ecology and evolution of chestnut blight fungus

... between 18.9% and 39.3% for the total damage and between 18.2 and 36.1%, 0 and 3.6% and 0 and 2.2% respectively for forks, cankers and ungulate damage The presence of forks and of canker (after ... ability of the stools 5 CONCLUSIONS The increasing demand of high quality timber implies an adjustment of the silvicultural methods in the case of chestnut Regeneration of all chestnut stands by ... area of the stool (area of the ellipse surrounding all cut shoots (in m2), the sum of shoot girths (sum of girth of the trees or shoots of a stool in cm) and the total stool basal area (sum of

Ngày tải lên: 08/08/2014, 00:22

... understanding of stand evolution processes Lastly, the possible evolution of natural or potential pests is also unknown For the replacement of species, which would become nec-essary as a result of ... 2o C and P –100 mm), IA2-150 (T + 2o C and P –150 mm); IA3 (T + 3o C and P –50 mm), IA3 (T + 3o C and P –100 mm), IA3 (T + 3o C and P –150 mm); IA4 (T + 4o C and P –50 mm), IA4 (T + 4o C and P ... consist of various types of stand: even-aged high forest, uneven-aged high forest and high forest mixed with other species including beech, cedar, oak and pine They reach maximum heights of 25

Ngày tải lên: 08/08/2014, 14:20

... either because of the quality and value of their wood or because of their geographic extension, or both Two of these species are widespread in the hills and plains of the Atlantic and of the mid-European ... seems to be the cause of its greater sensitivity to drought and the decline observed in the center of France after the severe droughts of 1996 and 1991 (Becker and Levy, 1983; Durand et al, 1983; ... annual temperature and annual precipitation (fig 2 and table II) On a regional and local scale, site characteristics (depth and physico-chemical properties of the soil, aspect and altitude) become

Ngày tải lên: 08/08/2014, 18:21

... frequency of E1 (virulent to Robusta and aviru-lent to Ogy and Candicans), of E2 (virulent to Robusta and Ogy and avirulent to Candicans), and of E3 (virulent to Robusta and Candicans and avirulent ... (and probably in western Europe), E2 exists at least in the northern half of France, in Belgium and in the Netherlands and E3 is present in the east of France and very probably in the west and ... detected (Pinon and Peulon, 1989) In Australia, several of M medusae Thuem and M larici-populina were de-scribed (Sharma and Heather, 1976; Chandrashekar and Heather, 1980) and in the United

Ngày tải lên: 08/08/2014, 23:22

... features of microRNA evolution in the two kingdoms © 2010 BioMed Central Ltd Vive la différence: biogenesis and evolution of microRNAs in plants and animals Michael J Axtell*1, Jakub O Westholm2 and ... existence of similar numbers of evolutionarily emergent miRNA genes In light of broad transcription across euchromatin of plants and animals [125,126], including substantial amounts of transcribed ... characteristics of the evolution of plant and animal miRNAs In particular, the co-evolution of target:miRNA pairs is common in plants, whereas it seems much more common for animal miRNAs to emerge and then

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 22:24

... A-subgenomes of TM-1 and Hai7124, 62.5% (10 out of 16) had a higher evolutionary rate in TM-1 than in Hai7124, 31.25% (5 of 15) and were reversed and 6.25% (1 of 16, ACT1) showed an equivalent evolutionary ... identify the structural difference of duplicated genes, and 3) reveal the expression and evolution of fiber qual-ity differences between upland and sea-island cotton To complete this study, we ... orthologs of fiber development genes in four cotton species Gene Numbers of exon Length of ORF(bp)/numbers of derived amino acids CAP A 1 , Ath and Atb: 10; D 5 , Dth and Dtb: 9 A 1 , Ath and Atb:

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 11:21

... JL, Anderson LJ, Bellini WJ: Antigenic analysis of current wild type and vaccine strains of measles virus J Infect Dis 1994, 170:795-801. 44. Cox NJ, Black RA, Kendal AP: Pathways of evolution of ... 4Schematic representation of putative structure and mutation map of human metapneumovirus F proteinFigure 1 Schematic representation of putative structure and mutation map of human metapneumovirus ... estimated time of divergence of the A subgroup into A1 and A2 was 51 years (95% HPD 38-92) and between B1 and B2 subgroups 40 years (95% HPD 38-97) Similar analysis using the limited number of available

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 04:20

... and isoelectric focusing to isolate PC, PEI and/or PEII from a number of other strainsand then have determined their optical properties (Figures 2and 3 and Table 1) The PC present in WH5701 and ... mainly composed of two identical cpcB-A oper-ons encoding the C-PC α- and β-subunits and of genes ing three rod linkers, one rod-core linker and two types ofphycobilin lyases (CpcT and CpcE/F; see ... regions of the different pigment types of marine Synechococcus Rectangles above and below the lines have a length proportional to the size of ORFs and correspond to the forward and the reverse strand,

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 08:20

... which contributes to a better understanding of the mechanisms of evolution and biological functions of the S100 gene family 2 MATERIALS AND METHODS 2.1 Sequences and positions on the chromosomes ... 2EF-hand proteins while the N-terminal EF-hand differs from the classical EF-hand motif and constitutes a special characteristic of the S100 proteins S100 proteins exhibit a unique pattern of tissue/cell ... vertebrates including mammals and fish from available databases using both comparative genomics and phylo-genetic methods, and we present a model of the molecular evolution of the S100 genes, which

