fluorescence and optical fiber

... Rx BER Meter Fig 15 The tested optical path Trang 10The tested optical path included a cascade of GI optical couplers and two 100m GI patch- cords at the start and the end of the cascade of couplers ... the optical signal has been converted into an electric signal in a network node – the solutions presented in sections 3.2.3 and 3.2.4 3.2.1 Measurement of average optical power In the average optical ... downstream directions Such a PON is known as a WDM-PON Fiber optical networks, working on the basis of WDMA technique, are natural evolution of optical fiber links working in point-to-point topology...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 05:20

... km of fiber, channels are demultiplexed and detected using a typical pin photodiode We have used two kinds of optical fibers; the already laid and widely deployed single-mode ITU-T G.652 fiber ... (SMF) and the ITUT-T G.655 fiber with a negative dispersion sign around C band (NZ-DSF) It is well known, SMF fiber dispersion coefficient is positive in the whole telecommunication band from O-band ... is given by the expression[Alexandre 1997]  16 TXTXTX RXRXRX Optical Fiber 16 Trang 41 01 0 I I Q   where Ii and σi are average values and variances of the “1” and “0” values for each pattern...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 05:20

... by a passband filter of 0.64 nm bandwidth, and a one-tap optical FFT is realised with an asymmetric Mach-Zehnder interferometer (AMZI) After direct detection, the BER and FLR of each optical subcarrier ... standard Ethernet has evolved and adapted to meet the increasing bandwidth demands of end-users The latest variants, 40 and 100 Gigabit Ethernet (GbE) were recently standardised by the IEEE data ... including Brazil, India and China and is seen by the World Bank as the key to economic independence in sub-Saharan Africa and other areas of the developing world (Reuters, 2010a and 2010b), the exponential...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 05:20

... Modulation Formats and MLSE Based Digital Signal Processing for 100Gbit/sec Communication Through Optical Fibers 139 where  T t and  R t represent the phase noises at the Tx and Rx respectively, ... control and monitoring, board interconnects and even domestic Wi-Fi systems Unlike glass fiber, POF remains flexible while having a large diameter core and high numerical aperture (Keene and Selli ... the fiber Moreover, the fiber is easy to handle with the potential for constructing networks using simple conductor and easy installation procedures while retaining some of the advantages of optical...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 05:20

... characteristics of optical fiber connections caused by the gap between the fiber ends Misalignments of the offset and tilt between the fibers, and the mode field mismatch are not considered Analysis of optical ... and (b), respectively The circles and lines represent the measured results and the calculations based on Eqs (9) and (10), respectively The refractive indices n 1 and n were 1.454 and 1.0, and ... the log of the transmission and reflection coefficient functions Here, n 1 , n, S, and λ are the refractive indices of the fiber core and of air, and the gap size and wavelength, respectively...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 05:20

... connected to the optical fibers (in which wavelength and direction) For example, Fig 6a presents four add/drop ports connected statically to Fibers 1 and 2 and wavelengths 1 and 2 respectively, ... OFC/NFOEC 2008 Optical Fiber communication/National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference, pp 1–8, 2006 Ramaswami, R & Sivarajan K., (1995) Routing and Wavelength Assignment in All-Optical Networks, ... wavelengths per link and network load equal to 100, for various node architectures and TSP assignment policies Erlangs and 14 available wavelengths We assumed that no MIs are allowed and as a result...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 05:20

... performance degradation due to intra-channel PMD in optical fiber communication systems, and to show that the receiver filter bandwidths optimized for optical fiber systems at 10-5 outage probability due ... degradation of optical fiber communication systems due to the combination of inter-channel PMD and PDL using the simplified reduced Stokes model Trang 3291 6 References G Biondini, W L Kath, and C R ... 14, pp 310-312, 2002 B Huttner, C Geiser, and N Gisin, “Polarization-induced distortions in optical fiber networks with polarization-mode dispersion and polarization-dependent losses,” IEEE J...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 05:20

... multicast and unicast traffics are jointly multiplexed 1.2 Routing unicast and multicast traffic together In WDM networks, there are two typical all-optical communication channels, lightpathsand light-trees ... are used: N3→ N5, N5→ N6and N5→ N7 A lightpath routes sessions S1and S2together from node N3to node N5 Node N5processes electronically the traffic and forwards sessions S1 and S2together through ... through the lightpath N5 → N6and, S2and S3through the lightpaths N5 → N7 The wavelength bandwidth isefficiently used, however it requires more electronic processing and OEO conversions Fig 5 Example...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 05:20

... optical transceiver In order to achieve faster switching and to increase immunity to EMI, crosstalk and noise, high-speed data links work over differential signals In the case of high speed optical ... received/transmitted by the high speed optical link and the processing unit A simplified block diagram of an optical data link is shown in the figure below Fig 3 Optical data link electronic blocks ... have a good bandwidth and for minimizing attenuation losses When working at 2.5 Gbps and beyond, the problems become substantially more difficult to eliminate There are many copper and dielectric...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 05:20

... telecommunication medium has been realized Optical fiber has a lot of applications; and the two main applications are optical fiber communication and fiber optic sensors However, there are still ... MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES IN OPTICAL FIBER SENSOR AND COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS HU JUNHAO NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE 2011 Trang 2ADVANCED MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES IN OPTICAL FIBER SENSOR AND COMMUNICATION ... 9robustness and low cost In this thesis, several advanced measurement techniques in optical fiber communication and fiber optic sensor systems are introduced Firstly, pulse train generation and measurement...

