glycolysis gluconeogenesis and the pentose phosphate pathway

... 5-phosphate (X5P) R5P + X5P The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) Erythose 4-phosphate Fructose 6-phosphate + Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate Sedoheptulose 7-phosphate + Xylulose 5-phosphate ... 28Utilization of Glucose 6-phosphate •  Glucose 6-phosphate can be used as a substrate either for glycolysis or for the pentose phosphate pathway depending on the cell’s need for biosynthesis (PPP) or for ... Ribulose 5-phosphate Ribose 5- phosphate (R5P) 7 Trang 8Outlines of the PPP •  Functions of the pentose phosphate pathway •  Oxidative reactions: forming ribose 5-phosphate from glucose 6-phosphate

Ngày tải lên: 06/05/2018, 00:32

... focused on the relationship between let-7 and the Wnt signaling pathway Tumors consist of cells with heterogeneity, with differ-ent characteristics, and the CSCs are demonstrated to be steady and stable ... culture, transfection and infection MHCC97-H and HCCLM3 human HCC cells were pur-chased from ATCC and maintained at the central laboratory of the Qilu Hospital of Shandong University The cells are cultured ... 1st generation of spheres Then the cell form spheres were reseeded to acquire the 2nd generation of spheres The sphere forming efficiency of the first generation (a) and the second generation (b)

Ngày tải lên: 20/09/2020, 18:37

... Sic1 and consequently G1–S cell cycle progression with nutrient availability via Mpk1 and the greatwall kinase pathway. Results The greatwall kinase pathway controls Sic1 stability To study whether ... left-hand peak) and 2n (G2/M; right-hand peak) DNA The relative level of 1n cells within the populations is indicated on the right of the graphs (G1(%)) (b) JK9-3D cells promptly and uniformly ... Trang 6(24 °C) and the non-permissive temperature (37 °C) At 24 °C,the cdc4-2ts allele did not noticeably alter the Sic1 expression pattern in any of the strains studied, whether they were grown

Ngày tải lên: 19/03/2023, 15:06

... bands were measured by densitometry, and the ratio of the cytokine to the house keeping gene was calculated and assigned as the intensity index In the presence of BAI, the expression of IL-6 and ... increased The intensity indices for IL-6 expression were 0.74 and 0.67 for the IL-1β and the IL-1β plus BAI groups, respectively The intensity indices for IL-8 expres-sion were 0.76 and 0.79 for the ... Trang 9EMSA and Western blot GK oversaw research DSC con-ceived of the study, contributed to the experimental design and coordination, and edited the manuscript The authors have had the opportunities

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 13:22

... E-G-D-C on the one hand and B-A on the other Until the connecting pieces are found in both these cases, no decision can be made as to whether the missing genes are separate from the other trp genes. ... operons The other 13 had genes unrelated to the trp operon on both ends, or at least after the trpC gene (for split operons of the EGDC type), and therefore fit the definition of split operons In the ... that there is much to be discovered about both the reason for certain gene orders and the regulation of tryptophan biosynthesis in marine bacteria Background The tryptophan pathway and the organization

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 08:20

... unit: the aunties, the guys and Dr You May-Su for their help in rearing and maintaining zebrafish in this study I extend my sincere appreciation to all the members of JYJ laboratory: Steven and ... STUDY OF ZEBRAFISH UDU AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO THE NOTCH SIGNALING PATHWAY LIM CHIAW HWEE A THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY INSTITUTE OF MOLECULAR AND CELL BIOLOGY DEPARTMENT ... ATM-Chk2 pathway The DNA damage response pathway is a cellular surveillance system that senses the presence of damaged DNA and elicits an appropriate response to the damage The fluorescence-activated

