ethical issues in medical research ppt

... determine how ethically prepared these students are to face the intricacies found in the business world This research will also provide insight to employers in developing further training for internal ... have in addition taken auditing courses These groups also will be given six internal auditing scenarios, representing ethical and unethical internal auditing situations used by Larkin (2000) in ... development and his/her ethical choice in resolving an internal auditing dilemma? Is there a difference in a student’s gender and his/her ethical choice in resolving an internal auditing dilemma? Is

Ngày tải lên: 30/03/2014, 01:20

... value in modelling certain symmetric frequency distributions or as an approximation to the binomial and Poisson distributions We shall note in §4.2 a central role in describing the sampling distribution ... s) For instance, in we might specify the estimated standard error to be a certain multiple of s; in d1 might be specified as a certain multiple of s; in 3, the power might be specified against ... measure is used in determining sample size For hypothesis testing the data are arranged in a  table and the significance test is then a comparison of the proportions of individuals in the case and

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 15:20

... Skill in gathering clinical information A Eliciting historical information 1 Obtaining adequate information from the patient 2 Consulting other physicians 3 Checking other sources B Obtaining ... Determining location and extent of injuries 2 Attending immediately to lifesaving procedures 3 Treating most critical needs first 4, Obtaining and organizing help Competence in providing continuing ... interpreting X-rays 1 Directing or ordering appropriate films 2 Obtaining unusual, additional or repeated films 3 Rendering complete and accurate interpretation B Obtaining additional information

Ngày tải lên: 14/02/2014, 09:20

... contribute to engineering ethics It will provide detailed information on which ethical issues play a part in engineering design and how engineers decide about these issues This information should ... Peopeintereste indesign research and at engineering ethics mish be interested the 3 Trang 15Until now I have assumed that the reader knows intuitively what ethical issues are, Iwill now explain in ... engineers themselves think ate ethical issues, Engineers may or may not share this conception of ethical issues Even in cases that engineers do not consider an issue to be ethical, ifit is an ethical

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 23:20

... MEDICINE AND GENE THERAPY: ETHICAL ISSUES IN THE CLINICAL CONTEXT 321 seem to be anything ethically problematic about physicians offering such an intervention to that individual, or that individual ... unlike standard medical practice, there are two distinct objectives being 332 ETHICAL ISSUES IN MOLECULAR MEDICINE AND GENE THERAPY to ethically justify permitting his inclusion in an experimental ... would support a presumption in favor of continuing the development of germline genetic engineering That is, we have argued that germline genetic engineering is not intrinsically morally objectionable

Ngày tải lên: 10/04/2014, 22:10

... future incidence.However, changes in the incidence of clinical AIDS are largely determined by thetrends in the incidence of earlier events, namely the original HIV infections Thetiming of an HIV infection ... concepts behind them.Even the more advanced methods described in this edition are being extensivelyused in medical research and they find their way into the reports subsequentlypublished in the medical ... medical research workershould understand the gist of these methods, even though the technical detailsmay remain something of a mystery Statisticians engaged in medical work or interested in medical

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 15:20

... from a random sample ofsize n in which r individuals are affected in some way The sampling results,involving the binomial distribution, were discussed in §3.6 and §4.4 In theBayesian approach we ... For instance, the remaining part of the distribution may be assumed to be normal over an infinite range, or it may be distributed in some other way,perhaps over a finite range We shall not examine ... point (x, y), which is therefore their point of intersection InExample 7.1 we should probably be interested primarily in the regression of y on x, since it would be natural to study the way in

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 15:20

... factor, A could be tested against AD, AB againstABD The justification for this follows by interpreting the interaction termsinvolving D in the model like (9.7) as independent observations on randomvariables ... usually of no intrinsic interest.Two-way classifications may arise also in non-experimental work, either byclassifying in this way data already collected in a survey, or by arranging the datacollection ... designsdescribed in this section have found little use in medical research, examples oftheir application being drawn usually from industrial and agricultural research.This contrast is perhaps partly due to inadequate

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 15:20

... factor in the presence of all others except interactions involvingthat factor; in Types III and IV, any interactions defined in the model areretained even for the testing of main effects particu-In ... isdone the remaining bjs would be changed; in general, new values would beobtained by doing a new analysis on the remaining xjs.R2 must increase as further variables are introduced into a regression ... as in (b), the lines differ in theirheight above the x axis (which depends on the coefficient a in the equation in slope and position in (a), differ only in position in (b), and coincide in (c)

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 15:20

... from different individuals are independent than in other... Goldstein (1995, Chapter 4) 12 .6 Longitudinal data In many medical studies there is interest not only in observing a variable ... model obtained by extending non-linear... idea behind the important approach to the analysis of longitudinal data that is outlined in the next subsection Summary measures Perhaps the principal ... an exercise in extending the definition of a residual in non-hierarchical models Indeed, there is much relevant background material in the article by Robinson (1991) on estimating random

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 15:20

... into categories, according to the types of variable described in §2.3 1 Nominal variables, in which no ordering is implied 2 Ordinal variables, in which the categories assume a natural ordering ... model including all the main effects is 13
59 with 11 DF, and this represents the 11 interactions not included in the model Taking the deviance as a x2 …11†, there is no evidence that the interactions ... may be interested in the association between two categorical factors, with invest-r and c categoinvest-ries, invest-respectively, and data may be available foinvest-r k subginvest-roups oinvest-rstrata,

