programming in c by e balagurusamy pdf

... happens because each instruction is executed in several steps In some microcontrollers, the same number of cycles is needed to execute all instructions, while in others; the number of cycles is ... oscillator are once per each machine cycle, directly or via a prescaler, brought to the circuit which increments the number stored in the timer register If one instruction (one machine cycle) ... use these miniature electronic ‘stopwatches’ These are commonly 8- or 16-bit SFRs the contents of which are automatically incremented by each coming pulse Once a register is completely loaded,

Ngày tải lên: 22/07/2022, 14:31

... which therefore has three parameters: Parameters: A read-only reference to doublefor the radius and two and circumference of the circle Exercise 3 producing any error messages However, the function ... files A pointer containing the value NULL is also called NULL pointer Trang 5䊐 Using Pointers to Access ObjectsThe indirection operator *is used to access an object referenced by a pointer: Given ... the string in the calling function remains unchanged Exercise 2 // -// circle.cpp // Defines and calls the function circle() // -#include <iostream> #include <iomanip> #include

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 17:21

... Class names begin with an uppercase letter and member names with a lowercase letter Members of different classes can share the same name A member of another class could therefore also be named ... accessed externally ■ publicmembers, which are available for external access Thepublicmembers form the so-called public interface of the class. The opposite page shows a schematic definition of a class ... which describe the properties of the class, and member functions, or methods, which describe the capacities of the objects Classes are simply patterns used to instantiate, or create, objects

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 17:21

... the class Accountin a source file named Account.cpp, for example The source code of the application program, for example, the code containing the functionmain, is independent of the class and can ... class Accountin the fileAccount.h, any source file including the header file can use the class Account Methods must always be defined within a source file This would mean defining the methods ... following statement defines an object currentof type Account: Example: Account current; // or: class Account Memory is now allocated for the data members of the currentobject The current object

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 17:21

... accesses the elements of a numerical array class If you need to call the access methods of the class each time, and if these methods perform range checking, the function runtime will increase ... function a special permit for direct access to its private members This is achieved by declaring the function as a friend The friendkeyword must pre-cede the function prototype in the class definition ... More specifically, the return value should be a reference to an object Since an index can be of any valid type, the possibilities are unlimited For example, you could easily define associative

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 17:21

... 9Inheritance This chapter describes how derived classes can be constructed from existing classes by inheritance Besides defining derived classes, we will also discuss ■ how members are redefined ... members and meth-ods, and the access control to the base class are defined The opposite page shows a schematic definition of a derived class, C The C class inherits the Bclass, which is defined ... defined in the public section following the colon The privateandpublicsections contain additional members of the Cclass 䊐 Access to Public Members in the Base Class Access privileges to the base class

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 17:21

... of getting new sockets, one for each client connection; the server then sends and receives on the new sockets The server gets a socket for an incoming client connection by calling accept () int ... TCPEchoClient.c requires multiple receives to successfully receive the entire echo string, even though it sent the echo string with one send() 6 Modify TCPEchoServer c to read and write a single ... a socket that has not been a c c e p t ( ) e d at the other (server) end? 5 Modify TCPEchoServer c to receive and send only a single byte at a time, sleeping one second between each byte Verify

Ngày tải lên: 05/11/2012, 14:45

... Socket#include <unistd.h> close(fd); Close and destroy a socket Close the file descriptor for each connection, then the file descriptor for the underlying socket Trang 30Programming Exercises30 ... port 25 • The client connects to that port • Once connection is established, either side can write data into the connection, where it becomes available for the other side to read file descriptor ... maximum number of connections the socket will queue up, each waiting to be accept()’ed Trang 14Connecting to a Server#include <sys/types.h> #include <sys/socket.h> if (connect(fd, addr,

Ngày tải lên: 05/09/2013, 09:57

... 1Socket Programming in C/C++cSeptember 24, 2004 Trang 3Sockets are a protocol independent method of creating a connection between processes Sockets can be either I connection based or connectionless: ... Iterating server: Only one socket is opened at a time When the processing on that connection is completed, thesocket is closed, and next connection can beaccepted Forking server: After an accept, a child ... socket called, returns the actual value Waits for an incoming request, and when received creates a socketfor it Trang 15accept stylesThere are basically three styles of using accept: Iterating

