isothermal and adiabatic flow of compressible fluids lapple

... elementary laws of fluid flow To satisfy a demand for a simple and practical treatment of the subject of flow in pipe, Crane Co published in 1935, a booklet entitled Flow of Fluids and Heat Transmission ... practical application to flow problems in Chapters 3 and 4 physical properties of fluids and flow characteristics of valves, fittings, and pipe in Appendix A and conversion units and other useful engineering ... -c«ccssecesseeexee 2~-15 Flow through short tubes 2-15 Discharge of Fluids Through Valves, Fittings, and Pipe Formulas and Nomographs for Flow for Liquid Flow Flow through nozzles and orifices 3-14 Of, DiSCÌIAFB

Ngày tải lên: 12/03/2014, 16:35

... theoretical understanding of the relation between measurable parameters of the heat field and sap flow and for methodical aspects of sap flow techniques 2 MATERIALS AND METHODS 2.1 Site and sample trees ... focuses of an ellipse, a and b – main axes of an ellipse, e – eccentricity of an ellipse IR-images of the heat field (lower panel) under zero-flow (left) and with increasing sap flow rates (middle and ... respectively Trang 7IR images of heat field and sap flow of lime 209The flow decreased here mostly in outer xylem layers The remaining fraction of flow was obviously related to the flow moving from roots

Ngày tải lên: 08/08/2014, 01:22

... Sap flow and climate data of 1990 were used to calibrate the model of transpiration and data of the following years for its validation. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Effect of ... tested the sensitivity of the model to ga in the case of the oak stand using higher (+50%) and lower (-80%) values of ga. The comparison with sap flow measurements showed ... and vapour flow at stand level and derivation of canopy conductance for Scots pine. Theoret Apl Climat (in press) Jarvis PG (1975) Water transfer in plants. In: Heat and

Ngày tải lên: 08/08/2014, 18:21

... investigate the effect of DO 2 I optimization with fluids or with fluids and dobutamine on the 60-day hospital mortality and incidence of complications. Methods A randomized and controlled trial ... effects of fluids and inotropes during optimization of the oxygen delivery index (DO 2 I) in high-risk patients submitted to major surgeries are due to fluids, to inotropes, or to the combination of ... suspicion of hypovolemia. The heart rate, rhythm and MAP were carefully monitored and the dose of dobutamine was decreased or interrupted in the case of hypotension (MAP < 70 mmHg) and/or in

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 23:23

... and organizational dynamics of living systems on each and every scale of biological organizational hierarchy, from proteins and cells to economies and ecologies. Background The introduction of ... scales of space and time, it is reasonable to suggest that self-organization of diverse intracellular compartments, structures, and complexes is driven by changing priorities and demands of the ... interconnected and interre- lated parts of one and the same image, namely that of the cell living and evolving as a self-organizing and self-regu- lating molecular-scale economy. One of the first

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 16:21

... (1985), Jain and Joh (1988), McInish and Wood (1991, 1992), Brock and Kleidon (1992), Gerety and Mulherin (1992), Foster and Viswanathan (1993) and Chan et al (1995a,b) McInish and Wood (1990) ... et al (1995) of the limit order book and order ¯ow on the Paris Bourse Niemeyer and Sandas (1995), Hedvall and Niemeyer (1996), Niemeyer and Sandas (1996) and Hedvall et al (1997) perform similar ... it This includes the identi®cation of investors, the price andquantities of ®rm and on-hold orders, and the type of ownership documentfor sell orders Details of every order are only observable

Ngày tải lên: 31/10/2014, 10:22

... 2.1.1. Data The first stage of the programmes, namely Audition, comprises of a massive number of auditions performed by thousands of aspiring pop stars. Although most of these auditions are not ... comments in The X Factor and Vietnam Idol, the two versions of Pop Idol, one of the most famous reality show franchises in the world. A combination of quantitative genre analysis and qualitative discourse ... Robertson proposes the theory of ‘glocalisation’, stating that globalisation of culture does not necessarily lead to the homogenisation of (and by implication destruction of) local cultures. This

