diseases of the stomach and esophagus

... system The confluence takes place at the right of the hilus of the liver, anterior to the portal venous bifurcation and overlying the origin of the right branch of the portal vein (Fig 1.5) The biliary ... duct, anterior and lateral aspect of the portal vein, the posterior aspect of the pancreas, between the aorta and the inferior vena cava, and the left aspect of the aorta under the left renal ... [15]: 1 The superior pathway of nodes along the cystic duct, the hepatic duct, the anterior and medial aspect of the portal vein, and the celiac axis 2 The inferior pathway of nodes along the cystic

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 14:22

... necrosis and scattered plasma cells, further resembling autoimmune hepatitis A high index of suspicion on the part of the gastroenterologist and the pathologist is often necessary to make the diagnosis ... view of this hypothesis, it is interesting that the coexistence of cystic fibro-sis and ADPKD appears to reduce or delay formation of renal and hepatic cysts [67] The interaction of polycystin-1 and ... secondary event and not the inciting factor The gallbladder is edema-tous and congested The mucosa is often but not invariably ulcerated, and there may be areas of granulation tissue and fibroblast

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 14:22

... has the advantage of high spatial resolution, which allows depiction of both the lumen and the wall of the bile ducts, but has the disadvantage of imaging only in the axial plane This is offset ... profound segmental atrophy, particularly in the anterior segment of the right hepatic lobe and the medial segment of the left hepatic lobe Furthermore, there are often enlarged lymph nodes in the ... risks that the patient must understand and agree to accept There is a great deal of variation in the quoted morbidity and mortality of ERCP Many of these data are based on old surveys and require

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 14:22

... drained directly into the stomach This is done by transhepatic perforation of the left lobe of the liver into the lesser curvature of the stomach using fluoroscopic, endoscopic, and laparoscopic guidance ... di-latation of the common bile duct in the wall of the duode-num, accounting for 5% Type IV is made up of multiple cysts involving the extrahepatic and/or intrahepatic ducts and accounts for 10% of cases ... enters the biliary tree during the puncture by the PTC needle The suspected presence of blood clots requires repeating the cholangiogram in several days The lytic prop-erties of bile and the passing

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 14:22

... resection of the liver) with dissection of the lymphatic tissue of the hepatoduodenal ligament is the therapy of choice. Therefore, the gallbladder plus a 1- to 3-cm wedge re- section of the gallbladder ... involvement of more than four segments of the liver Figure 8.8 The liver is pulled up and the ligamentum teres downwards. The duct of S III can be approached by dissecting the left part of the base of ... patient in the operating room: the supine position with the surgeon standing on the left and the assisting surgeon holding the camera on the right side of the patient. Alternatively, the pa- Table

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 14:22

... the first 36 to 72 hours from the onset of symptoms With the introduction of laparoscopic cholecystectomy at the beginning of the 1990s the question of timing arose again At the beginning of the ... intravenously and will normally be taken up by the liver and then the gall-bladder Uptake by the liver and excretion into the duode-num without filling of the gallbladder is indicative for occlusion of the ... treatment the gallstone disimpacts and falls back into the gallbladder, which allows emptying of the gallbladder, resulting in reduction of the infl ammation The theoretical aim of fasting is to rest the

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 14:22

... classification of cystic diseases of the biliary tract • Understand the premalignant nature of cystic diseases of the biliary tract • Understand the role of liver resection for biliary cystadenoma and cystadenocarcinoma ... lesions of the intra- and extrahepatic bile ducts How-ever, because of the assumed role of the intrahepatic biliary epithelium in the origin of the noncommunicating liver cysts, this group of cystic ... resection of the gallbladder fossa includes which segments of the liver? a I and IVb b IVb and V c V and VIII d IVb and VIII 7 The term “extended cholecystectomy” may encompass a resection of all of

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 14:22

... understanding of the pathophysiology of primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), the progression of disease and eventual outcomes become logical • To present the various options of therapy — their ... in animal models [64,65]. Further inves- tigation to delineate the role of these peptides in the etiology of PSC is required. The major criticism of the theories of colonic toxins caus- ing PSC ... of alka- line phosphatase in the setting of chronic ulcerative colitis should raise the suspicion of sclerosing cholangitis and trig- ger further investigation. Early in the course of PSC, the

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 14:22

... of the gallbladder and distal duct, or atresia of the distal ducts and patency of the gallbladder. .. nearer to the portal plate excluding the gallbladder, and the ... then constructed and preferentially brought up to the liver behind the transverse colon An enterotomy at the end of the loop is created and approximated to the capsule of the ... the edge of the liver and the fundus of the gallbladder The fundus is opened and a small cannula inserted With fluoroscopy visualization, contrast is slowly injected into the

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 14:22

... portal hypertension and may exacerbate the bleeding from varices in the stomach and esophagus. One of the more intriguing aspects of CHF is the associa-tion with cysts of the extrahepatic biliary ... number of ways, and often is associated with renal disease of varying severity First described in 1962 [165], the most important features of the disease and the complications that accompanied the ... some degree of failure of the normal formation of the inter- lobular bile ducts, and results in a characteristic portal tract lesion consisting of persistence of some remnant of the ductal plate