Ngày tải lên: 10/09/2015, 08:41

... 126 128 Fluorescence and Optical Fiber 9.1 Fluorescence 9.2 Fluorescent Dyes 9.3 Optical Fibers ... also provided numerous corrections and suggestions My former and current department heads, Dr Donald C Slack and Dr Mark R Riley, have also provided support and suggestions for my class I also ... American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers (ASABE) and SPIE—The International Society for Optics and Photonics He currently serves as Associate Editor and Editorial Board Members for...

Ngày tải lên: 18/02/2014, 22:20

... Mutations and amplification of the androgen receptor gene, without loss of gene expression, play a key role in the development of advanced, androgen-independent prostate cancer [4] Methylation of the androgen ... human and mouse linker histones Speciation events are indicated by blue dots and gene duplication by red dots HIST1H1C and HIST1H1E are the genes that code for human linker histones H1.2 and H1.4, ... phosphorylations on H1.2 at Thr31 and Ser36, on H1.3 at Ser37, and on H1.4 at Ser2, Thr4, Thr18, Ser27, and Ser36 In comparing the work of Wisniewski et al [43] (Table 1) and Garcia et al [42], it can...

Ngày tải lên: 18/02/2014, 08:20

... broadband and wireless use Yet even among internet users, those who get news online stand out in terms of their high income and education levels, their young age, their racial/ethnic identity, and ... incomes, and broadband and wireless users—report more frequent chance encounters with news as well as more frequent hunting and gathering experiences The youngest adults (those under age 30) and cell ... internet news users), national events (73%), health and medicine (66%), business and the economy (64%), international events (62%), and science and technology (60%) Asked what subjects they would...

Ngày tải lên: 06/03/2014, 21:20

... sample of 2,254 adults, age 18 and older Telephone interviews were conducted in English and Spanish by landline (1,351) and cell phone (903, including 410 without a landline phone) For results based ... each household and each respondent’s telephone usage patterns This weighting also adjusts for the overlapping landline and cell sample frames and the relative sizes of each frame and each sample ... question wording and practical difficulties in conducting telephone surveys may introduce some error or bias into the findings of opinion polls A combination of landline and cellular random digit...

Ngày tải lên: 29/03/2014, 20:20

... Command exitCommand = new Command("Exit", Command.EXIT, 99); /** * The Command objects appear as buttons in this example */ private Command toggleCommand = new Command("Toggle Msg", Command.SCREEN, ... Initialize the canvas and the commands */ public Hello() { myCanvas = new HelloCanvas(); myCanvas.addCommand(exitCommand); myCanvas.addCommand(toggleCommand); // you set one command listener to listen ... -// command fields /** * The button to exit the game */ private Command myExitCommand = new Command("Exit", Command.EXIT, 99); /** * The command to create a new maze (This command may appear...

Ngày tải lên: 27/06/2014, 09:20

... interests Authors' contributions BCMT, HL, and CLL carried out the experiments BCMT and SCL conceived of the study, and participated in its design and coordination and helped to draft the manuscript ... co-immunoprecipitation experiments using the 8D2 and 10D1 antibodies Endogenous ORC1 and Cdc6 were detected in the 8D2 immunocomplexes (Figure 3A) On the other hand, ORC was absent and the signal of Cdc6 was weak ... immunoprecipitated with mAb 8D2 (lanes and 2) and 10D1 (lanes 3-6) Immunoprecipitates were further subjected to buffer (lanes 1, 3, and 5) or alkaline phosphatase treatment (lanes 2, 4, and 6) The presence of...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 05:21

... other randomized phase III and IV clinical trials comparing GLA and NPH retrieved from MEDLINE, EMBASE, and BIOSIS were not available at that time [7] This concept has been discussed and accepted ... reduced between 25 and 28% and the risk of nocturnal hypoglycaemia between 17 to 22% under GLA In scenario and 5, HbA1c was reduced under GLA additionally by 0.19% points and 0.45% points, respectively, ... attributed by Cameron and Bennett [21] to hypoglycaemic events: 0.0015 per severe and 0.0000048 per mild/moderate hypoglycaemia and year Warren et al [20,24], McEwan et al [23] and Brändle et al...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 11:22

... digicam is the point and shoot model Point and shoot digital cameras appeal to casual and even some advanced photographers They look like 35mm point and shoot models (see Figure 1-2) and automate most ... digital cameras and photography techniques when I was starting out I’ve been a photographer for about 20 years, and in that time I’ve read a lot of books and magazines about the art and science of ... 35mm point and shoot camera But this is a great time to purchase and use a digital camera, and I hope that some of my enthusiasm for the digital medium comes through I love the freedom and flexibility...

Ngày tải lên: 26/10/2014, 20:27

... Figure Targeted hFOXO3a and dFOXO expression in the developing Drosophila eye induces organ-size reduction and cell death, and the phenotypes are sensitive to insulin signaling and nutrient levels ... The remaining candidates are involved in stress responses (cytochrome P450 enzymes), DNA repair (DNA polymerase iota), transcription and translation control (d4E-BP and CDK8), and cell-cycle ... signaling and FOXO function Genetic dissection of signaling by insulin and its target DAF-16 has been pioneered in C elegans and has helped to unravel the role of this pathway in dauer formation and...

Ngày tải lên: 06/08/2014, 18:20

... Cdc28 and classes of vertebrate cyclins (D- and E-type cyclins in G1 and A -and B-type cyclins in G2/M) that control a family of Cdks (cyclindependent kinases) greatly enhanced our understanding ... emerged from distinct studies in yeast, flies, clams, and frogs, and eventually the conclusions drawn were tested and found to be operative also in mice and humans The power of the cell cycle theory ... 1997; Zachariae and Nasmyth 1999) These studies and others demonstrated the universality of the cell Modeling Cell Cycle Control and Cancer with pRB Tumor Suppressor 231 cycle, and strongly suggested...

Ngày tải lên: 25/10/2013, 21:20