Ngày tải lên: 14/09/2015, 14:03

... SYNTHASE (FLS) and DIHY-DROFLAVONOL 4-REDUCTASE (DFR/TT3) resulting in three further branches of the pathway The flavonols kaempferol, quercetin and myricetin, are the products of FLS The leucoanthocyanidins ... leucocyanidin and leucodelphinidin are synthetized by DFR and further converted to the anthocyanidins pelar-gonidin, cyanidin and delphinidin by LEUCOANTHO-CYANIDIN DIOXYGENASE (LDOX/TT11/17/18) and to the ... aglycon in the pseudoMS3experiment The order and position of the attached sugar moieties was not specified In brackets: the aglycon is predicted and not identified In these cases there was no

Ngày tải lên: 22/05/2020, 04:40

... Additional file 14) JAR_59958 and MYC_771, positive regulators of the JA signalling pathway, were highly expressed in INC53 and RRIM600 On the other hand, the transcripts of the JAZ negative regulators ... enables the release of transcription factors such as MYC2,3 and 4 [15] The latter bind to cis-acting elements of the G-box type [16] present in the promoters of JA response genes and they initiate their ... absolute ethanol and then placed on Whatmann paper inside the box for gas release Control plants used for the ET and MeJA treatments were placed in the box and exposed to air only The dehydration

Ngày tải lên: 27/05/2020, 00:39

... suppressed the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, and induced the pentose phosphate pathway needed to maintain antioxidant metabolism Selenite treatment also elevated glutathione concentration and coincided ... which can then randomly replace cysteine in protein [18]; the re-sultant selenoprotein is likely malformed, and can be tar-geted for removal by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in the leaves ... many amino acids, and pyruvate The accumulation of amino acids dur-ing Se treatment may be regulated by the AOX pathway Pyruvate and NADPH can post-translationally regulate the AOX pathway [29],

Ngày tải lên: 27/05/2020, 01:23

... at the end of the article Trang 2Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most com-mon type of lung cancer Chemotherapy and radiother-apy, have reached a therapeutic plateau Immune therapy and ... blinded to the patients’ histopathologic and follow-up data The survival time was defined as the duration from the date of diagnosis to the date of death or the end of the follow-up Antibodies The following ... with the RhoA/ROCK signal-ing pathway To further explore the potential interaction of CHD4 with the RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway, we used CHD4-down-regulated cells to examine the RhoA/ ROCK pathway

Ngày tải lên: 17/06/2020, 11:36

... example, the HepG2 cells and PC3 cells decreased their death rates to about 7.7 and 8.0%, respectively The interaction between ADI and FTL promoted mitochondrial damage To understand whether cytosolic ... efficiently induced the death of the PC3 and HepG2 cells The apoptosis rate was calculated by summing the rates of early apoptotic cells, late apop-totic cells and dead cells The PC3 cell line ... give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made The images or other third party material in

Ngày tải lên: 06/08/2020, 05:35

... Siah2 and AR, NCoR1 and AR, and p300 and AR Results: JS-K inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis in prostate cancer cells JS-K increased p53 and Mdm2 concentrations and regulated the caspase ... complex and AREs interac-tions Therefore, AR and NCoR1 interactions were ex-amined by Co-IP and the results showed that JS-K stabilized AR and NCoR1 interactions These results supported the supposition ... from the National Natural Science Funds (NO.81272833) (the design of the study, collection, analysis, and interpretation of the data and in writing the manuscript). Availability of data and materials

Ngày tải lên: 06/08/2020, 07:11

... models for the 13 upper glycolysis and PPP The nonoxidative pentose phosphate pathway reactions of the traditional model are split up into the three conventional reactions (r.1–3) (IA) and the six ... 13 C in the pentose phosphate pathway R J Kleijn et al Table Comparison of the flux estimates for the traditional and half-reaction models presented in Fig 5I,II The pentose phosphate pathway ... incorporate the other six traditional reactions (r.4–9) when constructing a stoichiometric model for the nonoxidative branch of the PPP 13 C in the pentose phosphate pathway lead to only one C2 and one...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 15:21

... pentose phosphate pathway, glycolysis and the pathways for biosynthesis of cell wall components The Aspergillus niger gene encoding G6PDH (gsdA) has been cloned, but transformation of the fungus with ... Figure 4B shows the X-loading weights of the X-variables (measured variables other than NADPH) and the Y-loading of NADPH on the two PCs As NADPH is in the first quadrant of Fig 4B (the four quadrants ... possible that the control mechanism for the high and low PPP enzyme activities in the exponential phase of the nitrate and ammonium cultures, respectively, is the NADPH level as suggested by the results...

