latitudinal variation in solar radiation

... irradiance uncertainties obtained at the second stage of the processing ofthe sounding results in Sect 3.3 The uncertainties of the retrieved parameters,while solving the inverse problem in the case ... certain linear transformations of value y i and could be easily written in the matrix form (4.36) Thus, (4.38) is a solution of the problem of uncertainty finding during the operations ofinterpolation, ... A. The main stage of the inverse problem solving with LST and of the method of the maximal likelihood (4.43) is solving a linear equation system, i e theinversion of its matrix However, in the

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 21:21

... step of modeling the photonscattering in the atmosphere according to (2.9):where P is the coordinate of the counter. The obtained algorithm is essentially simplified while taking into accountthat ... coefficients of absorbing gases (all, including O2) by (1.22) Thecorresponding sum is inferred for the derivatives too Specifying the concrete gas with subscript k, with accounting for (5.18) we ... arising for NO3gas, although the derivatives with respect to N2O content within the absorption maximums (bands 524 and 662 nm) areessentially greater and allow principally obtaining certain information

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 21:21

... irradiance assuming theconservative scattering versus to the single scattering albedo is demonstratedin Fig 6.2 It is clear that the ground albedo strongly increases the uncertainty.The interpretation ... modifications according to expressions: and parameter r describes the diffused part of light in the incident flux. The influence of the overlying atmospheric layers (including high thinclouds), the ... necessary to have in mind that parameter r also includes the influence of the radiation scattering by the above atmospheric layers andthin semitransparent above clouds Then the following is proposed

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 21:21

... 10:734–740 (Bilingual)Melnikova IN, Mikhailov VV (2000) Influence of multiple scattering of radiation on aerosolsand molecular absorption and scattering into clouds In: IRS’2000, Current problems inAtmospheric ... up to 3000 km keeping their radiation activity in the optical range (Mazin and Khrgian 1989). In the remainder of this chapter, we would like to point out that careful accounting of the optical ... Gidrometeoizdat, Leningrad (in Russian)Kondratyev KYa, Binenko VI (1984) Impact of Clouds on Radiation and Climate Gidrome-teoizdat, Leningrad (in Russian) Kondratyev KYa, Binenko VI, Melnikova IN (1997)

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 21:21

... and the thinning intensity I were retained for this study Thin-ning intensity I is defined in terms of basal area, being equal to the ratio of absolute G variation (∆G = G0 – G) against initial ... values in order to remain in the experimental range of extinction coefficient b values). A qualitative analysis of the influences of time since last thinning (τ) and thinning intensity (I) on extinction ... time since last thinning and the intensity of this thinning: (6) p, u and v being fitted from data Scots pine stands were not included in this model assessment as no data was available on thinning

Ngày tải lên: 08/08/2014, 01:22

... grinding processes37 To understand if there were differences in the atomic order within crystals, the plotted curves of C gallina were compared with grinding curves of other calcifying marine ... commercial clam Chamelea gallina are influenced by temperature and solar radiation along a wide latitudinal gradient Francesca Gizzi1, Maria Giulia Caccia1, Ginevra Allegra Simoncini1, Arianna Mancuso1,2, ... 100 mL/min with a first heating ramp from 30 to 120 °C at 10 °C min−1 heating rate, an isothermal at 120° for 5 min, and a second heating ramp from 120 to 600 °C, at 10 °C min−1 heating rate

Ngày tải lên: 04/12/2022, 16:13

... dunlin [Calidris alpina]) were positive, and AI viruses were not detected in passerines Season The prevalence of AI in waterfowl is typically low on win-tering areas and declines further in spring, ... location of sampling sites in Alaska in 2006 and 2007 Figure 1 Geographical location of sampling sites in Alaska in 2006 and 2007 Hunter-harvest sampling locations are noted in red Live bird ... present in Alaska during our sampling While our study was not spe-cifically designed to compare low pathogenic avian influ-enza exposure rates, an examination of our findings does provide insight

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 01:20

... radiotracer injected, thereby enabling inter-study comparison between and within individual patients [1,2] While variations in body composition and injected dose represent one significant source of variation, ... that would be incorrectly classi-fied as having a clinically relevant change despite the underlying sinogram data being identical, with any change being purely a result of differences in recon-struction ... thresh-old, by reducing the need to accommodate for inter-scanner variability, thus increasing sensitivity without increasing the number of incorrectly classified responders The combination of SUVref

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 01:20

... against the change in noise model Note that the contribution of this article is pertaining to the features extraction stage; hence the results obtained are independent of the classifier being ... Department, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Full list of author information is available at the end of the article © 2011 Hazza et al; licensee Springer This is an Open ... modulated signal features against variation in HF noise Specifically, we consider temporal time domain (TTD) features, higher order cumulants (HOC), and wavelet based features In addition, we propose

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 02:20

... gom8812@hanmail.net WLW: kuku-linlin@hotmail.com XGZ: xingguan424@naver.com H-BG: hbgu@chonnam.ac.kr Abstract In this paper, in order to improve the efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells, we introduced zirconia ... photoelectrode was heat treated at 450°C for 30 min with a heating rate of 5°C/min The obtained photoelectrode was immersed into the ethanol solution containing [cis-diisothiocyanato-bis(2,2′-bipyridyl-4,4′-dicarboxylato)ruthenium(II) ... reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Trang 21 Increases in solar conversion efficiencies of the ZrO 2 nanofiber-doped TiO 2 photoelectrode for dye-sensitized solar