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 13:22

... 1Dynamic evolution of selenocysteine utilization in bacteria: a balance between selenoprotein loss and evolution of selenocysteine from redox active cysteine residues Addresses: * Department of Biochemistry, ... ana-lyzing evolution of selenium utilization traits (Sec decoding and selenouridine utilization) and selenoproteomes in bacte-ria We have performed phylogenetic analyses of key compo-nents of these ... reported HGT of the entire Sec-decoding trait and selenoproteins observed in Photobacte-rium profundum (Gammaproteobacteria) and Treponema denticola (Spirochaetes) [13], the topologies of SelA and SelB

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 17:22

... Total number of species of amphibians and reptiles, number of threatened species, and the proportion (%) of lowland forest on each island Islands are grouped to corresponding herpetofaunal provinces ... figure of 71,620 km2 or 23.9% of the land area (FAO 2007) Estimates of the extent of lowland dipterocarp forest, on the other hand, remain contentious, and for the most part, reflect the vagaries of ... 8List of Tables 1 Total number of lowland forest amphibians and reptiles from each herpetofaunal region (Pleistocene Aggregate Island Complex, PAIC) in the Philippines and the numbers and proportions

Ngày tải lên: 11/09/2015, 09:02

... emergence and evolution of the CPF in Singapore, from a perspective that views it as a mechanism of social control of individuals‟ finance for collective social and economic goals The aims and contributions ... principle and the State‟s total official foreign reserves stands at an impressive US$173 billion as of June 20092 Hence within this context, an analysis of the emergence and the subsequent dynamic evolution ... Bukit Timah and the leader of the influential Factory and Shop Workers‟ Union and Middle Road Group of Unions which participated in the riots), and Lim Yew Hock (Minister for Labor and Welfare)

Ngày tải lên: 16/10/2015, 15:36

... Importantly, the functions of N-terminal and C-terminal NBDs are not necessarily equivalent and thus each NBD of a eukaryotic ABC protein is indispensable The analysis of the evolutionary sequence ... Examples for mem-bers of this impressive and growing group of fungal detoxification proteins are Candida krusei Abc1p, Schizosaccharomyces pombe bfr1+/Hba2p (Turi and Rose, 1995), Candida glabrata ... detection of uncharged tRNA and transmission of this signal to Gcn2p, a pro-tein kinase which phosphorylates eIF2alpha Gcn1p, Gcn2p and Gcn20p form a complex and the apparent role of Gcn20p is

Ngày tải lên: 29/12/2017, 16:35

... land use Construction of nuclear production facilities and the reforestation of abandoned farmland and cutover forests affected SRS ecosystems in profound ways The construction and operation of ... with a better understanding of the plant and animal populations and communities present on the SRS and the effect on them of fifty years of land management by the Department of Energy Acknowledgments ... management and restoration of the forested landscape of the Savannah River Site (SRS) In 1950, the Atomic Energy Commission began purchasing land and relocating thousands of descendants of the original...

Ngày tải lên: 17/02/2014, 19:20

... derived from the evolution of this family Evolution based on domain reusing might explain the abundance of certain protein domains and is a way of easily increasing the number of TFs, as appears ... to the function and structure of TFs from available information From a structural point of view, the overabundance of self-interactions is associated with a majority group of 55% of basic helix–loop– ... with the exception of some TAFII and NC2 and NF-Y factors that have histone fold motifs [52] Group G is a small subset that contains all the SMAD proteins of the HTFN and APC and b-catenin-related...

Ngày tải lên: 19/02/2014, 07:20

... Immunology and Evolution of Infectious Disease STEVEN A FRANK Princeton University Press Princeton and Oxford This is a full PDF copy of: Frank, S A 2002 Immunology and Evolution of Infectious ... and pattern of diversity and the nature of evolutionary change Of the many cases of attack and defense across all of biology, the major parasites of humans and their domestic animals provide the ... molecular basis of recognition between attackers and defenders sets the temporal and spatial scale of the battle Attack and defense occur between insects and the plants they eat, between fungi and the...

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 05:20

... Feibelman and others 1994 Largent 1994 Danell and others 1995 Largent and Sime 1995 Hibbett and others 1997 Redhead and others 1997 Bruns and others 1998 Bergemann and Largent 1998, 2000 Pine and others ... many of the same issues as management of other edible mushrooms (Acker and Russell 1986, Amaranthus and Pilz 1996, de Geus and others 1992, Hosford and others 1997, Molina and others 1993, Pilz and ... the Gomphaceae, and a different order, the Phallales Analyses of DNA (Bruns and others 1998, Hibbett and others 1997, Humpert and others 2001, Pine and others 1999, Villegas and others 1999)...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 14:20

... Cichlids and evolutionary ecology The cichlid story illustrates many of the broader features of evolutionary ecology, the science that involves both ecological and evolutionary knowledge Evolutionary ... MEET 11 Ecology Evolution Individuals Populations Anagenesis Communities Cladogenesis Ecosystems Fig 1.6 The interaction of ecology and evolution the parts of evolutionary ecology Hence evolution ... formed and not go extinct Both evolution within lineages and the origin and death of lineages are processes that might have contributed Thus evolution influences every level of the field of ecology...

Ngày tải lên: 15/03/2014, 18:20

... chain of this residue forming hydrogen bonds with oxygens of the 3-phosphate; NH1 and NH2 of Arg105 form hydrogen bonds with the 4-OH and 5-OH of the inositol moiety; and the aromatic ring of Tyr59 ... a-helices of TPR1 and TPR2 (position of TPR2) and Asn204 in the b-hairpin (position 34 of TPR3), are highly conserved among p67phox and its related proteins (Fig 14) In addition, substitution of Glu ... appearance of Nox1 and the Nox1 organizer Noxo1 in this subphylum of the Chordata The coincidence of the emergence of Nox1 and its regulatory proteins may be related to two rounds of whole genome...

Ngày tải lên: 16/03/2014, 06:20