rest nrsf gene organization alternative splicing and protein structure

... with alternative splicing (i.e Alu were only found in alternatively-spliced exons) 13 This also indicates reduced negative selection pressure in alternatively spliced exons Alternative splicing and ... on diploid autosomes), and the effect of alternative splicing was enhanced, causing a four-fold reduction in negative selection against PTC Thus, diploidy and alternative splicing each increased ... tolerance for PTC isoforms by about three-fold The effects of alternative splicing and diploidy appear to be independent and additive Alternative splicing still relieves negative selection pressure even...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 20:20

... inserted to generate Exon1-luc A similar strategy was used to generate Exon3-luc and Exon2-luc We first used RT-PCR of total RNA with primers SG92 and SG122 to amplify part of the coding regions and 5¢ ... of E2F6 and E2F6b mRNAs PCR-products were digested with BglII and XbaI and inserted into pGL2-Avr Secondly, the 2.4 kb genomic SacI–BglII fragment was inserted to generate Exon2-luc and Exon3-luc ... amino-terminal truncated protein that is initiated from an internal initiation codon (A) Schematic representation of the E2F6 and E2F6b protein structure The location of the peptides used to generate polyclonal...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 09:20

... that is regulated and functionally significant Observed splice variation is a combination of programmed alternative splicing events and splicing errors Functional alternative splicing may result ... programmed alternative splicing versus incomplete splicing or splicing errors To so, we examined the impact of observed splice variants on the corresponding open reading frame and resultant protein ... information content for 5' and 3' splice sites were, respectively, 2.3 and 1.0 bits for animals, 2.1 and 0.9 bits for fungi, 1.6 and 0.8 bits for protists, and 1.4 and 0.6 bits for plants While...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 08:20

... linear protein features by alternative splicing General General mechanisms to alter linear protein features by alternative splicing (a) A widespread mechanism is to skip or include an alternative ... Evolution of alternative splicing: deletions, insertions and origin of functional parts of proteins from intron sequences Trends Genet 2003, 19:115-119 Modrek B, Lee CJ: Alternative splicing in ... modulating protein function by alternative splicing Interestingly, the same principle was recently used to experimentally characterize exon splicing silencers (ESS) [29] In this study, ESS candidates...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 14:21

... expression of alternatively spliced transcripts of the NOXO1 gene, by PCR using variant-specific primers, and the roles of the protein products in activation of Nox oxidases Results and Discussion Alternative ... hemaglutinin (HA)tagged protein, Noxa1 and p67phox as a myc-tagged protein, and p22phox as a protein without a tag Transfection of the CHO cells with the cDNAs was performed using FuGENE6 Transfection ... Noxo1b, Noxo1c, Nox1, and Noxa1 in various human cell lines: androgen-independent prostate cancer cells (LNCaP), androgen-independent prostate cancer cells (PC3 and DU145), and testicular germ...

Ngày tải lên: 19/02/2014, 06:20

... expression of alternative KLK11 transcripts (A) Schematic structure of alternative KLK11 transcripts and translation products Coding and noncoding exons are indicated by solid and open boxes, ... fluorescent protein at the C-terminal and the fusion proteins expressed in Neuro2a cells (a and d) Golgi apparatus was visualized using anti-Gogi p58 protein IgG 48 h after transfection (b and e) ... M33S and isoform proteins were secreted into the conditioned media by mouse neuroblastoma, Neuro2a, or COS cells (Fig 4C and S Mitsui, unpublished results) The secreted M33S and isoform proteins...

Ngày tải lên: 19/02/2014, 06:20

... regulate splicing [4] Both intronic and synonymous nucleotide substitutions can sufficiently alter splicing and cause genetic disease A list of silent mutations associated with altered splicing ... the gene of interest and to demonstrate that such constraint is necessary to maintain correct splicing of the gene In fact, although we acknowledge that codon bias is a potential index of splicing ... candidates in the creation of new splicing substrates for evolution In this way, the newly generated alternative splicing exon has a better chance of being tolerated by the cell metabolism and...

Ngày tải lên: 06/03/2014, 09:22

... silence and understanding nonsense: exonic mutations that affect splicing Nat Rev Genet 3, 285–298 14 Sperling J, Azubel M & Sperling R (2008) Structure and function of the pre-mRNA splicing ... Function of alternative splicing Gene 344, 1–20 18 Xing Y & Lee C (2006) Alternative splicing and RNA selection pressure–evolutionary consequences for eukaryotic genomes Nat Rev Genet 7, 499–509 ... of premRNA splicing In the earliest examples, AONs were aimed at activated cryptic splice sites in the b-globin and CFTR genes in order to restore normal splicing in b-thalassaemia and cystic...

Ngày tải lên: 06/03/2014, 09:22

... gained with the del_a and del_c deletions Figure 1C shows the general protein binding profiles of wild-type (WT), del_a and del_c RNAs bound to adipic acid dehydrazide beads and incubated with total ... these bands using MS identified them as polypyrimidine tract binding protein (PTB) hnRNP I Analysis of the WT lane band yielded only the PTB protein (accession number AAH04383) On the other hand, ... pseudoexon inclusion and exclusion, respectively (C) nuclear extract protein binding profile of WT, del_a and del_c RNAs following Coomassie staining The boxed area shows the protein bands that display...