Ngày tải lên: 15/03/2014, 17:20

... in capacitance caused by the presence of a finger on the surface The touch screen hardware then works out where on the screen that the touch input took place Capacitive touch screens are more ... game development) where you can use the accelerometer and the touch screen to good effect We will look at these later in the text The Windows Phone Processor The Central Processing Unit (CPU) ... the screen must bend to make the contact that detects the input point A capacitive touch screen works in a different way An array of conductors underneath the screen surface detects the change

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 13:20

... (called telnetd, the server) springs to life It handles the incoming telnet connection, sets you up with a login prompt, etc Client-Server Interaction The exchange of information between client ... the string that the server sends The client source12: #define PORT 3490 // the port client will be connecting to #define MAXDATASIZE 100 // max number of bytes we can get at once int main(int ... descriptor new_fd for all send() and recv() calls Ifyou’re only getting one single connection ever, you can close() the listening sockfd in order toprevent more incoming connections on the same port,

Ngày tải lên: 19/03/2014, 13:41

... touch screen works in a different way An array of conductors underneath the screen surface detects the change in capacitance caused by the presence of a finger on the surface The touch screen ... something which has meaning in the context of the system being created We can change the properties of things on the screen by clicking on the item in the designer and then seeking out the Properties ... Once we have put some elements on the screen we need to set the names of them to sensible values The designer will give each element a meaningless name like “TextBox1”, which I like to change

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 22:21

... the case in many object oriented languages, methods in C# classes can be instance or class methods Instances are created from classes, which goes a long way to explaining the difference There can ... fi elds only, whereas instance methods can access information in the instance fi elds of their own instance Instance methods can also access class fi elds, and if they have references to other instances, ... often not easy to parallelize due to all the data exchange/shared access challenges Imperative and object oriented programming almost make it a rule to store data in places where it can be accessed

Ngày tải lên: 28/04/2014, 16:01

... Alternate linkage specifications 465 Summary 466 Exercises 467 11: References & the Copy-Constructor 473 Pointers in C++ 474 References in C++ 475 References in functions 476 Argument-passing ... Includes in-class programming exercises • Personal attention during exercises Intermediate C++ Seminar • Based on Volume 2 of this book (downloadable at www.BruceEckel.com) • In-depth coverage ... writing in C++/Java, but understanding the intent of the languages and the mindset that goes with thinking in them Eckel’s also the best technical writer I’ve read since Jeff Duntemann Very clear

Ngày tải lên: 05/07/2014, 19:20

... creating the new object from an existing object Here, references come to the rescue, so you take the reference of the source object This function is called the copy-constructor and is often referred ... dereferenced by the compiler A reference holds an address, but you treat it like an object References are essential for clean syntax with operator overloading (the subject of the next chapter), ... again in line nine Now the name becomes “h copy copy” for h2’s identifier because it’s being copied from the copy that is the local object inside f( ) After the object is returned, but before

Ngày tải lên: 05/07/2014, 19:20

... Since the +operator has precedence over the <<operator, the strings are concatenated before the “sum” is output Concatenation takes place from left to right String constants and single characters ... for comparing strings Although these operators are being applied to strings, the well-known rules apply: the +has precedence over the comparative operators, and these in turn have higher precedence ... himself or herself with internal memory allocation Thestringclass is defined in the stringheader file and was mentioned in Chap-ter 3 as an example for the use of classes Several operators are

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 17:21

... character To decide whether a single character is smaller, greater, or identical to another character, the character codes of the character set are compared Thus, if you are using the ASCII character ... such as inserting, erasing, searching, and replacing These methods generally allow passing a string constant instead of a second string A sin-gle character can also be used wherever appropriate ... undefined; this requires careful atten-tion by the programmer! You can call the at() method if you need to perform range checks You can also use the at()method to access a single character In contrast

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 17:21

... need to define classes that describe these objects. You can use available classes and functions to do so. In addi- tion, you can make use of inheritance to create specialized classes without needing ... compiling your own libraries, but be sure to include comments for ease of readability. Compiled source files, also known as modules, are compounded by the linker to an executable file by reference ... declaration can be omitted only if the function is defined within the same source file immediately before it is called. Even though simple examples often define and call a function within a single...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 17:21

... not in the reference type. c) variables of the reference types directly contain their data, whereas variables of the value types store references to objects. b) data in the value type ... variable is easily accessible. d) Variables of the value types directly contain their data, whereas variables of the reference types store references to objects. 54. What would be the output ... methods can act as a constructor for the class “Employee” that is used to create an object? [1.0] a) void employee(int enmpno){} c) employee(int empno){} b) Employee (){} d) Employee(int empno){}...

Ngày tải lên: 21/08/2012, 15:55