ecotoxicology a comprehensive treatment—conclusion

... panel), which allows them to move from one adaptive peak through an adaptive valley to anotherpeak (Phase I) Then, selection within demes maintains each at an adaptive peak (middle panel, Phase ... trait variation, trait-related fitness differences, and trait heritability exist, then the trait frequency will vary in a predictablemanner among age/stage classes and generations of a population ... species population may fail to adapt and will become locally extinct (5) Becausemost environments are temporally and spatially variable, microevolution by natural selection caninvolve a population genome...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 16:20

... has been arranged Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe Library ... is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users For orga-nizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment ... and sources are indicated A wide variety of references are listed Reasonable efforts have been made topublish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 16:20

... emphasizes the soma and how it manages to survive For example, a wildlife manager concerned with a specific game bird species might take an autecological vantage to managing that particular species ... produced a reasonable conclusion They also adopted, with minimal adaptation, a technological paradigm from mammaliam toxicology—the LC50/LD50 3 Staying with a coastal marine theme, see Harger (1972) ... to be unimportant or secondary Such an approach is also taken reluctantly if there was an absence of sound synecological information available relative to contamination Much of ecotoxicology...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 16:20

... may be determined by DNA modifications accrued during an individual’s life DNA can be damaged by contaminants or their metabolites that are free radicals or can facilitate free radical2generation ... reactions (Slater 1984) As a final example, enhanced oxidative damage at high metal concentrations occurs due to hydroxyl radical formation In such a case, more metal ion is available to catalyze the ... to a toxicant As an example, El-Alfy and Schlenk (1998) discovered that up-regulation of a monooxygenase in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) explained salinity-enhanced toxicity of aldicarb...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 16:20

... dead cell This coagulation makes the cell appear opaque, having a cloudy and weakly eosinophilic appearance Cells might maintain their relative positions within tissues for days after coagulative ... lamellae of the labeled primary gill lamella and also of the primary lamella at the bottom right hand corner of the photomicrograph The hyperplasia is so extensive that the primary lamellae at ... necrosis can result from lipase and other enzyme activities (enzymatic fat necrosis) or from physical trauma to fat cells (traumatic fat necrosis) The mammalian pancreas, which can release high...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 16:20

... or urea Crustaceans excrete primarily ammonia via antennal glands and insects have Malpighian tubules that excrete uric acid Both crustaceans and insects also have nephrocytes in other parts of ... in the last chapter A range of toxicants including copper (van Heerden et al 2004), nickel (Pane et al 2004), zinc (Matthiessen and Brafield 1973), endosulfan (Saravana Bhavan and Geraldine 2000), ... insecticides also increases neurotransmitter release and activation of sodium channels, resulting in ataxia, hyperexcitation, paralysis, and possibly death Ethanol adversely impacts cerebellar gran-ule...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 16:20

... can also be moved across cell membranes via OATs Toxicants present as organic anions are subject to renal elimination via this mechanism, but kidney damage can occur if a toxicant was accumulated ... metals associated with solid-phase sulfides are essentially unavailable relative to that dissolved in interstitial waters, and (5) metal 3 Or, minimally, is a good indicator of bioavailable metal. ... not pass through the gut wall Similarly, ethanol damage increases movement of toxic chemicals as large as 5000 Da across the guts of alcoholics (Bjarnason et al 1984, Gibaldi 1991) Keshavarzian...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 16:20

... rate-constant-based, clearance-volume- based, and fugacity-based formulations. All are equivalent in their basic forms, but each formulation has its own advantages and disadvantages. (Newman and ... Hickie et al. (1999), Mackay (1979, 2001), Mackay and Wania (1995), and Wania and Mackay (1995). As described above in Mackay’s own words, the great advantage of the fugacity approach is the ability ... Mackay and his colleagues seems an appropriate way to illustrate the value and universal applicability of fugacity-based contaminant modeling. Fugacity-based models have been so influential that...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 16:20

... field (see alsoChapter 36) Many changes that appeared during the alarm stage and abated during the resistance phase canreappear during the exhaustion phase (Selye 1950) Death occurs at the end ... bioassays, the least and most resistant individuals in a group show muchgreater variability in response than individuals near the median A good deal of accuracy may therefore be gained by measuring ... partial kills Parametric and nonparametric methods exist for analyzing data from concentration-lethalresponse tests Many can also be applied for nonlethal effects Each (Figure 9.5) carries advantagesand...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 16:20

... individuals of the same species. Finally and as detailed in later chapters, interspecies interactions are also important, including balancing activities associated with foraging and predator avoidance ... conventional test species such as Daphnia magna and more on species and exposure scenarios relevant to the particular situation of concern. As examples using aquatic crustacea, Wirth et al. (2002) examined ... cellular shape changes, cleavage, and larval development of the marine gastropod mollusk, (Ilyanassa... some cases as illustrated with the EPA linear interpolation method (Appendix M of EPA (2002))...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 16:20

... habitat sustaining the metapopulation components in adjacent, clean habitats. Such keystone habitats are crucial for maintaining the population in adjacent areas and some species are particularly ... favorable habitat might be a sink for these excess individuals. A population living within such a habitat mosaic is called a metapopulation. Metapopulation dynamics in source–sink habitats have ... and MATC data have significant deficiencies as measures... (McFarlane and Frazin 1978) Theoretical models for disease in populations (Moolgavkar 1986) and population impact of toxicants (Callow and...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 16:20

