handbook of metallurgical process design

... reality • Intensity of stress concentrations • Influence of time on strength and geometry • Effect of corrosion Trang 3• Effect of wear• Length of any list of uncertainties The algebra of real numbers ... Composition of material and the effect of variations on properties • Variation in properties from place to place within a bar of stock • Effect of processing locally, or nearby, on properties • Effect of ... LN Lognormal TV Normal n design factor, sample size, population n mean of design factor distribution P Probability, probability of failure R Reliability, probability of success or survival Trang

Ngày tải lên: 23/10/2013, 18:15

... car-Special Processes The use of special processes or handling, such as methods of cleaning castings, impregnation of castings to prevent leakage of fluids, degreasing of finished parts, or protection of ... provided.reliabil-1.4 COMMUNICATIONOFENGINEERING INFORMATION The output of an engineering department consists of specifications for a product or a process Much of the output is in the form of drawings that convey ... thus reduces the likelihood of multiple drawings of nearly identical parts. The generally preferred method of naming parts assigns a name that describes the nature of the part, such as piston,

Ngày tải lên: 23/10/2013, 18:15

... two or more gears may rotate about a single axis The ratio of the angular velocities of a pair of gears is the inverse of their num-bers of teeth The equations for each mesh in the simple train ... = speed of first gear in train n L = speed of last gear in train H A = speed of arm The following example will illustrate the use of Eq (46.15) Example 1 Refer to the planetary train of Fig 46.4 ... r/min of the left wheel is zero, the pitch point of gears 4 and 5 has a linear velocity twice that of the pin which supports the planet Therefore, the r/min of the right wheel is twice that of the

Ngày tải lên: 28/10/2013, 01:15

... where co is the frequency of the input signal: An example of this type of circuit is the ac coupling circuit at the input of a cathode-ray oscilloscope When Z L is that of an impedance-based detector ... change.3.8 SOURCESOFERRORINMEASUREMENTS The basic problem of every quantitative experiment is that of trying to identify thetrue value of the measured quantity Philosophically, the measurement process ... an indication of the development of systematic errors in the mea-suring system Measurement of the variable with two different measuring systemscan often help detect the presence of a fixed error

Ngày tải lên: 28/10/2013, 01:15

... function of all branches of engineering is design.Design begins with the recognition of a need and the conception of an idea to meetthat need One may then proceed to design equipment and processes of ... intensity of one six-hundred-thousandth of a square meter of a radiating cavity atthe temperature of freezing platinum (2042 K) under a pressure of 101 325 N/m2 The mole is the amount of substance of ... 83.6 DESIGNOFTHEMEASURINGSYSTEMThe design of a measuring system consists of selection or specification of the ducers necessary to accomplish the detection, transmission, and indication of thedesired

Ngày tải lên: 28/10/2013, 01:15

... locate the centroids of a group of lines or a group of areas Area groups are often composed of a combination of circles, rectangles, angles, and other shapes The areas and locations of the centroidal ... center of the rod The centroid of this weight or point group is located at G, which may also be called the center of gravity or the center of mass of the point group The total weight of the group ... moments of sections made up of a combination of shapes The procedurehas much in common with the example in Fig 48.3 FIGURE 48.4 Second area moment of a rect-angle Trang 14FIGURE 48.5 Use of the

Ngày tải lên: 06/11/2013, 12:15

... availability of a family of microprocessors with compatible characteristics and of shared bus hardware becomes important Another class of supporting hardware and software aids in the development of programs ... micro-processor is the length of the address register This is what determines the number of words of RAM and ROM which can be accessed by the processor The length of the address register is often greater than ... controllers Their low cost is, of course, a major consideration The word length of a microprocessor is the number of bits which are grouped for manipulation by the processor Micro-processors are available

Ngày tải lên: 06/11/2013, 12:15

... capability of products Handbooks There are very few handbooks on selecting materials for wear resis-tance Materials and design handbooks usually provide lists of materials, some of which are ... made of the modes or mechanisms of wear of each part of the product For this purpose, it is also useful to examine old lubricants, the contents of the lubricant sump, and other accumulations of ... laboratory bench tests, few of which simulate real systems The final result of the use of handbook data is a design which will probably not perform to an accuracy of better than ±95 percent Trang

Ngày tải lên: 06/11/2013, 12:15

... Number, factor of safety n s Factor of safety at soliding -N Normal (or gaussian) distributed TV Number of turns N a Number of active turns N t Total number of turns OD Outside diameter of spring ... size, material, and method of manufacture • Secondary decisions • Adequacy assessment • Documentation of the design • Construction and testing of prototype(s) • Final design Computer-aided engineering ... make a statistical statement as to the probability of observing a value of r\ s of a particular magnitude, we need an estimate of the variance of r\ s <-$M&M3tWgf* We can estimate the individual

Ngày tải lên: 06/11/2013, 12:15

... a function of r, d, and D derived from the curves of the given graph The equation would then be used as part of a totalequation system in the decision-making process of an automated design procedure ... applications of machine design 4.4.3 Approximation for 1/(1 ± x) In some equations of analysis we have a term of the form (1 + x) in the denominator. For purposes of simplification, as in operations of ... equation is merely the sum of positive simple exponential terms, each of which has the general form of theright side of Eq (4.3) 4.3 SERIES A series is an ordered set of sequential terms generally

