preparing data for data mining

... the data set for mining—to best expose the information contained in it to the mining tool Indeed, the whole purpose for mining data is to transform the information content of a data set that ... transforming information The concept of information is crucial to data mining It is the very substance enfolded within a data set for which the data set is being mined It is the reason to prepare the data ... Transformations and Difficulties—Variables, Data, and Information Much of this discussion has pivoted on information—information in a data set, information content of various scales, and transforming...

Ngày tải lên: 24/10/2013, 19:15

... Looking for sampling bias 5. Determining data structure 6. Building the PIE 7. Surveying the data 8. Modeling the data 3.3.1 Stage 1: Accessing the Data The starting point for any data preparation ... execution data is in its “raw” form, and the model works only with prepared data, it is necessary to transform the execution data in the same way that the training and test data were transformed ... 3.4 Data preparation process transforms raw data into prepared training and test sets, together with the PIE-I and PIE-O modules 3.1.2 Step 2: Survey the Data Mining includes surveying the data,...

Ngày tải lên: 24/10/2013, 19:15

... original information This additional information actually forms another data stream and enriches the original data Enrichment is the process of adding external data to the data set Note that data enhancement ... example of enhancing the data No external data is added, but the existing data is restructured to be more useful in a particular situation Another form of data enhancement is data multiplication When ... between variables also needs to be considered In every data mining application, the data set used for mining should have some underlying rationale for its use Each of the variables used should have...

Ngày tải lên: 29/10/2013, 02:15

... standard deviation of the sample For large numbers of instances, which will usually be dealt with in data mining, the difference is miniscule.)There is another formula for finding the value of the ... of the original data sample Random sampling does that If the original data set represents a biased sample, that is evaluated partly in the data assay (Chapter 4), again when the data set itself ... and standard deviation for each of these samples is shown in Table 5.1 Figure 5.5 Distribution curves for samples drawn from three populations TABLE 5.1 Sample statistics for three distributions....

Ngày tải lên: 29/10/2013, 02:15

... may include such features as creating a pseudo-variable for “North,” one for “South,” another for “East,” one for “West,” and perhaps others for other features of interest, such as population density ... of pseudo-variable inputs for each alpha label—that is, for this example, a unique pattern for each item in the produce department The domain expert must make sure, for example, either that the ... Why? Because for much of this curve, there is no single value of y for every value of x Take the point x = 0.7, for example There are three values of y: y = 0.2, y = 0.7, and y = 1.0 For a single...

Ngày tải lên: 08/11/2013, 02:15

... Translating the information discovered there into insights about the data, and the objects the data represents, forms an important part of the data survey in addition to its use in data preparation ... with putting data into the multitable structures called “normal form” in a database, data warehouse, or other data repository.) During the process of manipulation, as well as exposing information, ... working data preparation computer program were also addressed In spite of the distance covered here, there remains much to do to the data before it is fully prepared for surveying and mining Trang...

Ngày tải lên: 08/11/2013, 02:15

... least harm to the information content of the data set Yet it still leaves some information exposed for the mining tools to use when values outside those within the sample data set are encountered ... are somehow regularized For instance, one such tool for a particular data set could, when fine-tuned and adjusted, do just as well with unprepared data as with prepared data The difference was ... work.) Third, and very important for maximum information exposure, the individual variable distributions are transformed This transformation makes the between-variable information far more accessible...

Ngày tải lên: 08/11/2013, 02:15

... Series Data Series data differs from the forms of data so far discussed mainly in the way in which the data enfolds the information The main difference is that the ordering of the data carries information ... main reason that series data has to be prepared differently from nonseries data There is a large difference between preparing data for modeling and actually modeling the data This book focuses ... repetitive Preparing series data for modeling, then, must preserve the nature of the pattern that exists Preparation also includes putting the data into a form in which the desired information...

Ngày tải lên: 15/12/2013, 13:15

... uniform spectrum and uniformly low autocorrelation at all lags There still might be useful information contained in the waveform, but the chance is small This is a good sign that extra effort ... noisy or distorted series data They have involved extracting a variety of waveforms from the original waveform that emphasize particular aspects of the data useful for modeling But whatever has ... remainder forms the second part and is found by subtracting the first part, the filtered waveform, from the original waveform When further extraction is made on either, or both, of the extracted waveforms,...

Ngày tải lên: 15/12/2013, 13:15

... nomenclature A function can be expressed as a formula, just as the formula for determining the value of the logistic function is For convenience, this whole formula can be taken as a given and represented ... the back-propagated error The formula for this arrangement of weights is exactly the formula for a straight line: Figure 10.4 shows the effect on the logistic curve for several different bias weights ... is applied to totally different objectives than when mining It is introduced here in general terms before examining the modifications needed for dimensionality reduction The tool is the standard,...

Ngày tải lên: 15/12/2013, 13:15

... “information.” This book mentions “information” in several places “Information is embedded in a data set.” “The purpose of data preparation is to best expose information to a mining tool.” “Information ... that mining is not designed to extract information Data, or the data set, enfolds information This information describes many and various relationships that exist enfolded in the data When mining, ... term “information” is used in data mining Data possesses information only in its latent form Mining provides the mechanism by which any insight potentially present is explicated Since information...

Ngày tải lên: 15/12/2013, 13:15

... determining the confidence that the multivariable variability of a data set is captured, entropic analysis forms the main tool for surveying data The other tools are useful, but used largely for ... full range of calculations for forward and reverse entropy, signal entropy and mutual information, even for this simplified example, are quite extensive For instance, determining the entropy of each ... miner has sufficient data Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark 11.4.1 Confidence and Sufficient Data A data set may be inadequate for mining purposes simply...

