disorders of the eye and adnexa

... Estrogen and gesterone influence the nonkeratinized squamous epithelium of thevagina and vulva Without hormonal influence, the epithelium isthin and atrophic and contains little glycogen, and the ... collec-to the cervical and vaginal mucosa When these are removed,slight oozing occurs There may be both erythema and edema ofthe vulva and vagina The discharge with Candida infection has a pH of 4–5 ... are contributed by the meta- mu-bolic products of the microflora, exudates from sebaceous sweatglands, Bartholin glands, and Skene glands, and small amounts of Trang 2Time of Life Hormonal Influence

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 16:20

... area, and the mass transfer coefficient of the membrane The latter is a function of the porosity and thickness of the membrane, the size of the solute molecule, and the conditions of flow on the ... activity of the basolateral Na+-K+ ATPase and Trang 14the number of Na+ channels in the apical membrane of the collecting duct In CKD, the excretion of the dietary load of potassium occurs at the ... NaPi2a and NaPi2c on the apical and basolateral membranes of the renal tubule FGF-23 also reduces the ability of the kidney to generate 1,25(OH)2D3 In the parathyroid gland, the FGF-23 receptor, the

Ngày tải lên: 26/05/2017, 22:35

... rate the fre-quency with which they were bothered by their eye aller-gies while carrying out activities, in addition to their level of bother, proved confusing for some subjects Further-more the ... frequency as the more pertinent index of severity, whereas patients consider intensity of bother to be of greater salience Consequently, instead of deleting either the 'intensity of bother' or 'frequency ... either the 'intensity of bother' or 'frequency of bother' items, they were combined in the scoring The 'intensity of bother' and 'frequency of bother' items were summed, not multiplied because

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 15:20

... none other than the brain It is specially the organ which enables us to think, see and hear, and to distinguish the ugly and the beautiful, the bad and the good, pleasant and unpleasant It is the ... D1, D2, D3, D4, and D5 The D1 and D5 receptors are members of the D1-like family of dopamine receptors, whereas the D2, D3 and D4 receptors are members of the D2-like family The distinct inverted-U ... overview of the unique properties and connectivity of the PFC circuitry and alterations during the juvenile and adolescent development under both normal and abnormal conditions Understanding the neurobiological

Ngày tải lên: 28/06/2014, 11:20

... understanding of the anatomy and function of the ear and the auditory nervous system, and it discusses the cause and treatment of hearing disorders Most books on hearing focus either on the anatomy ... comprehensive coverage of disorders of the auditory system emphasizing the interaction between patholo-gies of the middle ear and the cochlea and the function of the nervous system and vice versa Hyperactive ... Importance of the Acoustic DISORDERS OF THE AUDITORY SYSTEM AND THEIR 3.4 Accuracy of Measurements of ConductiveHearing Loss 213 3.5 Implications of Impairment of Conduction of Sound to the Cochlea

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 06:21

... ismeasured in the place of the head The effect of thehead on the sound at the entrance of the ear canal isrelated to the size of the head and, the wavelength2 of sound This means that the “amplification” ... effect of the head on the sound pressure at the entrance of the ear canal depends on the frequency of the sound and on the angle of incidence of the sound (direction to the sound source) 6 The difference ... remarkable in the light of the FIGURE 2.12 (A) Average displacements of the umbo, the head of the stapes and the lenticular process of the incus (B) The lever ratio at 124 dB SPL at the tympanic

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 06:21

... in the ventral parts of the MGB of the thalamus, the non-classical sensory pathways use the dorsal and medialdivision of the MGB as relay (Fig 5.10) [122] Thesedivisions of the MGB receive their ... routes and the lateral nucleus of the amygdala (AL), showing the “high route” and the “low route” Connections between the basolateral (ABL) and the central nuclei (ACE) of the amygdala and other ... nucleus of the thalamus that sends axons to the AAF The neurons of the medial division of the MGB project to the AAF, which may send collaterals to the reticular nucleus (RE) of the thalamus The

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 06:21

... [59] The difference between the latency of the N1 of the AP and that of the response from the intracranial portion of the auditory nerve is the travel time in the auditory nerve from the ear to the ... The caudal portion of the floor of the lateral recess is the (dorsal) surface of the dorsal cochlear nucleus and the rostral portion of the floor of the lateral recess is the dorsal surface of ... 3)and that contributes to the dependence of the latency on the stimulus intensity [179] The conduction ity of nerve fibers and the synaptic delays are inde-pendent of the level of excitation and

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 06:21

... latency of the response to 1.5 kHz tones is shorter than the response to 0.5 kHz tones [182] The latency of the ipsilateral and the contralateral responses are similar The latency of the change in the ... components of broad band sounds will elicit contractions of the stapedius muscle when the intensities of these components are above the threshold of the reflex and that will cause attenuation of low ... decreases the input to the cochlea and thereby decreases the contraction of the stapedius muscle, and that in turn causes the input to the cochlea to again increase, and that increases the contraction

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 06:21

... role of outer hair cells, that is to increase the sensitivity andfrequency selectivity of the ear (cf Chapter 3) Thewidening of the tuning of the basilar membranebroadens the “slices” of the spectrum ... amount of acquired hearing loss depends not only on the intensity of the noise and the duration of exposure but also on the character of the noise (fre-quency spectrum and time pattern) The hearing ... between the amplitude of the SP and the AP components are used as indication of cochlear hydrops. In response to clicks, the SP appears before the AP and the SP occurs at the same time as the cochlear

