the cambridge history of warfare edited by geoffrey parker

... dialectologyexplore the scribal and linguistic make-up of the texts, and Mclntosh et al have therefore suggested a classification of text types in terms of the history of copying and of the different patterns of ... which is itself the work of two scribes The Cotton MS of The Owl and the Nightingale is a well-known example of the latter, and in this case the place where one scribe finished and theother began ... uniformity has, of course, had a more general and diffuse effect on the historical description of English, chiefly in the form of emphasising the history of standard English, at the expense of 'vernaculars'

Ngày tải lên: 19/08/2013, 13:40

... created by their departure, and the Germanictribes on the other side of the North Sea, who would already have beenaware of the country's attractions, perhaps by their fathers or forefathersbeing ... Whatever the merits of the concept of the Heptarchy, from thelinguistic point of view the most important fact is that the politicalcentres of power fluctuated considerably from the seventh to the ... nospecialised knowledge of the history of English This work attempts toremedy that lack We hope that it will be of use to others too, whetherthey are interested in the history of English for its own

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 13:21

... hurt and the like The early loss — and continued absence — of such vowels is a southeastern mainland English phenomenon The loss of these vowels in the ancestor of the southern standard by 1300 ... following the nucleus) Using the ab- breviations O, R, N, Co, the structures of a, at, cat may be represented 2 The weight of a syllable is defined by the structure of its rhyme Ifneither the nucleus ... connected speech The point is that both are essentially the same,even if the strong syllable is on the left in one case and the right in theother: the fricative in question is at the margin of a weak

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 14:20

... is the borrowing of foreign verbs into the strong conjugation {strive/strove/striven < OF estriver is one of the few examples). The conceptual basis of the weak conjugation is marking of the ... for the period, has pei/her(e)/hem London texts of the fifteenth century vary between her(e) and their, and towards the end of the century their begins to take over, and by Caxton's time is the ... from the class IV type of 'bear' (OE past pple -boren), with loss of the original type (OE -giefen, -specen), though in the first of these the old pattern has prevailed in the modern standard These

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 14:20

... where the subject pronoun of casten has been left out in spite of the fact that there is no syntactic antecedent The context, of course, makes clear that the subject is the people of the town (of ... kind of afterthought Presumably the verb doen ' d o ' has been forgotten by the time the speaker comes to the noun (due to the non-specific meaning of doen (and do)), and he replaces the noun by ... " the verb of causing predicates the accomplishment of an act that has been brought about by the exercise of an influence of some one or of some thing upon some person or some object The causative

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 14:20

... list of the MiddleEnglish texts used, accompanied by the name of the editor(s), an indication ofthe date of the manuscript(s) used (and if possible the date of the originalcomposition (in parentheses)) ... of Wessex handed over to the Trang 19Danes control of all the land north of the Thames and to the east ofWatling Street, the old Roman road running from London to Chester.North of the Tees, the ... are adopted by onelanguage from another, depending on the competence of the languageuser, there takes place a certain degree of substitution of the forms of theborrower's language into the patterns

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 14:20

... hypostatised as the personification Daunger in the courtly love Trang 4theory of the Romaunt of the Rose This powerful association of DAUNGERwith the decorum of courtly love therefore evokes ... theinterpenetration of pragmatic meaning in the form of knowledge ofsituations of use, and the sense spectra of lexemes, may be a crucialprerequisite of semantic change 5.4.12 In the preceding discussion of the ... in such a way that the extent of one was defined and delimited bythe extent of those adjacent to it in the structure Trier's use of thedescriptive imagery of the 'field' and the 'mosaic' to explain

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 14:20

... moved The opposite of this is pied piping, whereby the preposition and its complement remain together Compare The boy he gave the book to with He gave the book to the boy. preterite Past tense; the ... between theme and rheme is similar to the topic-comment contrast The theme constitutes that part ofthe sentence that presents given information and is the first major constituent of the clause The ... becomes the theme or topic of a clause The process in P D E may involve contrast, as in The wine he loved, the beer he hated. toponym The name of a place; hence toponymy is the study of place

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 14:20

... thescholarship devoted to them since the late 1860s first revolutionized andthen became the implicit basis of much of the conventional wisdom aboutthe history of English phonology These sources are not ... early version of (7); except for phoneticdetails and a few matters of incidence, the outlines of the modern systemwere fixed by the end of the eighteenth century These displays of naked vowel ... <e>: ‘The seconde, with somewhat more closing the mouth, thrustingsoftlye the inner part of the tongue to the inner and vpper great teeth’[molars] <i>: ‘The thirde, by pressing the tongue

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 14:20

... virtually the inverse of the GSR Much of the subsequenthistory of English stress is (arguably) a story of mutual adjustmentbetween two sets of contrary tendencies: initial stress versus attraction ofstress ... manner; but the unaccentedvowels in the mouth of the former have a distinct, open, and specificsound, while the latter often sink them, or change them, into some othersound Those, therefore, who ... mean that by and large they were not so kept.Indeed, Walker (1791: 23) writes: Trang 15When vowels are under the accent, the prince and the lowest of thepeople pronounce them in the same manner;