Ngày tải lên: 24/06/2015, 08:18

... well and enjoy certain popularity in many areas of scientific research and engineering analysis 1.1.1 Limitations of traditional body-fitted method Despite the good performance and popularity of ... rectangular flow domain He used a fixed Eulerian Cartesian mesh to describe the blood flow and a set of elastic fibers (represented by a series of Lagrangian points which can move and deform freely ... representation of boundaries and surface boundary layers, simplifying the treatment of boundary conditions and reducing the numerical “false-diffusion” errors, etc The construction of structured

Ngày tải lên: 09/09/2015, 11:17

... satisfied. The performance of the new version of IBM is carefully examined, firstly through the classical problem of flow over a single stationary circular cylinder, and then the flow interference between ... The fluid pressure p and velocity vector u are the dominating flow variables. U B is the prescribed velocity of the immersed boundary Γ . ρ and μ are the fluid density and viscosity. Note that ... large value of stiffness κ is often required which, unfortunately, would render a stiff system of equations and lead to a severe stability constraint. However, if a lower value of κ is utilized,

Ngày tải lên: 09/09/2015, 11:17

... (2.3), where x and y denote the components of the Eulerian coordinate x, u and v correspond Trang 3to the components of the velocity vector u in the x and y directions respectively ϕ and ω denote ... is a function of physical location x, and the Dirac delta function δ(x X( , )) is also the function of x − s t where (Δu ,Δv) are components of Δu, and (ΔP x,Δ ) are components of P y ΔP Substituting ... level n to n+1, 1) Use u and n ωn as initial flow field to solve Eqs (3.8) and (3.9) and obtain predicted vorticity ω* and stream function ϕ ; * 2) Substitute ϕ to Eqs (3.4) and (3.5) to calculate

Ngày tải lên: 09/09/2015, 11:17

... length L The no-slip and isothermal conditions are imposed on both cylinder walls The flow behaviour of this problem depends on the Prandtl number Pr , k ρ β μ − = , and aspect ratio AR=L/ ... 1.67) and Rayleigh Trang 17numbers of 1 10Ra= × 4, 1 10× 5 and 1 10× 6 with Prandtl number fixed at of the annulus This can be observed clearly in Figs 4.5-4.7, which show the streamlines and isotherms ... the rate of heat transfer from the heated surface, which is defined as As shown in Eqs (4.21) and (4.22), the evaluation of local and average Nusselt numbers involves the calculation of the temperature

Ngày tải lên: 09/09/2015, 11:17

... cold free stream and releases constant and uniform heat flux is simulated for several low and moderate Reynolds numbers of Trang 910 Re= 20, 40 and 100 and fixed Prandtl number of Pr =0.7 The setups ... surface of the inner cylinder with radius R i is maintained at a uniform heat flux Q B, and the outer cylinder of radius R o =2R i is kept at a constant temperature T∞ The flow behavior of this ... resolution h=G/ 64 and convergence criteria As expected, the flow and thermal fields are symmetric about the vertical central line through the center of the annulus (Fig 5.6) A pair of crescent-shaped

Ngày tải lên: 09/09/2015, 11:17

... of catalyst particles in slurry reactors, and transport of sand particles in rivers, etc A theoretical analysis of the underlying physical nature is of fundamental importance However, these flows ... Three spacings of G = 2, 4 and 7 are selected as their representatives to illustrate the frequency and amplitude effect of cylinder vibration on the flow and thermal patterns in each flow regime ... of G=2 When f c / f st falls in the range of 0.9− 1.3, the oscillating motion of the downstream cylinder takes control of the instability mechanism of the whole system and the lock-on state of