... individuals taken from a bay near a heavily industrialized city may be compared to an annual incidence rate of 5 fish per 10,000 individuals from a bay adjacent to a small town Therelative risk ... covariates can be class vari-ables such as site or continuous variables such as animal weight Hazards do not necessarily remainproportional by the same amount through time with accelerated failure ... the baseline hazard The f (x i ) is a function fitting a continuous variable such as animal weight or a class variable such as exposure status A vector of coefficients and a matrix of covariates...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 16:20

... in a discipline Oddly enough, a clearly inadequate paradigmwill remain central in a discipline if a better one is not available to replace it (Braithwaite 1983).Because scientists are human, ... While it has proved a useful tool inanalyzing the dynamics of natural populations, the life table approach has not, with few exceptions , been used as a toxicity bioassay (Daniels and Allan 1981) ... population maintained in a laboratory culture with frequent media replacement However, most habitats have a finite capacity to sustainthe population This finite capacity slowly comes to have a more...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 16:20

... Let us add these natality data (Table 15.2) to that already analyzed for mortality (Table 15.1) Again, data are pooled here into weekly age classes The Euler–Lotka equation (Equation 15.7) was used ... that are designated as boldface, small letters (e.g., a above) Scalars are written as small letters without boldfacing A matrix can be designated generally as A= {a ij } where i is row position and ... various age classes are counted and the associated data summarized in a horizontal table An important point to note here is that the results of cohort and horizontal life tables will not always...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 16:20

... Genotoxic action of caffeine and x-ray irradiation on bacterial mutation rate Bacteria main-tained in a chemostat displayed an abrupt shift in their resistance to bacteriophage T5 after the addition ... relative to cancer risk in assessing radiation effects to humans (NCRP1993) 17.2.3 MUTATIONRATESANDACCUMULATION The natural rate at which mutations appear varies among genes and species Rates ... mos-quitofish (Gambusia affinis) inhabiting radionuclide-contaminated ponds (Theodorakis and Shugart population size (Ne), determines how many individuals are available to carry a particular allele intothe...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 16:20

... DIMEGLUMINE GADOPENTETATE, GADOBUTROL, GADOXETIC ACID DISODIUM, AND GADOFOSVESET TRISODIUM WITH DAPHNIA MAGNA The crustacean Daphnia magna represents the primary feeder of an aquatic ecosystem ... detergents and are required by the European Reserach Area (EU ERA) guideline to assess the degradation of a human pharmaceutical The test compounds dimeglumine gadopentetate, gadoxetic acid disodium, and ... dimeglumine gadopentetate and sodium acetate are depicted in Figure 4.3 Degradation of the test compound started between day 15 and day 21, and degradation values of approximately 40% were reached after...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 16:20

... with an average diameter of 90 nm The average hydrodynamic diameter of the carbon-coated nanoparticles measured by a DLS particle size analyzer was about 200 nm (Figure 2) This diameter was larger ... materials have attracted a great deal of attention in the development of biotechnology and medicine [1-3] Among these nanostructured materials, carbon-coated metal oxide nanoparticles such as ... precipitated These magnetic particles were separated by a magnet and were washed out by methanol, acetone, and DI [deionized] water The collected nanoparticles were dried in a vacuum oven to obtain a...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 23:20

... that shuttle contrast agents into targeted cells [2] A feasible way of enabling active targeting is to employ a nanoparticulate structure, which can serve as a scaffold for targeting ligands and ... such as liposomes and dendrimers In general, nanoparticulates offer large surface area, which can serve as a scaffold for targeting ligands and magnetic labels [3] Therefore, much attention has ... to the animal care legislation and approved by Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC), National University of Singapore Male Sprague Dawley rats (200~250 g) were used An amount of...

Ngày tải lên: 06/10/2015, 21:15

... inpatient and outpatient facilities at the Hamamatsu University Hospital and associated hospitals in the city of Hamamatsu, Japan In all, 18 patients with onset equal to or below 16 years participated ... the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Washington, DC: AACAP; 1997:172-173 Office of Population Censuses and Surveys: Standard occupational classification, Social classifications ... Vidal C, Giedd JN, Gochman P, Blumenthal J, Nicolson R, Toga AW, Rapoport JL: Mapping adolescent brain change reveals dynamic wave of accelerated gray matter loss in very Proc Natl Acad Sci USA...

Ngày tải lên: 08/08/2014, 23:21

... ideal continuous k-space data MNC(kx,ky) non-Cartesian sampled k-space data MC(kx,ky) Cartesian sampled k-space data P polarization pR calculated pH based on Henderson-Hasselbach equation Psa ... image space as a result of radial sampling 3.12 (A) Scheme of a 2D gridding procedure The data samples lie on an arbitrary trajectory through k-space (dashed line) The sampled data points are ... superparamagnetic iron-oxide nanoparticles STAT signal transducers and activators of transcription STZ streptozotocin T1 longitudinal relaxation time T2 transverse relaxation time TAT transactivator...

Ngày tải lên: 11/09/2015, 10:01