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 06:21

... hearing disorders (subjective tinnitusand abnormal perception of sounds such as hyperacu-sis and phonophobia) are some of the most diverseand complex disorders of the auditory system andtheir causes ... tinnitus and a real (synthesized) sound Because the results of the matching of the intensity of tinnitus to other sounds does not seem to correspond to the perceived intensity of tinnitus, other ... mality of recruitment of loudness is the ear, most oftenthe cochlea, but absence of function of the acousticmiddle-ear reflex can also cause an abnormal growth ofthe sensation of loudness above the

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 06:21

... impaired neutrophil rolling and adhesion to activated endothelium The cause is a defect in the synthesis of sialylated Lewis X, the carbohydrate ligand on neutrophils and other leukocytes that is ... important for recognition of common antigens at epithelial boundaries between the host and the external environment The gd T cells differ from the ab T cells in which one of the following ways? 8 ... and antigen-presenting cells, as well as leukocytes and endothelial cells As such, it plays an important role in the activation of T lymphocytes and in their migration to sites of infection and

Ngày tải lên: 01/03/2019, 09:51

... responsible for the feed-ing and upkeep of the Almajiris under their care [12, 32] They often had farms of various sizes, the harvest of which was usually enough to feed their families and the Almajiris ... by the recent tide of insurgency in the Northern parts of Nigeria In the immediate vicinity where the study was conducted, there have been three bomb blasts in the last 2  years and about 3 other ... the conception and design of the study AA, BA and OO were involved in writing and revision of the manuscript All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Author details 1 Department of

Ngày tải lên: 14/01/2020, 19:56

... sheaths of the spleen When the lymphocytes are activated by antigens, they alter their expression of chemokine receptors The B cells and T cells then migrate toward each other and meet at the edge of ... antigens and initiate the process of activation of the cells Soluble antigens and anti-gens on the surface of microbes and other cells may bind to these B lymphocyte antigen recep-tors, initiating the ... tissues, APCs, and effector molecules located in and under the epithelia of the skin and the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts, respectively Although most of the immune cells in these tissues

Ngày tải lên: 21/01/2020, 14:12

... properties of the proteins involved in the early steps of the alternative pathway of complement activation C, Table summarizes the important properties of the proteins involved in the early steps of the ... from the Fc receptors promote the cytosis of the opsonized microbes and activate the phagocytes to destroy these microbes B, Table lists the different types of human phago-Fc receptors and their ... a component of C1 of the classical pathway and serves to activate C4 The subsequent steps are essentially the same as in the classical pathway The net result of these early steps of com-plement

Ngày tải lên: 22/01/2020, 03:31

... History and Theory of countercurrent multiplication This fi rst period saw the further development of the theory of the countercurrent multiplication hypothesis and the generation of experimental ... about twice that of blood plasma at the bend of the loop of Henle The fl uid is then diluted as it fl ows up the medul-lary thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle, so that the tubular fl uid ... limbs of the loops of Henle [ 61, 62 ] Perfused tubule studies provided the basis for many of the theories of how concentrated urine is produced (reviewed in [ 2 ] ) The cloning of many of the

Ngày tải lên: 23/01/2020, 07:17

... The purpose of this chapter is to review the classes of diuretic agents and their mechanisms of action and to discuss their role in treating edema Both generalized approaches and treat-ment of ... exposed at the apical surface of the epithelium lining the lumen of the TAL [ 19 ] Loop diuretic binding to the cotransporter interferes with the apical translocation of ions passing through the TAL; ... reservoir of furosemide is present in the GI tract, and when optimized, the rate of absorption into the bloodstream (and hence, the rate of furosemide delivery to its site of action in the urinary

Ngày tải lên: 23/01/2020, 10:20

... impaired neutrophil rolling and adhesion to activated endothelium The cause is a defect in the synthesis of sialylated Lewis X, the carbohydrate ligand on neutrophils and other leukocytes that is ... migrate to the mucosa and recognize these peptide-MHC complexes Which of the following components of the TCR actually bind to the viral peptide-MHC complex? 5 Hypermutated regions: 1 in the a chain, ... and P-selectin on cytokine-activated endothelium In a 17 CD44 expressed on the surface of T cells is critical for the binding of activated T cells to endothelium at sites of inflammation, and

Ngày tải lên: 17/12/2020, 17:37

... transfer of the analytes from the anterior tissues of the eye to the posterior tissues and from the sclera inward The percent of the resulting mean local distribution in the sclera, choroid and retina ... amfenac in the posterior segment tissues of the eye, and to expand understanding of the distribution pathways of these molecules Nepafenac and amfenac were found to be rapidly distributed into the posterior ... Masferrer and Kulkarni, 1997) In the current studies, the concentrations of amfenac in the retina of both the rabbit and the monkey (Tables 1– (2000) and Walters et al (2007), and therefore would

Ngày tải lên: 01/11/2022, 09:52

... to the age of 21, whereas most of the other studies used an upper age limit of 18 Sec-ondly, the relative lack of eligible studies and the different compositions (some combining children and ... composite of the ranking scores of frequency and sever-ity for all studies), and the symptoms were then arranged in the descending order (using this score) We selected the ten highest scoring items and ... 933 adults) The limited number of cases per age group in the reviewed studies is further compli-cated by the heterogeneity in the range of BD subtypes included and timing of assessment of symptoms

Ngày tải lên: 19/11/2022, 11:47