disorders of the nervous system nyu

... physiology of the ear and the nervous system The book also provides a comprehensive coverage of disorders of the auditory system emphasizing the interaction between patholo-gies of the middle ear and the ... and their diagnosis Because of the complexity of many disorders of the auditory system the clinician must have a thorough understanding of the basic functions of the entire tory system and the ... Importance of the Acoustic DISORDERS OF THE AUDITORY SYSTEM AND THEIR 3.4 Accuracy of Measurements of ConductiveHearing Loss 213 3.5 Implications of Impairment of Conduction of Sound to the Cochlea

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 06:21

... ismeasured in the place of the head The effect of thehead on the sound at the entrance of the ear canal isrelated to the size of the head and, the wavelength2 of sound This means that the “amplification” ... effect of the head on the sound pressure at the entrance of the ear canal depends on the frequency of the sound and on the angle of incidence of the sound (direction to the sound source) 6 The difference ... to the input of a system, the output must be the sum of the output of the two signals when applied independently. This is known as the superposition criteria of a linear system The output of

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 06:21

... understanding ofthe anatomy and physiology of the auditory nervoussystem of clinical importance understand-Most studies of the function of the auditory systemhave aimed at the coding of different kinds of ... axons to the AAF The neurons of the medial division of the MGB project to the AAF, which may send collaterals to the reticular nucleus (RE) of the thalamus The RE controls the excitability of neurons ... floor of the fourth ventricle(Fig 5.15B) [72] The other part of the olivocochlearsystem projects mainly to the contralateral cochlea and the fibers of that system travel deeper in the brainstem The

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 06:21

... [59] The difference between the latency of the N1 of the AP and that of the response from the intracranial portion of the auditory nerve is the travel time in the auditory nerve from the ear to the ... The caudal portion of the floor of the lateral recess is the (dorsal) surface of the dorsal cochlear nucleus and the rostral portion of the floor of the lateral recess is the dorsal surface of ... Trang 12The interpretation of the sources of the differentcomponents of the waveform of the response from anucleus is based on studies of nuclei of the somatosen-sory system, done early in the history

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 06:21

... standard error of the mean are shown as a function of the intensity of the noise The TTS was measured 20 s after the end of the exposure In this study the noise exposure consisted of a band of noise, ... shorter than that of the change in the acoustic impedance, which involves the time it takes to build up strength of the contraction of the stapedius muscle The response of the acoustic middle-ear ... [16] The threshold of the reflex response increases as a function of the concentration of alcohol in the blood Blood alcohol concentration of one tenth of one percent results in anelevation of the

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 06:21

... selectivity of the ear (cf Chapter 3) Thewidening of the tuning of the basilar membranebroadens the “slices” of the spectrum of broad bandsounds from which the cochlea provides information to the (temporal) ... extensively,little is known about the subsequent effect on the func-tion of the central nervous system Impairment of the 228 Section III Disorders of the Auditory System and Their Pathophysiology BOX ... on the function of the cochlea and thevestibular system [74] It has been suggested that such an event increasing the concentration of potassium inthe perilymphatic space was the cause of the

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 06:21

... (synthesized) sound Because the results of the matching of the intensity of tinnitus to other sounds does not seem to correspond to the perceived intensity of tinnitus, other ways of evaluating the ... to the classical auditory nervous system, thus a sign of re-organization of the nervous system 10 Severe tinnitus is often accompanied by abnormal interaction between the auditory system and other ... phonophobia) are some of the most diverseand complex disorders of the auditory system andtheir causes are often obscure Often it is not even pos-sible to identify the anatomical location of the physio-logical

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 06:21

... Overview of paraneoplastic syndromes of the nervous system ­ UpToDateOfficial reprint from UpToDate   www.uptodate.com ©2017 UpToDate Overview of paraneoplastic syndromes of the nervous system ... nervous system antigens have been described for many of these disorders. The immunologic response is directed against shared antigens that are ectopically expressed by the tumor, but otherwise exclusively expressed by the nervous system (picture 1) [1,2], or rarely by the nervous system and testes [3]. For unknown reasons, the ... by the nervous system (picture 1) [1,2], or rarely by the nervous system and testes [3]. For unknown reasons, the immune system identifies these antigens as foreign and mounts an immune attack against them. One report suggests that the immune system can mount a T­cell response to a normal protein when it is expressed in a

Ngày tải lên: 10/03/2017, 16:06

... instrument is in the area of abnormality, but also the proximity of the instrument to the pleural surface If the forceps are too close to the pleural surface, there is a risk of violating the visceral ... inflammation of the mucosa of the lower airways One of the main aims of treatment is to reduce this inflammation examining the lungs of patients who have died of asthma and from bronchial biopsies The ... Naturally, the work rate required to overcome the elasticity of the respiratory system increases with both the depth and the frequency of tidal breaths, while the work required to overcome the dynamic

Ngày tải lên: 26/05/2017, 22:34

... Functionof the Nervous System Bởi: OpenStaxCollege The picture you have in your mind of the nervous system probably includes the brain, the nervous tissue contained within the cranium, and the spinal ... framework of tissue that supports the neurons and their activities The neuron is the more functionally important of the two, in terms of the communicative function of the nervous system To describe the ... organs The Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems The nervous system can be divided into two major regions: the central and peripheral nervous systems The central nervous system (CNS) is the brain

