environmental impact and history of modern transportation
Evaluation of foods, drinks and diets in the Netherlands according to the degree of processing for nutritional quality, environmental impact and food costs
... fibre and pro-tein), environmental impact (GHG emissions and blue water use) and food costs for total diet and according to degree of processing were calculated over two consump-tion days and standardized ... nutritional qual-ity, environmental impacts and food costs of the con-sumption of culinary processed ingredients, processed foods and drinks, and UPF and UPD differs from those of unprocessed or ... mono and disaccharides (sugar), fibre and protein), environmental impact (greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and blue water use) and food costs Setting: The Netherlands. Participants: Four thousand...
Ngày tải lên: 29/11/2022, 11:13
Environmental Impact Assessment (Overview of Purpose, Process and Methods)
... Trang 4Number of people x Number of units of resources used per person x Environmental degradation and pollution per unit of resource used Environmental impact of population Impact (Il) ... from Sadler and Jacobs (1989) and Sadler (1995) Trang 5Environmental Impact of Less Developed Countries (top) and More Developed Countries (bottom) People Overpopulation Number of Environmental ... Trang 1Environmental Impact Assessment (Overview of Purpose, Process and Methods) Trang 2What is the purpose of EIA ? Trang 3EIA : A systems perspective on sustainable development IPAT, Impact...
Ngày tải lên: 06/06/2016, 10:41
modern electric hybrid electric and fuel cell vehicles
... World oil consumption in transportation and others 10 015 20 Developing 20 20 11 Environmental Impact and History of Modern Transportation Generalized annual oil consumption transportation sector, ... carbon monoxide–hemoglobin bonds Environmental Impact and History of Modern Transportation 1.1.3 Unburned HCs Unburned HCs are a result of the incomplete combustion of HCs.1,2 Depending on their ... editor of the IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, and IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 1 Environmental Impact and History of Modern Transportation...
Ngày tải lên: 06/05/2014, 11:35
Novel design of a compacted micro-structured air-breathing PEM fuel cell as a power source for mobile phones
... is essential to the development and optimization of fuel cells, the introduction of cheaper materials and fabrication techniques, and the design and development of novel architectures which enhance ... design and optimization of future fuel cells to improve their lifetime with a much higher power density and lower cost The analysis offers valuable physical insight towards design of a cell and ... performance and design of air-breathing PEM fuel cells Litster and Djilali [1] developed a single-phase one-dimensional semi-analytical model of the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) of planar...
Ngày tải lên: 05/09/2013, 14:58
Novel design of a disk-shaped compacted micro-structured air-breathing PEM fuel cell
... is essential to the development and optimization of fuel cells, the introduction of cheaper materials and fabrication techniques, and the design and development of novel architectures which enhance ... micro-fuel cells in terms of design, materials, effective transport of reactants, and heat management The development of physically representative models that allow reliable simulation of the processes ... performance and design of air-breathing PEM fuel cells Litster and Djilali [1] developed a single-phase one-dimensional semi-analytical model of the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) of planar...
Ngày tải lên: 05/09/2013, 14:58
Design and development of major balance of plant components in solid oxide fuel cell system
... any SOFC system, the performance of the INER SOFC system is dependent not only on the design and operating conditions of the fuel cell stack, but also on the design and operating conditions of ... provided by the anode off-gas given an anode off-gas temperature of less than 650 oC, a cathode off-gas temperature of less than 390 oC, and a flame barrier temperature of less than 700 oC However, ... SOFC BOP system (S/C=1.7, O/C=0.3, fuel utilization = 64.2%, electrical conversion efficiency = 44%) Design of SOFC BOP components The BOP components of a SOFC system account for between 50% and...
Ngày tải lên: 05/09/2013, 16:10
Optimal Design of a Hybrid Electric Car with Solar Cells pptx
... yearly value of the energy stored during parking mode (λ=2) C B = λE p (12) Of course, many of these assumptions need to be refined and validated both by simulation and optimization and also by ... 1.5, while the minimum values of l,w,h and the limit values of l/w and h/w coincide with their corresponding values in the database of TAB III) The satisfaction of the constraints (21-22) assures ... hybrid car model; the weight of ICE is estimated as function of peak power, while the influence of electric generator and battery has been neglected (their weights are of course much lower than...
Ngày tải lên: 30/03/2014, 10:20
Fuel Cell/Gas Turbine Hybrid potx
... under 10 MW, and efficiencies greater than 75% with larger systems As fuel cells advance and scale-up, and as higher pressurization of MCFC and/ or SOFC technology becomes viable, larger and more sophisticated ... manufacturing large SOFC and MCFC stacks, that detailed analyses and experimental investigations of hybrid systems were initiated In 1998, the US Department of Energy Of ce of Fossil Energy initiated ... ideninverter and • tifying cost, power complexity, and trade-offs of various • • • • • inverter architectures; inverter and power electronics systems analysis identifying cost, complexity, and trade-offs...
Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 02:20
Analysis of transport phenomena and electrochemical reactions in a micro PEM fuel cell with nature inspired flow field design
... development and optimization of micro fuel cells, improve long-term performance and lifetime, the introduction of cheaper materials and fabrication techniques, and the design and development of novel ... is essential to the development and optimization of fuel cells, the introduction of cheaper materials and fabrication techniques, and the design and development of novel architectures The difficult ... and components; and provide a computer-aided tool for the design and optimization of future fuel cells to improve their lifetime with a much higher power density and lower cost The analysis offers...