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 17:20

... were produced from natural spawnings of H asinina following methods previously described [4,56] Gravid broodstock were maintained in individual spawning aquaria in order to control for the effects ... response to induction across all ages is never uniform i.e some larvae are able to respond to the CCA inductive cue faster than others Discussion In H asinina, as in other marine invertebrates, intra-cohort ... observed across three independent fertilizations Figure 1 Variation in the rate of third cleavage revealed by nuclear staining (A - F) Propidium iodide staining of early H asinina embryos allowed

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 19:20

... estimating monthly mean daily solar radiation, Solar Energy, 68, 161–168 Hontoria, L., Aguilera, J & Zufiria, P (2005) An application of the multilayer perceptron: Solar radiation maps in Spain Solar ... sites, the results for testing obtained were within 16% (MRE), and the same principle is applied for Spain and Turkey locations based on the MLP for developing the solar radiation map.15,16 A more ... generalized in any geographical location in the world Keywords: clearness index Kt , solar radiation, sizing PV system, ANFIS, ANN An ANFIS-Based Prediction for Kt 16 INTRODUCTION The clearness index

Ngày tải lên: 07/08/2014, 14:20

... Collares-Pereira and Rabl model, global solar radiation, hourly solar radiation (I t ) models, statistical tests, solar energy design Abstrak: Pilihan model sinaran solar global perjam (I t ) adalah ... t, axis at the points of ±2.027σ instead of at ±2σ, as in the first version Hence, in this case, S o = 4.054σ or σ= 0.246S o.In these new approaches, either method for determining σdoes not require ... high equipment and maintenance costs and the calibration requirements of the measuring equipment A solution to this problem is to estimate solar radiation by using a model Indeed, the prediction

Ngày tải lên: 07/08/2014, 14:20

... southern aspect, an increase in slope is linked to an increase in radiation in winter and to an initial increase followed by a decrease in radiation after 45 ◦ of slope in March and 30 ◦ in June, caused ... altitude or latitude and radiation are both almost linear. An in- crease of 100 m in altitude involves an increase in radiation of 4.4 MJ/m 2 in December and 14.7 MJ/m 2 in June. Radia- tion values ... Knowles E., Modelling topographic variation in solar radiation in a GIS environment, Int. J. Geogramm. Inf. Sci. 11 (1997) 475–497. [31] Lebourgeois F., Climatic signal in annual growth variation of

Ngày tải lên: 07/08/2014, 16:21

... demand (Tab V) Our results point to the dominant role of a tree hydraulic capacity in determining patterns of stomatal beha-viour in spruce trees In addition to maintaining a long-term balance between ... equation describ-ing curvilinear increase in g L in response to growing irradiance and allowing for the possibility that stomata are open in the dark [7, 14, 43]: (4) where Q p is the incident photosynthetic ... primary production during forest maturation Fischer et al [8] reported a decrease in the whole-tree hydraulic conductance with increasing tree size in Pinus flexilis James growing in a high-elevation

Ngày tải lên: 08/08/2014, 01:21

... (petioles) and maintains xylem integrity in the shoots In beech, we showed large differences in water stress responses with different embolism development depend-ing on the position in the crown: ... [24] A large stomatal opening that induces transpiration is a necessary conse-quence of the plant’s need to maintain gas exchange in leaves for photosynthesis To maintain a favourable wa-ter balance, ... Trang 1D Lemoine et al.Stomatal control of embolism in Fagus Original article Within crown variation in hydraulic architecture in beech (Fagus sylvatica L): evidence

Ngày tải lên: 08/08/2014, 14:20

... important factor in structuring these ecosystems, and fire recurrence has been consid- ered a limiting factor in biomass development and accu- mulation [8, 15]. In spite of being one of the main South ... Vegetal, Inst. Ciências Biológicas, UnB, Brasília, 1980. [8] Coutinho L.M., Fire in the ecology of brazilian cerrado, in: Goldammer J.G. (Ed.), Fire in Tropical Biota. Springer-Ver- lag, Berlin, 1990, ... Cerrado), and the minimum ones, during the dry period. The belowground biomasses collected during the rainy season were significantly higher than that collected during the dry period in both open and

Ngày tải lên: 08/08/2014, 14:21

... Schimmel Typesetting: LE-TeX Jelonek, Schmidt & Vöckler GbR, Leipzig Printing: Mercedes-Druck, Berlin Binding: Stein +Lehmann, Berlin Printed on acid-free paper 32/3141/as 5 4 3 2 1 0 2 Solar Radiation in ... book. The following main types ofradiation(andtheir energy) are distinguished in radiation transferring thr oughout the atmosphere: direct radiation (radiation coming to the point immediately ... within different spectral ranges. As is seen from above, it is possible to divide all radiation int o solar and self (heat) radiation. In this book, we are considering only solar radiation in...

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 21:21

... are taking into account that the enhancing of emitted energy within the elementary volume could occur also owing to the scattering of external radiation coming to the 28 Solar Radiation in the ... within the radiation field. In general case both the extinction and the enhancing of energy of radiation passing through this volume are taking place (Fig. 1.6). Let I be the radiance incoming ... condition accepted in Sect. 1.1 we are considering solar radiation incoming to the plane atmosphere top as an incident solar parallel flux F 0 from direction (ϑ 0 , ϕ 0 ). Then, deducing the intensity...

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 21:21

... main partofthesolardownwellingirradianceinaclearsky.Thepitchinfluenceon the accounting of direct radiation in the measured irradiance was obviously owing to the deviation of the angle of the solar ... We are neglecting the radiation scattering in the optically thin clear atmosphere between the cloud layers and in the underlying clear layer and assuming that the lower layer adjoins the ground surface ... approach was elaborated in a study (Melnikova and Minin 1977) for computing the downwelling and upwelling solar irradiances in the vertically heterogeneous medium consisting of two optically thick...

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 21:21