Ngày tải lên: 16/03/2014, 04:20

... often harbor only one H -protein gene (Zea mays, C4 Flaveria) or two H -protein genes (Sorghum bicolor), whereas up to four H -protein genes occur in C3 plants [7,9] Interestingly, transcript analyses ... trinervia H-proteins in this system (Table 1) H -protein saturation followed Michaelis–Menten kinetics for both FtGLDH and FtGLDHAA The Km values for H -protein were between 16 and 20 lm, and hence ... S1 Three-dimensional structure of pea H -protein showing the N-terminus and the position of the lipoyl arm Fig S2 Overexpression and effects on H -protein of E coli lipoate protein ligase A Fig...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 04:20

... the hKLK3 gene in prostate tissue (A and B) and in LNCaP cells (C) Total RNA was analyzed by Northern blotting and hybridized with probes derived from exon (A), or from introns 1, or (B and C) Autoradiography ... GGGGCUG of the intron splicing enhancer found downstream of the microexon of the chicken cardiac troponin T gene In this gene, the enhancer binds the bridging splicing factor SF1 and increases recognition ... by in vitro selection of randomized RNA sequences [27] were found in exon Structure of hKLK3 proteins The predicted amino-acid sequences of proteins encoded by the alternatively spliced mRNAs...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 20:22

... snRNPs and splice sites, and between splicing factors and SREs, to control the splicing outcome [5,7] An understanding of how RNA secondary structures are involved in regulated pre-mRNA splicing ... RNA-binding domains and a signature RS domain rich in Arg ⁄ Ser dipeptides, and splicing silencers usually recruit heterogeneous nuclear RNPs, a set of proteins with diverse structures and functions ... Interestingly, PRE1253–1582 significantly overlaps with a highly structured region in the HBV genome [21], and both the sense and antisense strands are predicted to fold into complex secondary structures...

Ngày tải lên: 28/03/2014, 23:20

... È Ó FEBS 2002 MATERIALS AND METHODS Protein determination Chemicals Protein concentration was determined using the Pierce protein reagent with bovine serum albumin as standard [23] All chemicals ... WI, USA) PCR mutagenesis Random mutagenesis of the XI gene (xylA) was performed under conditions described previously [21] using the PCR primers 5¢-TGATCAATGTACGAGCCCAAACC-3¢ and 5¢-TGATCACCCCCGCACC-3¢, ... broader, and extended into the alkaline region, compared with the wild-type XI The wildtype showed no XI activity at pH and 10 For M-1024 and M-1026 the speci®c activity at pH and 10, was 66 and 45%,...

Ngày tải lên: 31/03/2014, 15:20

... AAV, mutants AAV and double stranded AAV have provided more opportunities and challenges for their application [28-31] Previously, we have shown hAAT gene therapy using rAAV2 and rAAV1 vectors ... inhibition of proteinases to prevent tissue injury and joint destruction Human AAT is well known as a serine proteinase inhibitor (serpin) It inhibits proteinase 3, neutrophil elastase, and cathepsin ... TG, Vandenabeele P, Buurman WA: Functional protection by acute phase proteins alpha(1)-acid glycoprotein and alpha(1)-antitrypsin against ischemia/reperfusion injury by preventing apoptosis and...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20

... MMP-13 mRNA expression and the protein to an approximately similar extent Cathepsin K gene expression and protein synthesis The levels of both the gene expression and the protein of cathepsin K ... collected and processed with GeneAmp® 5700 SDS software and given as a threshold cycle (Ct) Plasmid DNA containing the target gene sequences was used to generate standard curves A DNA standard curve ... correlation exists between the mRNA and protein levels At the two dosages tested, the R1094 ADAMTS-4 and ADAMTS-5 gene expression and protein synthesis The level of gene expression of ADAMTS-5 in...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 06:23

... position with the gene, and so on They also described a novel unbiased protocol for amplification and labeling of full-length RNAs, combining random-primed first-strand and second-strand synthesis ... it The many other types of alternative splicing (alternative 5Ј and/ or 3Ј splicesite usage, mutually exclusive exons, alternative initiation, alternative termination, and so on) were also not considered ... known genes This study [8,9] did not focus on alternative splicing, however, and did not present RT-PCR validation data specifically for the putative alternative- splicing predictions Lee and Roy...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 20:20

... http://genomebiology.com/2010/11/6/R65 genes) and 3'ss usage (6 genes), exon skipping (4 genes) and intron retention (76 genes) Alternative transcription start sites within or downstream of introns were detected in seven genes Alternative ... intron generates a PTC and a putative peptide of 11 amino acids Exon skipping generates a frameshift in exon and in exon 4, which is slightly shortened (exon 4'), and generates a putative protein ... of introns and intron-containing genes in the E150 genome Intron-containing genes (I-genes) with: Chromosome YALI0A Genes Pseudo-genes intron introns introns introns introns Total I-genes Total...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 20:22

... generally short and splicing of extremely large introns is rare [10] In alternative splicing processes in other eukaryotic systems, splicing of the pre-messenger RNA required five ribonucleoproteins ... related host genesTgm-Express1 captured gene fragments and Expression of the in the Wp-flower color isolines Figure Expression of the Tgm-Express1 captured gene fragments and related host genes in ... precise splicing of the F3H and the cassette exons from within the Tgm-Express1 element (Figure 3B and 3C, seed coat wp4s, wp-15s and cotyledon wp-12c and wp-6c, for example) Of greater interest...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 05:20