14:20

... where the subject pronoun of casten has been left out in spite of the fact that there is no syntactic antecedent The context, of course, makes clear that the subject is the people of the town (of ... this respect is the use in Old English of periphrastic auxiliaries which are themselves in the subjunctive form Together with the loss of the subjunctive came a grammaticalisation of the modal verbs, ... Because of this modal function, shal'is particularly common in the third person Wil, on the other hand, occurs far more often in the first person, since modally it is connected to the desire of the

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 14:20

... list of the MiddleEnglish texts used, accompanied by the name of the editor(s), an indication ofthe date of the manuscript(s) used (and if possible the date of the originalcomposition (in parentheses)) ... of Wessex handed over to the Trang 19Danes control of all the land north of the Thames and to the east ofWatling Street, the old Roman road running from London to Chester.North of the Tees, the ... another, depending on the competence of the languageuser, there takes place a certain degree of substitution of the forms of theborrower's language into the patterns adopted According to the

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 14:20

... hypostatised as the personification Daunger in the courtly love Trang 4theory of the Romaunt of the Rose This powerful association of DAUNGERwith the decorum of courtly love therefore evokes ... theinterpenetration of pragmatic meaning in the form of knowledge ofsituations of use, and the sense spectra of lexemes, may be a crucialprerequisite of semantic change 5.4.12 In the preceding discussion of the ... explored the writings of the Latin Middle Ages in so far asthey responded to the teachings of the rhetoricians, particularly in theorganisation and presentation of material The choice of particularstyles

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 14:20

... between the sounds of a language and the spelling system used to express them phonology The study of the sound systems of languages. phonotactic A term in phonology referring to the constraints on the ... between theme and rheme is similar to the topic-comment contrast The theme constitutes that part ofthe sentence that presents given information and is the first major constituent of the clause The ... becomes the theme or topic of a clause The process in P D E may involve contrast, as in The wine he loved, the beer he hated. toponym The name of a place; hence toponymy is the study of place

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 14:20

... spirits tell me they can dry the sea, And fetch the treasure of all foreign wrecks, Ay, all the wealth that our forefathers hid Within the massy entrails of the earth: Then tell me, Faustus, what ... spargo, The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus Enter CHORUS. CHORUS. Not marching now in fields of Thrasymene, Where Mars did mate[1] the Carthaginians; Nor sporting in the dalliance of love, ... Shadowing more beauty in their airy brows Than have the[ 38] white breasts of the queen of love: From[39] Venice shall they drag huge argosies, And from America the golden fleece That yearly...

Ngày tải lên: 06/11/2012, 14:13

... Of the gathering the Cocao- Nuts, and of the Manner of making the Kernels sweat; and also of drying them that they may be transported into Europe. 24 The Second Part. Of the Properties of ... they bear most, they gather them for a Fortnight together; in the less-fruitful Seasons, they only gather them from Month to Month. If the Kernels were left in Shells more than four Days, they ... Stone, so that the Heat melting the oily Parts of the Kernels, and reducing it to the Consistence of Honey, makes it easy for the Iron Roller, which they make use of for the sake of its Strength,...

Ngày tải lên: 13/02/2014, 12:20

... on the whole they were given greater discretion over both the range of assets they could hold and the rate of interest they could pay. In 1818 the state of Maryland granted the Savings Bank of ... previous dearth of outlets for savings helps explain the initial success of the savings banks, and also accounts for the profile of the typical account-holder. By the end of 1818 there were nearly ... shunned the deposits of the less well off, and usually paid no interest on deposits. The bond and stock markets were beyond the reach of all but the comfortably off, and were risky to boot. The...

Ngày tải lên: 16/02/2014, 10:20