Ngày tải lên: 09/09/2015, 11:17

... heat and momentum transfer around a pair of tandem spheres are numerically studied at two Reynolds numbers: a low one of 40 and a moderate one of 300 Two separation distances of / 1.2 G D= and ... et al 1995), which is often referred to as the “steady axisymmetric flow regime” Two Reynolds numbers of Re=100 and 200 are selected for the simulation and description of flow behaviors The three-dimensional ... pronounced that flow unsteadiness is triggered In this periodic unsteady flow regime, flow at a Reynolds number of 300 was chosen as the case of interest The time evolution of drag coefficient and surface-averaged

Ngày tải lên: 09/09/2015, 11:17

... three-dimensional flow behaviors behind a rectangular heaving-and-pitching foil of aspect ratio (span-to-chord) 3.0 at a Reynolds number of 164 and found Trang 2sets of rings- and loops-like structures ... Trang 18.1 Incompressible flow over a heaving and pitching finite span foil The three-dimensional incompressible flow around a finite span foil under a heaving and pitching motion has ... A range of Strouhal numbers (between 0.2 and 0.4), pitch amplitudes (between 0D and 20D) and heave/pitch phase angles (between 60D and 120D) were tested which showed that the variation of these

Ngày tải lên: 09/09/2015, 11:17

... satisfied The good performance of the new IBM is extensively verified, first through the classical problems of flow over a single stationary circular cylinder and flow interference between two ... solver was applied to examples of flow over a left moving circular cylinder and flow over an inline oscillating circular cylinder, to further examine its capability in handling moving boundary problems ... cylinder in the wake of a stationary one, where it was found that the flow behaviors and heat transfer characteristics were greatly affected by the mutual influences of spacing and downstream cylinder

Ngày tải lên: 09/09/2015, 11:22

... 1DEVELOPMENT OF IMMERSED BOUNDARY METHODS FOR ISOTHERMAL AND THERMAL FLOWS REN WEIWEI (B Eng., M Eng., Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, China) A THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF ... Applications of Developed IBM Solver to Simulate Three Dimensional Moving Boundary Flows 2768.1 Incompressible flow over a heaving and pitching finite span foil 276 8.2 Hydrodynamics of flow over ... structures for flow around a pair of tandem spheres at Re=300 262 Fig 7.22 Streamlines and isotherms at Re=300 and G D/ =1.5 262 Fig 7.23 Streamlines and isotherms at Re=300 and G D/ =2.0 262

Ngày tải lên: 09/09/2015, 11:22

... the warm interest and meaningful suggestions of Professor T Y. Na and Dr. D. A. S. Rees, the reviewers of this work. Secondly, the formatting of this book and the preparation of the figures were ... importance of the forced and the free convection flows, the former for large and the latter for small values of the Prandtl number. Additionally, to facilitate the solution procedure, Lin and Chen ... thermal and concentration (mass diffusion) gradients are important. Here fl and fl* are the thermal and concentration expansion coefficients and Too and C~ are the temperature and concentration of...

Ngày tải lên: 01/04/2014, 10:51

... Schabacker, J., and Boles, A., “Experimental and numerical study of developed flow and heat transfer in coolants with channels with 45 degree ribs”, Int. Journal of Heat and fluid flow, 20, 311-319, ... and the flow analysis results. References [1] Saini J.S. Use of artificial roughness for Enhancing Performance of Solar air heater Proceedings of XVII National and VI ISHME/ASME Heat and ... Gao Xiufang and Sudden Bengt, “Effect of inclination angle of ribs on the flow behavior in rectangular ducts”, Trans. ASME Journal of Fluids Engineering, 126, 692-699, 2004 [10] Bonhoff, B., Parneix,...

Ngày tải lên: 05/09/2013, 16:10

... the Moscow Meeting of the Conference on the Human Dimension of the CSCE and in breach of Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and Article 10 of the European Convention ... all Internet communication and ‘switch off’ Internet access for whole populations or segments of the public during times of war, states of emergency and in cases of imminent threat to national ... courts of law are the guarantors of justice and have a fundamental role to play in a state governed by the rule of law. In the absence of a valid legal basis, the issuing of blocking orders and...

Ngày tải lên: 18/02/2014, 00:20