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 15:20

... forassessing the effect of adding a covariate, detecting non-linearity or influentialpoints in Cox's proportional-hazards model Aitkin and Clayton (1980) give anexample of residual plotting to ... term blinding is often used, but isperhaps less appropriate, if only because of the ambiguity caused in trials forconditions involving visual defects.) In a single-masked (or single-blind) trial, ... anidentifying number investi-600 Clinical trials Trang 31is therefore desirable to guard in some way against imbalance in known nostic variables.prog-This can be done either in the analysis, by analysing

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 15:20

... ˆ uE IE ‡ …1 À uE †INE ˆ uE fINE ‡ …1 À uE †INE … 19: 31† ˆ INE ‰1 ‡ uE …f À 1†Š, where f is the relative risk and the second line is obtained using ( 19. 13) Substituting in ( 19. 30) gives ... within the first-stage units selected in the sample. Consider as an example a health survey of men working in a certain industry. There would probably not exist a complete index of all men in ... operating Suppose IP is the incidence of the disease in the population and, as in § 19. 5, IE and INE are the incidences in the exposed and non-exposed, respectively Then the excess incidence

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 15:20

... applying a test for trend across the increasing doses. In order to perform a test of the null hypothesis of no change of mutation rate with dose against an alter- native of the rate increasing ... Kleinbaum D.G (1996) Survival Analysis: A Self-Learning Text Springer-Verlag, New York Kleinbaum D.G., Kupper... Hennekens C.H., Buring J.E and Mayrent S.L (eds) (1987) Epidemiology in Medicine ... A.B (1962) Statistical Methods in Clinical and Preventive Medicine Livingstone, Edinburgh Hill A.B and Hill I.D (1991) Bradford Hill's Principles of Medical Statistics, 12th edn Arnold,

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 15:20

... vulnerable individuals identified in the study 6 Consider benefit-sharing or similar measures for commercially valuable research findings Trang 48FINAL THOUGHTSOCIAL JUSTICETrang 49Is it ethical ... manufacturer to invest in developing a targeted therapeutic Trang 28The Orphan Drug Act of 1983 defines an "orphan drug" as one affecting fewer than 200,000 persons in the U.S., and it gives incentives ... to provide warnings to the consumer?Are product labels, package inserts, or other types of warnings sufficient? Is there a danger in having too many warnings? Trang 122 LEARNED INTERMEDIARYCan

Ngày tải lên: 05/12/2016, 15:50

... from inadequate training It can also include insufficient knowledge of the patient presenting, foregoing clinical examination in favor of imaging, duplicating examinations already undertaken, inadequate ... easons, including population dose, individual dose, financial and health economics Chapter | 7  Ethical Issues in Clinical Radiology 119 issues, and the appropriateness or justification of the examinations ... and incorporate findings of effectiveness research based on health outcomes Guidelines assist in avoiding inappropriate examinations IT-based orderentry decision support systems for requesting

Ngày tải lên: 03/01/2018, 17:48

... contravene existing guide- lines – in particular, the Declaration of Helsinki (World Medical Association, 1996) and the international ethical guidelines for biomedical research involv- ing human subjects ... World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: Recommendations Guiding Physicians in Biomedical Research involving Human Subjects. Adopted by the 18th World Medical Assembly, Helsinki, Finland, ... Unsurprisingly, uptake in these countries is high (as well as in Sweden and the US). In the UK it is much lower but rising (de Cock and 71HIV in pregnancy 4 HIV in pregnancy: ethical issues in screening...

Ngày tải lên: 01/11/2013, 08:20

... of research question, influences on the funding of some research projects (and not others), influences on the outcome of research (i.e., findings), and influences on the dissemination of research ... miners in terms of the “frame” of numbers of coal miners, the health of miners appears to be diminishing. That is, coal mine deaths, per thousand coal-mine employees in the US, have been increasing ... more interesting if students address issues, pollutants, workplaces, and problems faced in their own communities. Such emphases will bring ethical issues “home.” Module 7: Ethical Issues in...

Ngày tải lên: 17/02/2014, 10:20

... what sense of best? Clinical best? Moral best? Tensions between medicine and nursing are increasingly coming to the fore in the field of health care research. In the past, says Blackburn in chapter 5, ... discovery in the GEOFFREY HUNT 11 Noddings’ work might be expected to have something important to say for nursing ethics. She distinguishes between natural caring and ethical caring and maintains ... questions. But Noddings recognised that prior conditions must be met for ethical caring. Hanford speaks of nursing having to practise in a ‘chronically ethically diminished state’. Nursing administration...

Ngày tải lên: 18/02/2014, 14:20

... in the context of ethical issues in withdrawing life-sustaining treatment. He writes, ‘Life-sustaining treatment implies that treatment is being given in order to maintain or create the best possible ... now face a growing number of controversial issues involving human reproduction. To illustrate the variety of issues, consider the following three scenarios. In the Wrst case, involving a pregnant ... according to the view in question, infants lack a right to life. However, this is at odds with our moral intuitions, according to which infants have moral interests that deserve protection, including...

Ngày tải lên: 21/09/2012, 10:54