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 17:20

... confirm this hypothesis, the influence of the concentrations of NADP+ and MEP 5, the substrates of the reverse reaction, and of NADPH and DXP 3, the products of the reaction, on the total amount of ... towards the DXR On the one hand, if DXP analogue 14 is transformed to the (2R)-2-hydroxy-2-methylbutanol 4 -phosphate 27, the reaction is most probably an a-ketol rearrangement On the other hand, the ... [47] These peculiar properties of the two metal cations may influence the binding of methylerythrose phosphate to the active site, and thus explain the different Km values for the aldehyde The...

Ngày tải lên: 21/02/2014, 03:20

... objectives To know the enzyme joining the PPP To understand the pathways to form the ribose 5 -phosphate To understand the regulation of PPP Content  Functions of the pentose phosphate pathway  Oxidative ... (DNA and RNA synthesis) it can be made from the reverse of the transaldolase and transketolase reactions from Fructose-6-PO4 and GAP One fate of G6P is the pentose pathway 18 The pentose pathway ... further down in the glycolytic pathway  It is for this reason that the pentose pathway is often referred to as a shunt 19 It’s a shunt 20 What does the pentose phosphate pathway achieve?  The...

Ngày tải lên: 29/06/2014, 13:20

... and the d-, e- and f-isoforms were approximately equally distributed between the cytosol and membrane fraction (Table 2) In control experiments, the conventional cPKCa and the novel nPKCs d and ... by the addition of agonists to the dishes Inhibitors were added 10 before the agonists The incubation was terminated by rapidly aspirating the medium and immersing the dishes in liquid N2 Glycolysis ... For the determination of glycogen synthesis and glycolysis, the medium was supplemented with [14C]glucose (30 kBq per dish) After a 30-min preincubation, zero-time samples were taken and the...

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 02:21

... growth and differentiation On ligand binding, the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase initiates multiple signaling cascades, including activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway and ... effectors [23] This pathway is a key signal transducer of many growth factors and cytokines and has been implicated in the regulation of cell growth, cell migration and cell survival [24] The protein ... insulin was consistent, as well as being time and concentration dependent The role of the PI3K ⁄ Akt pathway in the regulation of HO-1 has been the source of much interest lately Our data demonstrate...

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 12:20

... expression through the same cis-acting element in the PR-1a promoter On the other hand, an as-1 containing PR-1a promoter responds differently from the wild-type promoter towards SA and the HR Therefore, ... to standard procedures [34] For the construction of the PR-1 reporter gene, a 0.27 kb StyI/PstI fragment from kW38-1, comprising parts of the 5¢ region and the open reading frame encoded by the ... containing the PR-1a gene The resulting plasmid was linearized with EcoRV, which cuts in the PR-1a 3¢ untranslated region 56 bp 3¢ to the stop codon, and a SacI linker was added to the blunt ends The...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 15:21

... in the mutant First, there is an increase in the negative charge in the active site and, second, breaking the salt bridge would alter the quaternary structure of the protein and therefore the ... catalysis The alignment of the small CMLEs from different members of the Rhizobiales with these sequences demonstrated that in A radiobacter S2 (and the other member of the Rhizobiales), the amino ... 3-sulfomuconate (3SM), and have therefore been described as type II CMLEs; they are named HiCMLE2 and ArCMLE2 Surprisingly, it was found that the ‘type I’ enzyme from the protocatechuate pathway (and gene...

Ngày tải lên: 30/03/2014, 10:20