internetworking with tcp ip volume 1 6th edition

... header contains IP ad- dresses whereas the frame header contains physical addresses Figure 7.2 shows the general form of a datagram: Figure 7.2 General form of an IP datagram, the TCP/IP analogy to ... frame IP specifies the header format including the source and destination IP addresses IP does not specify the format of the data area; it can be used to transport arbitrary data 7.7.1 Datagram ... shipped across the underlying network in a single frame In addition, because IP represents the offset of the data in multiples of eight octets, the fragment size must be chosen to be a multiple

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 22:21

... table in Figure 7.1 1 shows how option classes are assigned Figure 7.11 Classes of IP options as encoded in the OPTION CLASS bits of an option code octet The table in Figure 7.12 lists examples ... [I9801 discusses possible ways to approach internet protocols, addressing, and routing In later publications, Postel [RFC 7911 gives the standard for the Internet Protocol Braden [RFC 11221 further ... use it FIRST IP ADDRESS SECOND lP ADDRESS Trang 4specifies a routing path by including a sequence of IP addresses in the option as Figure 7.14 shows IP ADDRESS OF FIRST HOP IP ADDRESS OF

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 22:21

... sidered often Leiner [RFC 11241 considers policies for interconnected networks Braun [RFC 11041 discusses models of policy routing for internets, Rekhter [RFC 10921 relates policy routing to ... Chou [1971] and Schwartz and Stem [I9801 discuss routing in general; Postel [1980] discusses internet routing Braden and Postel [RFC 10091 provides a summary of how Internet routers handle IP datagram ... network if their destination IP ad- dress is the limited IP broadcast address or the directed IP broadcast address for that network As we will see in Chapters 10 and 17, classless, subnet, and

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... format The types include: Trang 6Sec 9.5 ICMP Message Format Type Field 0 3 4 5 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 ICMP Message Type Echo Reply Destination Unreachable Source Quench Redirect (change ... message mechanism to the TCP/IP protocols The mechanism, known as the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP), is considered a required part of IP and must be included in every IP implemen- tation ... As with most ICMP messages that report an error, the da- tagram prefix field contains a prefix of the datagram that triggered the source quench re- quest Trang 10Sec 9.10 Source Quench Format 137

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 22:21

... [RFCs 956, 957, and 13051 The Internet Control Message Protocol described here is a TCP/IF' standard defined by Postel [RFC '7921 and updated by Braden [RFC [1122] Nagle [RFC 8961 discusses ICMP ... expires Figure 9.11 illustrates the format of the advertisement message a router sends ROUTER ADDRESS 1 PREFERENCE LEVEL 1 ROUTER ADDRESS 2 - PREFERENCE LEVEL 2 Figure 9.11 ICMP router advertisement ... 10161 discusses a more recent technique routers use in response to source quench Nagle [I9871 argues that congestion is always a concern in packet switched networks Mogul and Postel [RFC 9501

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... Subnet 0 1 65534 2 2 16382 3 6 81 90 4 14 4094 5 30 2046 6 62 1022 7 126 51 0 8 254 254 9 51 0 126 10 1022 62 11 2046 30 12 4094 14 13 81 90 6 14 1 6382 2 Figure 10.6 ... example. Network 128.10.1.0 REST OF THE Network 128.1 0.2.0 all traffic to 128.1 0.0.0 Figure 103 A site with two physical networks using subnet addressing to la- bel them with a single ... datagrams with value 1 to the network labeled 128.10.1.0 and those with value 2 to the network labeled 128.10.2.0. Conceptually, adding subnets only changes the interpretation of IP addresses

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... block 128.21 1.176.212129, which covers the address range that Figure 10.12 specifies lowest 128.21 1 l76.212 10000000 11 01 001 1 101 10000 11 01 01 00 Figure 10.12 An example of CIDR block 128.21 ... is assigned 128.21 1.0.01 16, the ISP may choose to give one of its customers the 2048 address in the 121 range that Figure 10.10 specifies If the same ISP also has a small customer with only two ... dresses in Figure 10.10 would be expressed as: where /21 denotes 21 bits in a mask The table in Figure 10.1 1 lists dotted decimal values for all possible CIDR masks The 18,l 16, and 124 prefixes

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... Figure 10.15 provides an example Prefix 128.1 0.0.0 I 16 128.1 0.2.0 124 128.10.3.0124 128.1 0.4.0 124 128.1 0.4.3 132 128.1 0.5.0 124 128.10.5.1 132 Next Hop 10.0.0.2 10.0.0.4 10.1.0.5 10.0.0.6 10.0.0.3 ... 01 0001 1 0 00000000 00000000 00000000 01 01 01 1 0 00000000 00000000 00000000 01100001 0000000000000000 00000000 1010101 0 11 110000 00000000 00000000 10110000000000100000000000000000 10111011 ... 00000000 10110000000000100000000000000000 10111011 000010100000000000000000 Unique Prefix 001 01 00 01 01 01 1 101 0 10110 10111 Figure 10.13 A set of 32-bit binary addresses and the corresponding