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 14:22

... compartment of uncoupling of receptor and ligand (CURL) The receptor and ligand separate The receptor returns to sinusoidal plasma membrane and the ligand enters a lysosome and is ... the ligand and receptor are released (transcytosis) (e.g polymeric IgA); 2 transfer of the ligand and receptor to a lysosome (L) where they are degraded; 3 the receptor and ligand ... 16) These make up 6–8% of the total endothelial cell surface, and there are more in the centrilobular zone of the sinusoid than the peri-portal area... normal human liver, of

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 15:20

... erythema (liver palms) The hands are warm and the palms bright red in colour,especially the hypothenar and thenar eminences andpulps of the fingers (fig 6.12) Islets of erythema may befound at the ... telangiectasis The lesions are usually on the upper body Mucosal ones are commoninside the nose, on the tongue, lips and palate, and in the pharynx, oesophagus and stomach The nail beds,palmar surfaces and ... (fig 4.6) The cells are of all types and varying maturity The distribution of cells may reflect the type of underlying sinusoidal endothelial cell [4] There are many reticulum cells and these may

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 15:20

... diaphragmo-oesophageal and azygos minor veins of the caval system Deviation of blood into these chan-nels leads to varicosities in the submucous layer of the lower end of the oesophagus and fundus of the stomach ... colon and head of the pancreas, and irregularly from the stomach via the right gastro-epiploic vein The splenic veins (5–15 channels) originate at the splenic hilum and join near the tail of the ... bypass the block and return blood towards the liver These enter the portal vein in the porta hepatis beyond the block They include theveins at the hilum, venae comitantes of the portal veinand hepatic

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 15:20

... liver increases the venous return and the jugular venous pres- sure rises due to the inability of the failing right heart to handle the increased blood flow. The hepato-jugular reflux is of value for ... bile, presumably as a result of the failure of transport systems across the hepato- cyte and the canalicular membrane. Conjugation is intact and therefore there is reflux of conjugated bilirubin into ... hypertension and splenomegaly The intestinal contents are bulky and greasy; the more complete the cholestasis, the paler the stools The kidneys are swollen and bile... is the first

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 15:20

... unenveloped single-stranded DNA virus of the circoviridiae family. It is found in the blood of about 1% of US blood donors [1]. The prevalence depends on methodology, particularly the sets of primers used ... leucocytes and lymphocytes increase, and the Kupffer cells proliferate. The appearances may resemble leukaemia. The lesions resemble those of early A, B or C viral hepatitis. The architecture of the ... a window period between the disappearance of one and the detection of the other Loss of. .. 18.1) [26] The viral genome is composed of a 5 non-coding region, a long open reading

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 15:20

... is the fourth commonest cause of death in adult males The prevalence of alcoholic liver disease depends largely on religious and other customs and on the relation between the cost of alcohol and ... related to the severity of theliver disease [72] The extent of the nutritional defectdepends on the type of alcoholic, whether of low socio-economic status where protein-calorie malnutritionoften ... synthesis of connective tissue There is interaction between stellate cells and adjacent sinusoidal and parenchymal cells, cytokines and growth factors, proteases and their inhibitors, and the

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 15:20

... abscess of liver. Note the elevated right diaphragm with overlying reaction in the lung field. An abscess in the left lobe of the liver may show a crescentic deformity of the lesser curve of the stomach. ... destroys the liver parenchyma. The lesions produced are single or multiple and of variable size. The amoebic abscess is usually about the size of an orange. The most frequent site is in the right ... vegetative form and as cysts, which survive outside the body and are highly infectious. The cystic form passes unharmed through the stomach and small intestine and changes into the vegeta- tive,

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 15:20

... of the ventral wall of the primitive foregut just cranial to the yolk sac Two solid buds of cells form the right and left lobes of the liver while the original elon-gated diverticulum forms the ... system and joins the common hepatic duct somewhere between the junction of the main right and left hepatic ducts and the entry of the cystic duct (fig 35.1c) It may, however, join the cystic duct, the ... recognized Type I is the failure of the gallbladder and cystic duct to develop as an outgrowth from the hepatic diverticu-lum of the foregut This type is often found with other anomalies of the biliary

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 15:20

... depends on the clinical state of the patient and the staging of the tumour derived from radiological imaging Difficulties in removal arise because of the inaccessibility of the pancreas on the pos- ... which there is no acceptable, alternative therapy The patient and the family must understand the magnitude of the under-taking and be prepared to face the difficult early post-operative period and ... pooling in the lower part of the body and splanchnic congestion The cannulae are placed in the inferior vena cava (via the femoral vein) and the portal vein, and run to the subclavian vein The veno-venous

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 15:20

... The right side of the brain is responsible for the motorand sensory functioning of the left side of the body and theopposite is true for the left-brain The left-brain is alsoresponsible for the ... beings due to the unique anatomy andphysiology of human nervous system Especially the cortex of the brain (the grey layer of the brain surface) is highlyevolved and complex Other organs of the human ... 25percent of the oxygen intake of the body and 70 percent of the total glucose available to the body The lower group of chordate animals do not have a developed organ like brainand therefore their

Ngày tải lên: 12/12/2016, 09:55