diseases and disorders of the eye and ear

... none other than the brain It is specially the organ which enables us to think, see and hear, and to distinguish the ugly and the beautiful, the bad and the good, pleasant and unpleasant It is the ... illuminated by the advances in understanding through advances in research For patients suffering from disorders and diseases of the brain, the advances in brain research provide hope in the form of their ... 1WHEN THINGS GO WRONG – DISEASES AND DISORDERS OF THE HUMAN BRAIN Edited by Theo Mantamadiotis Trang 2When Things Go Wrong – Diseases and Disorders of the Human Brain Edited by Theo Mantamadiotis

Ngày tải lên: 28/06/2014, 11:20

... disease, the primary pathol-ogy is in the kidney [1], the major site of Gb3synthesis in man [11], and in the heart, possibly due to the association of Gb3synthesis with the microvasculature GSL synthesis ... v) per 100 lL of plasma and then partitioned against 1⁄ 5 volume of water The lower phase was dried under a stream of nitrogen gas and then the residue was dissolved in chloroform The sample was ... in the serum of wild-type mice was below the background of this assay ERT and CsA treatment Effect on serum Gb3 Owing to the difficulty of drug administration in neo-nates and the availability of

Ngày tải lên: 19/02/2014, 07:20

... rate the fre-quency with which they were bothered by their eye aller-gies while carrying out activities, in addition to their level of bother, proved confusing for some subjects Further-more the ... frequency as the more pertinent index of severity, whereas patients consider intensity of bother to be of greater salience Consequently, instead of deleting either the 'intensity of bother' or 'frequency ... either the 'intensity of bother' or 'frequency of bother' items, they were combined in the scoring The 'intensity of bother' and 'frequency of bother' items were summed, not multiplied because

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 15:20

... Estrogen and gesterone influence the nonkeratinized squamous epithelium of thevagina and vulva Without hormonal influence, the epithelium isthin and atrophic and contains little glycogen, and the ... collec-to the cervical and vaginal mucosa When these are removed,slight oozing occurs There may be both erythema and edema ofthe vulva and vagina The discharge with Candida infection has a pH of 4–5 ... are contributed by the meta- mu-bolic products of the microflora, exudates from sebaceous sweatglands, Bartholin glands, and Skene glands, and small amounts of Trang 2Time of Life Hormonal Influence

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 16:20

... understanding of the anatomy and function of the ear and the auditory nervous system, and it discusses the cause and treatment of hearing disorders Most books on hearing focus either on the anatomy ... Middle Ear 27 4.3 Impulse Response of the Human Middle Ear 29 4.4 Linearity of the Middle Ear 294.5 Acoustic Impedance of the Ear 294.6 Contributions of Individual Parts of theMiddle Ear to Its ... comprehensive coverage of disorders of the auditory system emphasizing the interaction between patholo-gies of the middle ear and the cochlea and the function of the nervous system and vice versa Hyperactive

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 06:21

... ismeasured in the place of the head The effect of thehead on the sound at the entrance of the ear canal isrelated to the size of the head and, the wavelength2 of sound This means that the “amplification” ... effect of the head on the sound pressure at the entrance of the ear canal depends on the frequency of the sound and on the angle of incidence of the sound (direction to the sound source) 6 The difference ... the FIGURE 2.4 The combined effect of the head and the resonance in the ear canal and the outer ear, obtained in a model of the human head The difference in sound pressure measured close to the

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 06:21

... in the ventral parts of the MGB of the thalamus, the non-classical sensory pathways use the dorsal and medialdivision of the MGB as relay (Fig 5.10) [122] Thesedivisions of the MGB receive their ... routes and the lateral nucleus of the amygdala (AL), showing the “high route” and the “low route” Connections between the basolateral (ABL) and the central nuclei (ACE) of the amygdala and other ... 22 The physical basis for directional hearing in the vertical plane is the dependence of the elevation on the spectrum of the sounds that reaches the ear canal This is a result of the outer ears

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 06:21

... [59] The difference between the latency of the N1 of the AP and that of the response from the intracranial portion of the auditory nerve is the travel time in the auditory nerve from the ear to the ... The caudal portion of the floor of the lateral recess is the (dorsal) surface of the dorsal cochlear nucleus and the rostral portion of the floor of the lateral recess is the dorsal surface of ... 3)and that contributes to the dependence of the latency on the stimulus intensity [179] The conduction ity of nerve fibers and the synaptic delays are inde-pendent of the level of excitation and

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 06:21

... contractions of the middle ear mus-cles in the ipsilateral ear and the dashed lines are the responses in the contralateral ear The stimulus sound was 1.45 kHz pure tones presented in bursts of 500 ... large The latency of the response to 1.5 kHz tones is shorter than the response to 0.5 kHz tones [182] The latency of the ipsilateral and the contralateral responses are similar The latency of the ... components of broad band sounds will elicit contractions of the stapedius muscle when the intensities of these components are above the threshold of the reflex and that will cause attenuation of low

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 06:21

... The amount of acquired hearing loss depends not only on the intensity of the noise and the duration of exposure but also on the character of the noise (fre-quency spectrum and time pattern) The ... frequency of the ear canal (2.814 kHz) and that the greatest hearing loss occurs at a frequency that is 1.5 times the frequency of the maximal energy of the noise exposure, then the maximal hearing ... typical for loss of function of the active role of outer hair cells, that is to increase the sensitivity andfrequency selectivity of the ear (cf Chapter 3) Thewidening of the tuning of the basilar

