elements of multicriteria decision making

... Department of Natural Resources and Environment of scale 1: 50.000 Many scientists indicated that the variation of the slope is one of the important factors affecting the timing of runoff and amount of ... and become one of the most famous methods for making multi-criteria decisions Saaty’s method describes the level of importance of parameters and their relationship on a scale of 1 to 9 After ... the development of science technology, the understanding of flash flood causes has improved in recent years, but most of these researchers concentrate simulating the process of flash floods based...

Ngày tải lên: 24/03/2022, 11:48

... Application of Life Cycle Assessment W David Constant Part V Risk and Decision 17 Risk-Based Pollution Control and Waste Minimization Concepts Gilbert J Gonzales 18 Elements of Multicriteria Decision Making ... The ratio of the weight of a given volume of a substance at a given temperature to the weight of an equal volume of a standard substance at the same temperature Strata Distinct beds of rock, which ... Also, the cost of treating wastewater is often related to the volume of water that requires treatment Energy conservation and pollution prevention are often thought of as two sides of the same coin...

Ngày tải lên: 01/04/2014, 11:46

... appropriate type of data, and specify the tolerable levels of potential decision errors that will be used as the basis for establishing the quality and quantity of data needed to support decisions It ... finding of no significant impact This document will include a brief discussion of the need for the proposal, of alternatives as required by EPA regulations, of the environmental impacts of the ... tolerable level of decision errors for the study, and how many samples to collect Decontamination and decommissioning (D&D) The process of reducing or eliminating and removing from operation of the process...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 03:20

... for the decision process and remove some of the air of subjectivity from it There is a formalism associated with decision science, the terms of which are fairly intuitive To begin with, a decision ... objective of the decision at hand, and the decision rules are structured in the context of this objective When there are multiple criteria which must be considered in the decision, this is termed a multicriteria ... made by professionals in other disciplines 3.2 The Need for Environmental Decision Support Systems The development of environmental policies and generation of environmental management decisions...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 03:20

... operations are disposed of The manufacturing has to avoid the presence of noxious and other hazardous substances and materials as constituents of the packaging material or of any of the packaging components ... properties and characteristics of the packaging shall enable a number of trips or rotations in normally predictable conditions of use and offer the possibility of processing the used packaging ... and operation of a landfill site, including as far as possible the cost of the financial security and the estimated costs of the closure and after-care of the site for a period of at least 30...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 03:20

... internalization of the many hidden costs of driving would be the implementation of an insurance program based on the average number of miles a driver travels This would link a portion of drivers’ ... dislocation of communities and loss of wildlife (6) Dam failure can cause catastrophic floods and thousands of deaths Sedimentation often fills reservoirs rapidly and reduces the usefulness of the ... use incandescents? Lack of awareness Easy commercial availability or promotion High first cost High replacement cost in the event of breakage Cost and inconvenience of retrofitting new lighting...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 03:20

... concentration of X” and X is “the flux of X.” The terms of this equation can be interpreted as follows: ∂ [X] = rate of change of the concentration of X ∂t −∇ ⋅ (X) = net influx of X [X]gen = ... the flow rate of X across control surface i The terms of Eq (1) can be interpreted as follows: dX dt = rate of change of X inside the control volume ⋅ ∑(X )i = sum of flow rates of X across the ... per unit mass of stream i; E i ≡ energy per unit mole of stream i ^ ~ S i ≡ entropy per unit mass of stream i; S i ≡ entropy per unit mole of stream i Ti ≡ absolute temperature of CS i F ≡ net...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 03:20

... processes from biofilms to slime layers Biofilms are used for facilitating biooxidation reactions of contaminated gas emissions Slime layers are utilized for biofiltration 3.2.1 Biofiltration The ... removed 200 g/m3 of solvent per hour at an OLR of 600 m3/m3 filter/h (134) Other researchers have proven the ability of mixed consortia to remove over 90% of a BTEX-contaminated off-gas (131,135) ... successful at degrading the parent compound of the specified waste Most of the references did not report the achievement of complete mineralization (conversion of contaminant into CO2, biomass, H2O,...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 03:20

... MATERIALS AND PROCESSES A great deal of work has been done on the use of membrane processes for treatment of mine waters Some of the typical membrane configurations of membranes separators are shown ... Recovery Microbial immobilization of heavy metals is used more for the recovery of specific metal ions The ability of the microbes to immobilize the metals is an extension of its normal survival mechanism ... over a longer period of time, other bacteria were able to facilitate the precipitation of the metals (228) Precipitation occurred as a result of the microbial excretion of organic acids, enzymes,...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 03:20

... sensitivity of amperometry with new chemistries and biochemistries Such manipulation of the molecular architecture of the detector surface offers new levels of reactivity that greatly expand the scope of ... kinetic and equilibrium changes The results of this study indicated that the long-chain organics (xanthates) have a higher degree of inhibition of mass transfer of gold cyanide compared to the low-molecular-weight ... describes the use of electrodialysis of copper(I), which is normally not feasible due to the presence of formamidine disulfide This is accomplished when the solutions are obtained by elution of cuprocyanides...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 03:20

... enhance decision making and monitoring progress Part of the decision- making process involves developing an investment strategy An investment strategy involves four items: A decision about priorities ... benefits of environmental improvement, at a lower cost The model for such integrated environmental decision making is presented in Figure The three major components for the decision- making framework ... the specific measures implemented, yet some of the advantages of using an integrated decision- making model include: An increase in the probability of focusing on the highest risks/most important...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 03:20

... of trees or the extraction of crude oil Land disturbance as well as transport of the raw materials from the point of acquisition to the point of raw materials processing are considered part of ... 150 units of raw material C and 60 units of additive to form the final product This step results in the formation of 10 units of waste The question then is how much of the 20 units of waste from ... shortcoming of this method is that it does not consider the value of money, i.e., interest The discounted cash flow (DCF), or interest-rate -of- return, method is the most widely used of all these types of...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 03:20

... unavailable or of insufficient quality to achieve the goal of the study, then either iterative data collection or adjustment of the goal is required The following sections offer descriptions of current ... Minerals Land area Units of measure Equivalent cubic meters Equivalent cubic meters Tons of oil equivalents Tons of oil equivalents Tons of (metal) equivalents Tons of (mineral) equivalents Equivalent ... management The systematic application of life cycle thinking in all aspects of decision making, including process improvement, product selection, and end -of- life management, provides a stronger...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 03:20

... Middle District of LA, it provides an excellent example, via hindsight, of the utility of LCA for risk-based remediation methodology as described by Constant et al (8) Details of the site(s), ... migration To date, only about 1% of the free-phase material has been removed, but containment appears successful, at the expense of treating millions of gallons of water containing only trace contamination ... required within the lines of evidence of MNA as presented by EPA (10), has had a significant impact on the remedy of the PPI site It appears at this time that active pumping of significant water volumes...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 03:20