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 14:20

... noun, they may focus on the possessive instead of the noun (cf the use of only discussed in 4.2.4 above) Thus (105) means ‘the consciences of all of us’ and (106) ‘the blessings of both of us’ ... indicted of treason ([HC] Roper 86) (71) for the only Use of the Inhabitants of those Islands ([HC] Statutes VII 455) The meaning of (70) is ‘by the report of whom (⫽that person) alone’, and that of ... as the mayor’s daughter of Bracly, of (78) they met two of the king of Spaines armadas or Gallions. (Chamberlain 94) In (77) the head (daughter) ‘splits’ the prepositional phrase (the Mayor of

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 14:20

... Armata, the Gentlemans Armorie, 1639, fo B3 r) Circles are the way whereby the poles of the Zodiacke doe moue in round- nesse from the poles of the world These doe take their names of thesaide ... the history ofcataphoric reference of the personal pronouns Mustanoja (1958) is a thorough survey of the rise and development of the syntactic type one the best man The Trang 3question of the ... productivity of a given age Importantthough this information is, it is only one aspect of the issue The other side rel-of the coin is the limitations rel-of the various processes and the range rel-of sible

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 14:20

... English. They came to be associated with the corresponding verbs in English, and -ee began to derive personal nouns denoting the goal or beneficiary of the action expressed by the passive meaning of the ... the large amount of. .. (plant) Unlike ordinary compound nouns, many of these lexicalised phrases have the plural marker attached to the first noun rather than the second (bills of ... exceed the five per cent level from... the latter half of the seventeenth Marchand (1969: 439 ) attributes these changes to the popular and emotional character of these processes in the

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 14:20

... in the microcolony. Nutrient gradients occur from the surface of the biofilm to the most internal parts, thereby influencing the bacterial physiology and consequently modifying the speed of ... phagocytosis and even the alginate functions as a negative immunomodulator for the host [4]. Another example of the formation of biofilms is that produced by bacteria of the genus Staphylococcus, ... Importantly, the structure of lipid A is the most conserved compared to the structure of the core oligosaccharides and antigen O [9,10]. 6.1. The core oligosaccharides The assembly of lipid A from the...

Ngày tải lên: 31/03/2014, 19:20

... encountered the tundra lands of the far north before the end of the seventeenth century. The tundra, which is the region of swamp, moss, peat, lichen, scrub and perennial grassland to the north of the ... on towards the Urals. Beyond the Urals it continues across the southern part of west Siberia until interrupted by the western slopes of the Altai Mountains. The forest-steppe’s northern boundary in the ... means of reaching lucrative markets by water. Towards the end of the ninth century a new political structure formed on the middle Volga, under the auspices of the khagan of the Bulgars; theBulgars...

Ngày tải lên: 17/04/2014, 15:33

... to all [other] national migrations: namely from the west to the east, from the shores of the Volga to the coasts of the Pacific Ocean.’ The history of the exploration and settlement of all Siberia, ... Professor of History at the University of Sunderland and the author of Between Two Revolutions: Stolypin and the Politics of Renewal in Russia (1998) and The End of Imperial Russia (1997). theodore ... wereintroducedintheGrand DuchyofFinlandaroundthe turn of the century. Particularly resented were the introduction of Russian as the language of official business and the attempt to subject Finns to the Russian 13...

Ngày tải lên: 17/04/2014, 15:33

... public eyewitnesses of the nature of the movement and the USSR, all the more credible and authentic in the eyes of the public by virtue of their experience within and break with the party. Within ... to the fall of the monarchy in March 1917; and volume III continues the story through to the end of the twentieth century. At the core of all three volumes are the Russians, the lands which they ... advo- cate of appeasement in the 1930s, a philosopher of history and the prolific author of a multi-volume history of the Soviet Union, 1917–29. 93 Even in the 1930s when Carr had been sympathetic to the...

Ngày tải lên: 17/04/2014, 15:33

... risen by the capillary attraction of the piece of cane, just as it does through the cotton in the candle. Now, the only reason why the candle does not burn all down the side of the wick is, that the ... START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CHEMICAL HISTORY OF A CANDLE *** Produced by Clare Boothby, Richard Prairie and the PG Online Distributed Proofreading Team THE CHEMICAL HISTORY OF A CANDLE LECTURE ... have one of the most beautiful illustrations of the general nature of a candle that I can possibly give. The fuel provided, the means of bringing that fuel to the place of chemical action, the regular...

Ngày tải lên: 28/06/2014, 19:20

... 'god'. And in the development of the alphabet it was the name which determined the sound, rather than the sound which determined the name (the initial sound of the name was identical to the sound ... the meaning of morphological elements is the domain of syntax. In contrast to the forms of a language which, after all, can be described rather objectively, an analysis of the function of these ... aspect of the diphthongal system is uncertain and subject to fierce debate and the most controversial of these are discussed in Đ3.3.3 in the context of the development of the language. The situation...

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 13:21

... ^-declension. The paradigm of cat, then, would be {cat} ~ {cat} +{sj ~ {cat} + {s 2 }, and similarly for dog and church, by virtue of their membership of the same paradigm. On the other hand, the paradigm ... ignore the infinitive the alternation would be the same as in drifan, despite the fact that the original post-vocalic consonant was in the case of the former *[b], in the case of the latter ... words share. In these words this differentiating vowel is called the theme. The combination of root + theme gives us the morphological element which is called the stem. Themes in Germanic were of three...

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 13:21