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 06:21

... perception of sounds as inhyperacusis The anatomical location of the physiological mality of recruitment of loudness is the ear, most oftenthe cochlea, but absence of function of the acousticmiddle-ear ... Hyperactive hearing disorders (subjective tinnitusand abnormal perception of sounds such as hyperacu-sis and phonophobia) are some of the most diverseand complex disorders of the auditory system andtheir ... cells, and thereforeimpairment of the cochlear amplifier and impairment of the automatic gain control Recruitment of loudness frequently occurs togetherwith noise induced hearing loss and other

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 06:21

... membrane The latter is a function of the porosity and thickness of the membrane, the size of the solute molecule, and the conditions of flow on the two sides of the membrane According to laws of diffusion, ... activity of the basolateral Na+-K+ ATPase and Trang 14the number of Na+ channels in the apical membrane of the collecting duct In CKD, the excretion of the dietary load of potassium occurs at the ... NaPi2a and NaPi2c on the apical and basolateral membranes of the renal tubule FGF-23 also reduces the ability of the kidney to generate 1,25(OH)2D3 In the parathyroid gland, the FGF-23 receptor, the

Ngày tải lên: 26/05/2017, 22:35

... impaired neutrophil rolling and adhesion to activated endothelium The cause is a defect in the synthesis of sialylated Lewis X, the carbohydrate ligand on neutrophils and other leukocytes that is ... important for recognition of common antigens at epithelial boundaries between the host and the external environment The gd T cells differ from the ab T cells in which one of the following ways? 8 ... and antigen-presenting cells, as well as leukocytes and endothelial cells As such, it plays an important role in the activation of T lymphocytes and in their migration to sites of infection and

Ngày tải lên: 01/03/2019, 09:51

... molecules and cells are in wide-spread use for the treatment of immunologic diseases, cancers, and other types of disorders For all these reasons, the field of immunology has captured the attention of ... sheaths of the spleen When the lymphocytes are activated by antigens, they alter their expression of chemokine receptors The B cells and T cells then migrate toward each other and meet at the edge of ... each of these features is discussed in more detail compo-Early Innate Immune Response to Microbes The principal barriers between the host and the environment are the epithelia of the skin and the

Ngày tải lên: 21/01/2020, 14:12

... properties of the proteins involved in the early steps of the alternative pathway of complement activation C, Table summarizes the important properties of the proteins involved in the early steps of the ... risk of the disease Despite the clear association of MHC alleles with several autoimmune diseases, the role of these alleles in the development of the diseases remains unknown Some hypotheses ... a component of C1 of the classical pathway and serves to activate C4 The subsequent steps are essentially the same as in the classical pathway The net result of these early steps of com-plement

Ngày tải lên: 22/01/2020, 03:31

... impaired neutrophil rolling and adhesion to activated endothelium The cause is a defect in the synthesis of sialylated Lewis X, the carbohydrate ligand on neutrophils and other leukocytes that is ... regard There are three members of the selectin family (E-, P-, and L-) and more than 30 different members of the integrin family 16 A 2-year-old boy suffers from recurrent bacterial infection of ... migrate to the mucosa and recognize these peptide-MHC complexes Which of the following components of the TCR actually bind to the viral peptide-MHC complex? 5 Hypermutated regions: 1 in the a chain,

Ngày tải lên: 17/12/2020, 17:37

... transfer of the analytes from the anterior tissues of the eye to the posterior tissues and from the sclera inward The percent of the resulting mean local distribution in the sclera, choroid and retina ... amfenac in the posterior segment tissues of the eye, and to expand understanding of the distribution pathways of these molecules Nepafenac and amfenac were found to be rapidly distributed into the posterior ... Masferrer and Kulkarni, 1997) In the current studies, the concentrations of amfenac in the retina of both the rabbit and the monkey (Tables 1– (2000) and Walters et al (2007), and therefore would

Ngày tải lên: 01/11/2022, 09:52

... w(10) - the average position of the centre of gravity in the x-axis for all the objects in the imageLKifori∈(3, 5, 7, 3, 11), w(11) to w(15) - the average position of the centre of gravity in the ... of the choroid portion located beneath the RPE (Retinal Pigment Epithelium) layer The analysis of the choroid was performed using the new profiled algorithm based on tex-ture analysis and mathematical ... Results: The location of the centres of gravity of individual objects present in the image beneath the RPE layer proved to be important in the evaluation of different types of images In addition, the

Ngày tải lên: 01/11/2022, 08:58

... regardless of the ye are a few exceptions proportion of women their reproductive life) t their blood toss is in > reassure them and make ermine the duration of other symptoms or fac- L The following ... anaesthetic is almost always given Dilatation of the cervix is required to allow the curette to pass into the uterine cavity, and the greater the gestation of the pregnancy, the ... menstruation and the beginning of the next cycle, the upper functional layer of the endometrium regenerates from the basal endometrium. In endometrial ablation, the basal endometrium is destroyed, and

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 16:20

... the force these muscles generate is part of the neuromuscular system; the abdomen (especially an obese abdomen) and the heart (especially an enlarged heart) are, for these purposes, part of the ... M K ChoiThe majority of diseases of the respiratory system fall into one of three major categories: (1) obstructive lung diseases; (2) restrictive disorders; and (3) abnormalities of the vasculature ... of adequate size With the aid of fluoroscopic imaging, the bronchoscopist is able to determine not only whether and when the instrument is in the area of abnormality, but also the proximity of

Ngày tải lên: 26/05/2017, 22:34