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... 11.1 Each layer takes responsibility for handling one part of the problem Trang 2Sender Receiver L Figure 11.1 The conceptual organization of protocol software in layers Layer 2 Layer 1 ... Figure 11.2 The conceptual diagram in Figure 11.2a shows an Internet layer between a high level protocol layer and a network interface layer The realistic diagram in Figure 11.2b shows that the IP ... layers organized as Figure 11.4 shows Layer Functionality 7 1 Application I 6 I Presentation I I Transport I 1 Connection - - Trang 5182 Protocol Layering Chap 11 The I S 0 model, built

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... 188 Protocoi Layering Chap. 11 11.7.1 Layering in a TCPnP lnternet Environment Our statement of the layering principle is somewhat vague, and the illustration in Figure 11.6 ... guide processing. Consider an example of demultiplexing shown in Figure 1 1.10. Frame Arrives a IP Module ARP Module Figure 11.10 Demultiplexing of incoming frames based on the type ... the basic layered structure. 11.1 1 The Basic Idea Behind Multiplexing And Demultiplexing Communication protocols use techniques of multiplexing and demultiplexing throughout the layered

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... from IP 12.8 UDP Multiplexing, Demultiplexing, And Ports We have seen in Chapter 11 that software throughout the layers of a protocol hierarchy must multiplex or demultiplex among multiple objects ... obtain the destination IP address without interacting with the IP layer However, the source IP ad- dress depends on the route IP chooses for the datagram, because the IP source address identifies ... transfer speed with messages of 256, 512, 1024, 2048, 4096, and 8192 bytes Can you explain the results (hint: what is your network MTU)? 12.2 Why is the UDP checksum separate from the IP checksum?

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 22:21

... is a connection from machine (18.26.0.36) at MIT to machine (128.10.2.3) at Purdue University, it might be defined by the endpoints: (18.26.0.36, 1069) and (128.10.2.3, 25) ... an incoming IP datagram identifies the protocol being used well the port Trang 10Conceptual Layering Network Interface Figure 13.5 The conceptual layering of UDP and TCP above IP TCP pro- vides ... layering scheme Figure 13.5 shows the conceptual organiza- tion TCP allows multiple application programs on a given machine to communicate concurrently, and it demultiplexes incoming TCP traffic among

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 22:21

... " C;.,~A A",h , -A,.,4L.*ll., Sec. 13.11 TCP Segment Format 22 1 13.1 1 TCP Segment Format The unit of transfer between the TCP software on two machines is called a seg- ... (128.2.254.139, 1184) and (128.10.2.3, 53). It might seem strange that two connections can use the TCP port 53 on machine 128.10.2.3 simultaneously, but there is no ambiguity. Because TCP associates ... Service (TCP) Chap. 13 13.1 4 TCP Checksum Computation The CHECKSUM field in the TCP header contains a 16-bit integer checksum used to verify the integrity of the data as well as the TCP header.

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 22:21

... algorithm to allow TCP communication across a high-loss packet radio connection. Responding To High Variance In Delay I I I I I I I I I I* 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 Datagram ... packets arrive without retransmission. 10 2 8s 6s Time 4s 2s Reliable Stream Transport Service (TCP) Chap. 13 I I I I I I I I I I I) 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Datagram ... Datagram Number Figure 13.12 The TCP retransmission timer for the data from Figure 13.10. Arrows mark two successive datagrams where the delay dou- bles. 13.20 Response To Congestion

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... are released 13.27 TCP State Machine Like most protocols, the operation of TCP can best be explained with a theoretical model called afinite state machine Figure 13.15 shows the TCP finite state ... TCP from responding with a RST (reset) if the other end retransmits a FIN request Trang 5close 1 fin CLOSE LISHED close l fin close 1 fin timeout afer 2 segment lifetimes v 1 Figure 13.15 ... UDP and TCP For example, a domain name server can be accessed either with TCP or with UDP In ei- ther protocol, port number 53 has been reserved for servers in the domain name system 13.30 TCP Performance

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 22:21

... 11221 con- tains an update that clarifies several points. Clark [RFC 8131 describes TCP window management, Clark [RFC 8161 describes fault isolation and recovery, and Postel [RFC 8791 ... TCP synchronization and improves throughput. Reliable Stream Transport Service PCP) Chap. 13 FOR FURTHER STUDY The standard for TCP can be found in Postel [RFC 7931; Braden [RFC 11221 ... Mills [RFC 8891 reports measurements of Internet round-trip delays. Jain [I9861 describes timer- based congestion control in a sliding window environment. Borman [April 19891 sum- marizes

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... And Multiplexing 362 18 .13 IP Address Binding In An ATM Network 363 18 .14 Logical IP Subnet Concept 364 18 .15 Connection Management 365 18 .16 Address Binding Within An WS 366 18 .1 7 ATMARP ... Active Opens 21 8 13 .9 Segments, Streams, And Sequence Numbers 219 13 .10 Variable Window Size And Flow Control 220 13 .11 TCP Segment Format 2 21 13 .12 Out Of Band Data 222 13 .13 Maximum ... Types 278 15 .11 BGP Message Header 278 15 .12 BGP OPEN Message 279 15 .13 BGP UPDATE Message 280 15 .14 Compressed Mask-Address Pairs 28 1 15 .15 BGP Path Attributes 282 15 .16 BGP...

Ngày tải lên: 19/03/2014, 13:35