Ngày tải lên: 30/10/2017, 23:13

... basic-immunology-functions-and-disorders-of-the-immune-system-4th-edition-by-abbas Test Bank for Basic Immunology Functions and Disorders of the Immune System 4th Edition by Abbas Chapter 04: Antigen Recognition in the ... derived from the protein on the cell surface bound to class I MHC molecules CD8+T cells migrate to the mucosa and recognize these peptide-MHC complexes Which of the following components of the TCR ... on the surface of APCs, mediating “signal 2” 17 Binds to GlyCAM-1 on high endothelial venules of lymph nodes, mediating rolling of T cells on endothelium 18 Binds to ICAM-1 on the surface of

Ngày tải lên: 01/03/2019, 09:51

... Education, Inc.The Synapse toward the synapse away from the synapse Trang 4Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.Types of Synapses neuron and the dendrite of another neuron and the soma of another • ... depolarization is of threshold strength and opens the voltage-gated channels Trang 28Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11.18aAn EPSP is a local depolarization of the postsynaptic ... regulator of cGMP in the brain Trang 44Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.Chemical Classes of Neurotransmitters Trang 45Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.Functional Classification of Neurotransmitters

Ngày tải lên: 20/01/2020, 06:02

... Pearson Education, Inc.Divisions of the Nervous System • Central nervous system (CNS) • Brain and spinal cord • Integration and command center • Peripheral nervous system (PNS) • Paired spinal and ... to the CNS Somatic nervous system Somatic motor (voluntary) Conducts impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles Sympathetic division Mobilizes body systems during activity Autonomic nervous system ... Visceral sensory fiber Motor fiber of somatic nervous system Skin Stomach Skeletal muscle Heart Bladder Parasympathetic motor fiber of ANS Sympathetic motor fiber of ANS Trang 9Copyright © 2010 Pearson

Ngày tải lên: 20/01/2020, 21:13

... and other types of disorders For all these reasons, the field of immunology has captured the attention of clinicians, scien-tists, and the lay public This chapter introduces the nomenclature of ... referring to the ability of the immune system to coexist with (tolerate) potentially genic self molecules, cells, and tissues anti-CELLS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM The cells of the adaptive immune system ... (some of which are long-lived) The effector cells of the CD4 T phocyte lineage produce cytokines (The effector cells of the CD8 lineage are CTLs; these are not shown.) Other progeny of the antigen-stimulated

Ngày tải lên: 21/01/2020, 14:12

... to the ability of these pro-teins to assist, or complement, the antimicrobial activity of antibodies The complement system may be activated by microbes in the absence of antibody, as part of the ... a component of C1 of the classical pathway and serves to activate C4 The subsequent steps are essentially the same as in the classical pathway The net result of these early steps of com-plement ... because of the vast surface area of the intestines, IgA accounts for 60% to 70% of the approximately 3 grams of antibody produced daily by a healthy adult The propensity of B cells in mucosal epi-thelial

Ngày tải lên: 22/01/2020, 03:31

... channels reduces the negative membrane potential slightly The permeabilities of Na + and K + across the membrane are different. The concentrations of Na + and K + on each side of the membrane are ... Education, Inc.Role of the Sodium-Potassium Pump neuron is restored by the thousands of sodium-potassium pumps Trang 37Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.Propagation of an Action Potential ... potential Active area (site of initial depolarization) (c) Decay of membrane potential with distance: Because current is lost through the “leaky” plasma membrane, the voltage declines Consequently,

Ngày tải lên: 23/01/2020, 18:00

... cytokine-activated endothelium In a 17 CD44 expressed on the surface of T cells is critical for the binding of activated T cells to endothelium at sites of inflammation, and for the retention of T cells ... migrate to the mucosa and recognize these peptide-MHC complexes Which of the following components of the TCR actually bind to the viral peptide-MHC complex? 5 Hypermutated regions: 1 in the a chain, ... rolling of T cells on endothelium 18 Binds to ICAM-1 on the surface of a variety of cells, mediating firm adhesion Trang 16between T cells and APCs or endothelial cells 19 Binds to VCAM-1 on the

Ngày tải lên: 17/12/2020, 17:37

... cue, and the ability to interpret this cue in the form of a receptor molecule, the last piece of the system is the cell’s ability to act based on the information received In the case of axon pathfinding, ... Molecule T-cadherin in the Development of the Nervous System A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Professor Barbara Ranscht, Chair Professor Nicholas ... pathfinding, the ultimate output is a change in movement of the growth cone The growth cone is the sensory organ at the leading tip of the axon The growth cone expresses a compliment of receptor

Ngày tải lên: 02/10/2024, 01:39

... timing of activation, the immune system is composed of two distinct com-partments — adaptive and innate Whereas the cellular composition and antigen specificity of these are distinct, they have ... localization of which was under paracrine TNFα control54 Inhibition of TNFα or induction of the super-repressor mutant of IκB (inhibitor of NFκB) in transgenic animals during the later stages of neoplastic ... transplants is increased when there is a previous history of alcohol and tobacco use66,67 On the other hand, the RR for the most common non-viral-associated solid tumours of epithelial origin is decreased

Ngày tải lên: 15/03/2014, 01:20

... necessary to re- assess the HACCP plan in the light of the changes ‘The first activity ofthe HACCP team isto identify the Seope of the study For example, will the \whole commodity system be covered, ... impact ofthese agents will often be largely determined by the ‘nature and extent of human intervention, Figure 2 The Spoilage System ‘THE SPOILAGE SYSTEM temperatures and, in general, the rate of ... 1 Figure 1: The Commodity System Figure 2: The Spoilage System Figure 3: The Mycotoxin System Figure 4: The Chemical structure of some important mycotoxins Figure 5: The structure of cyclopiazonic

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 16:20