Ngày tải lên: 15/12/2013, 13:15

... External data communication can occur while data are being moved internally Figure 3.4 shows an internal block diagram of a McBSP The data transmit (DX) and the data receive (DR) pins are used for data ... assembler directives For example, the assembler directive sect “my_buffer” defines a section of code or data named my_buffer The directives text and data indicate a section for text and data, respectively ... can be performed in parallel No conflict results if the data accessed are in different memory banks Separate buses for program, data, and direct memory access (DMA) allow the C6x to perform concurrent...

Ngày tải lên: 17/10/2013, 19:15

... { data = lter (data, lter1); data = sinemod (data) ; data = lter (data, lter2); return data; } //init DSK using polling //init 1st lter buffer //init 2nd lter buffer //input new sample data //process ... sample data move down //y=h[N-1]x[n-(N-1)]+ +h[0]x[n] //update sample data move down //y=h[N-1]x[n-(N-1)]+ +h[0]x[n] //update sample data move down //h[N-2]x[n-(N-2)]+ +h[0]x[n] //update sample data ... samples for 1st lter //delay samples for 2nd lter //init output of each lter //slider for output type interrupt void c_int11() { short i; //ISR dly1[0] = input_sample(); y1out = 0; y2out = 0; for...

Ngày tải lên: 24/10/2013, 09:15

... {-15258, 32584} //*denominator //b11, b12 for //b21, b22 for //b31, b32 for //b41, b42 for //b51, b52 for { }; coefficients a12 for 1st a22 for 2nd a32 for 3rd a42 for 4th stage stage stage stage coefficients ... output; sinegen_buffer[256]; short bufferlength = 256; i = 0; / /for generating tone / /for output //buffer for output data //buffer size for plot with CCS //buffer count index short const short const ... as cascaded second-order sections 5.3 BILINEAR TRANSFORMATION The bilinear transformation (BLT) is the most commonly used technique for transforming an analog filter into a discrete filter It provides...

Ngày tải lên: 28/10/2013, 16:15

... (6.10) Because (-1)k = for even k and -1 for odd k, (6.10) can be separated for even and odd k, or For even k: ( N ) -1 Â X (k) = n =0 N ˆ ˘ nk È Ê Í x(n) + xË n + ¯ ˙W Î ˚ (6.11) For odd k: ( N ) ... data to be transformed iobuffer: used to output a processed data as well as acquiring a new input sampled data x1: contains the magnitude (scaled) of the tranformed (processed) data On every sample ... smallest transform is determined by the radix of the FFT For a radix-2 FFT, N must be a power or base of 2, and the smallest transform or the last decomposition is the two-point DFT For a radix-4,...

Ngày tải lên: 07/11/2013, 10:15

... Update the input data samples for the next time n, with a data move scheme used in Chapter Such a scheme moves the data instead of a pointer Repeat the entire adaptive process for the next output ... //slider //output position for adapt FIR of adaptive FIR filter position for fixed FIR of fixed FIR filter //init coeff for adaptive FIR //init buffer for adaptive FIR //init buffer for fixed FIR //initial ... float data format An integer format version is included on the accompanying disk as adaptnoise_int.c A desired sine wave of 1500 Hz with an additive (undesired) sine wave noise of 312 Hz forms...

Ngày tải lên: 07/11/2013, 10:15

... time For example, the ADDs add data for iteration 1, while MPY and MPYH multiply data for iteration 3, LDWs load data for iteration 8, SUB decrements the counter for iteration 7, and B branches for ... ;64-bit data in A2 and A3 ;64-bit data in B2 and B3 *A4++,A3:A2 *B4++,B3:B2 ;64-bit data in A2 and A3 ;64-bit data in B2 and B3 *A4++,A3:A2 *B4++,B3:B2 ;64-bit data in A2 and A3 ;64-bit data in ... ;A2=16-bit data pointed by A4 ;A3=16-bit data pointed by A8 ;4 delay slots for LDH ;product in A6 ;1 delay slot for MPY ;accum in A7 ;decrement count ;branch to LOOP ;5 delay slots for B M1 L1...

Ngày tải lên: 14/12/2013, 14:15

... reconstructed data for a smoother output waveform 9.8 m-LAW FOR SPEECH COMPANDING An analog input such as speech is converted into digital form and compressed into 8-bit data m-Law encoding is a nonuniform ... upper bits of the sampled data The process is repeated for the lower bits of the sampled data The bits are combined and sent to the codec 10 The gel program allows for an option to interpolate ... Projects FIGURE 9.5 Test setup for adaptive temporal attenuator Edge detection: for enhancing edges in an image using Sobe’s edge detection Median filtering: nonlinear filter for removing noise spikes...

Ngày tải lên: 14/12/2013, 14:15

... window Build Options for the compiler Select the following for the compiler option: (a) Basic (for Category), (b) Default (for Target Version), (c) Full Symbolic Debug (for Generate Debug Info), ... or over, or out) Real-time analysis can be performed using real-time data exchange (RTDX) associated with DSP/BIOS (Appendix G) RTDX allows for data exchange between the host and the target and ... processors for a number of applications [1–20] Various technologies have been used for real-time processing, from fiber optics for very high frequency to DSP processors very suitable for the audio-frequency...

Ngày tải lên: 26/01/2014, 07:20