Ngày tải lên: 09/09/2015, 10:17
Pem fuel cell stack modeling and design of DC DC converter for fuel cell energy system
... portrait of state variable ig for feed-forward and feedback structures at different power and V o is maintained at 400V Phase portrait of state variable ig and Vo for feed-forward and feedback ... voltage-fed and current-fed converters Although many voltage-fed topologies have been implemented in some of the publications, the lack of direct control of input current and the need of a high ... predict both the steady state and dynamic behavior of the stack Description of model development and parameter identification are explained Steady state and dynamic behavior of the hybrid model are...
Ngày tải lên: 14/09/2015, 14:09
A CFD study of hygro-thermal stresses distribution in tubular-shaped ambient air-breathing PEM micro fuel cell during regular cell operation
... conditions of temperature, humidity As a result of in the changes in temperature and moisture, the membrane, GDL and bipolar plates will all experience expansion and contraction Because of the different ... relate the level of over- and undersaturation as well as the amount of liquid water present to the amount of water undergoing phase change In the present work, the procedure of Berning and Djilali ... the cell and the deformation shape of the cell are also shown in figure and respectively Because of the different thermal expansion and swelling coefficients between gas diffusion layers and membrane...
Ngày tải lên: 05/09/2013, 14:58
Modeling optimizes PEM fuel cell durability using threedimensional multi-phase computational fluid dynamics model
... Journal of Energy and Environment (IJEE), Volume 1, Issue 3, 2010, pp.375-398 377 temperature requires studying and modelling of the stress-strain behaviour of membranes and MEAs Weber and Newman ... stationary and transportation energy applications, and the durability of fuel cell stack components remains, in most cases, insufficiently understood Lengthy required testing times, lack of understanding ... fuel cells, improve long-term performance and lifetime, the introduction of cheaper materials and fabrication techniques, and the design and development of novel architectures References [1] Zhang,...
Ngày tải lên: 05/09/2013, 14:58
Mechanical behaviour of PEM fuel cell catalyst layers during regular cell operation
... stresses and then decay of the catalyst is more serious than that of the PEM References [1] Mehta V, Cooper JS Review and analysis of PEM fuel cell design and manufacturing Journal of Power Sources ... Journal of Energy and Environment (IJEE), Volume 1, Issue 6, 2010, pp.927-936 Cooper JS Design analysis of PEMFC bipolar plates considering stack manufacturing and environmental impact Journal of ... flooding and drying, at least locally [12] An operating fuel cell has varying local conditions of temperature, humidity, and power generation (and thereby heat generation) across the active area of...
Ngày tải lên: 05/09/2013, 14:58
A CFD analysis on the effect of ambient conditions on the hygro-thermal stresses distribution in a planar ambient airbreathing PEM fuel cell
... of temperature and humidity As a result of in the changes in temperature and moisture, the membrane, GDL and bipolar plates will all experience expansion and contraction Because of the different ... performance, the introduction of cheaper materials and fabrication techniques, and the design and development of novel architectures The difficult experimental environment of fuel cell systems has ... design and optimization of future fuel cells to improve their lifetime with a much higher power density and lower cost The analysis offers valuable physical insight towards design of a cell and...
Ngày tải lên: 05/09/2013, 14:58
Prediction of deformation and hygro-thermal stresses distribution in PEM fuel cell vehicle using threedimensional CFD model
... and optimization of fuel cells, improve long-term performance and lifetime, the introduction of cheaper materials and fabrication techniques, and the design and development of novel architectures ... displacement, and the degree of the deformation in MEA are directly related to the increasing of current density, due to increasing of heat generation This result may explain the occurrence of cracks and ... cell transportation energy applications, and the durability of fuel cell stack components remains, in most cases, insufficiently understood Lengthy required testing times, lack of understanding of...
Ngày tải lên: 05/09/2013, 14:58
A CFD analysis of transport phenomena and electrochemical reactions in a tubular-shaped PEM fuel cell
... strength of the current model is clearly to perform parametric studies and explore the impact of various parameters on the transport mechanisms and on fuel cell performance The new feature of the ... 2.73 K), and this leads to prevent drying out of the membrane and excessive thermal stresses that may result in rupture of the membrane, and therefore less thermal management problems, and achieve ... 2.69 K), and this leads to prevent drying out of the membrane and excessive thermal stresses that may result in rupture of the membrane, and therefore less thermal management problems, and achieve...
Ngày tải lên: 05/09/2013, 14:58
Performance optimization of a PEM hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell
... understanding of the phenomena inside the cell They only correlate output with input Semi-empirical models are very useful for estimating the performance of PEM fuel cell stacks and optimization of ... to the concentration drop of reactant gases, and thus inversely to the growth rate n of by-products of the electrochemical reaction in the catalyst layers, flow fields, and across the electrode ... thermodynamic efficiency of the fuel cell E fc can be determined as the ratio of output work rate W gross to the product of the hydrogen consumption rate m H and the lower heating value of hydrogen LHV...
Ngày tải lên: 05/09/2013, 14:58