Ngày tải lên: 06/11/2013, 12:15

... Second moment of area / Second polar moment of area Trang 2The spring rate (also called stiffness or scale) of a body or ensemble of bodies isdefined as the partial derivative of force (torque) ... the direction of the load Trang 3they are positive if upward, negative if downward.50.3 PROPERTIESOFBEAMS Table 50.1 lists a number of useful properties of beams having a variety of loadings.These ... details of the method are best explained by an example The shaft of Fig 50.2 has all points of interest designated by the station letters A, B, C, These points must include • Location of all supports

Ngày tải lên: 13/12/2013, 05:15

... Eccentricity of axial load P E Modulus of elasticity of material E(t) Tangent modulus for buckling outside of elastic range F(x) A function of x G Shear modulus of material h Height of cross section ... for buckling of column r Radius of gyration R Radius of cross section s Running coordinate, measured from one end t Thickness of cross section T Torque about x axis x Axial coordinate of column ... However, some of the criteria for stable design which we will develop will take into account the influences of imperfections such as the eccentricity of the axial load and the crookedness of the centroidal

Ngày tải lên: 13/12/2013, 05:15

... nitrogen is in Europe,where helium is relatively unavailable 14.8 DESIGNOFWELDEDJOINTS While designers need some basic knowledge of welding processes, equipment, rials, and techniques, their main interest ... less costly The point of intersection of the fillet-weldcurve with the groove-weld curve is the point of interest The accuracy of this device is dependent on the accuracy of the cost data used ... and the type of weld arespecified by the designer Figure 14.14 shows the joint and weld types Specifying a joint does not by itselfdescribe the type of weld to be used Thus 10 types of welds are

Ngày tải lên: 13/12/2013, 05:15

... changing of electrodes is one of the major disadvantages of the process in production welding It decreases the operating factor, or the percent of the welder's time spent in the actual laying of weld ... mechanization—the removal of direct manual manipulation in the utiliza-tion of the open-arc process One of the advantages of the self-shielded flux-cored arc-welding process is the high deposition ... advantage of the process is its tolerance of poor fitup, which in shops often reduces rework and repair without affecting final product quality The toler-ance of the semiautomatic process for

Ngày tải lên: 13/12/2013, 05:15

... coefficient of variation Coefficients of variation of engineering steel endurance limits may range from 0.03 to 0.10 vidually, and the coefficient of variation of the fatigue ratio of the ensemble ... used as evidence of theexistence of an endurance limit All that this method produces is estimates of twomedian lines, one of the form Sf = CN b 103<7V<106 (13.1)and the other of the form Sf ... from the testing of necessar-ily small samples There is a long history of presentation of these quantities as deter-ministic, which necessitated generous design factors The plotting of cycles to

Ngày tải lên: 13/12/2013, 05:15

... the factor of safety Tj, which is unique to the completed design The design factor represents the goal and the factor of safety represents attainment The adequacy assessment of a design includes ... elements • Laboratory simulations of field conditions • Corporate experience manifested as a design-manual edict • Codes, standards, and state of the art During the design process, permissible stress ... or testingthe part is impossible, investigators have proposed theories of failure for guidance ofdesigners Use of a theory of failure involves (1) identifying the significant stress atthe critical

Ngày tải lên: 13/12/2013, 05:15

... = x*, abscissa of extreme ordinate B3 = ;ti, final left-hand abscissa of interval of uncertainty B4 = Jc 2 , final right-hand abscissa of interval of uncertainty J5 = N 9 number of function evaluations ... experiments.The introduction of the third parameter increased the level of effort exponentially Similarly, the fourth parameter requires p pages of p curves of p points each The total number of experiments ... Instead of finding the relationship among and the level of effort has been reduced by a factor of 100 Pi terms are multiplicative clusters of parameters, formed by exploiting the rule of dimensional

Ngày tải lên: 13/12/2013, 05:15

... involved in the safety of a product or the safety of a system and its operation 3 The means of avoiding or eliminating any specific hazard by use of suitabledesign, procedures, processes, or material ... review—the last complete review before release of the design to production) These periodic design reviews should (1) review the progress of the design,(2) monitor design and development, (3) assure that ... met, and(4) provide feedback of information to all concerned A design review is conducted by an ad hoc design review board composed ofmechanical designers, electrical designers, reliability engineers,

Ngày tải lên: 13/12/2013, 05:15

... MATERIALSJoseph Datsko Professor Emeritus of Mechanical Engineering The University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan 7.1 STRUCTURE OF SOLIDS A study of the mechanical properties of materials must begin ... negligible mass and a negative charge of unity (l-).Thenumber of electrons in a given type of atom is also equal to the atomic number of that element The maximum number of electrons in any shell is 2n ... crystal structure and the type of interatomic bondingforces determine the strength and ductility of the material The simple model of an atom is a dense nucleus, consisting of protons and trons, surrounded

Ngày tải lên: 13/12/2013, 05:15

... the load of the stack is equal to that of onewasher The load of a parallel stack is equal to the load of one washer times the num-ber of washers, and the deflection of the stack is that of one ... is often nec-essary to combine a number of washers Such a combination is called a stack. The deflection of a series stack (Fig 24.33) is equal to the number of washerstimes the deflection of ... = 81 percent of h The final design is as follows: Tensile stress S Tl = -29.5 kpsi (-203 MPa) at /2 - 85 percent of h Tensile stress ,Sr2 = 103 kpsi (710 MPa) at/2 = 85 percent of h 24.8 SPECIALSPRINGWASHERS

Ngày tải lên: 23/12/2013, 01:16