data structures and algorithms made easy

... Search (ref DataOut <DataType>) <ErrorCode> Insert (val DataIn <DataType>) <ErrorCode> Remove (val key <KeyType>) <ErrorCode> Retrieve (ref DataOut <DataType>) ... <pointer>, val DataIn <DataType>) 1 if (subroot is NULL) 1 Allocate subroot 2 subroot ->data = DataIn 3 return success 2 else if (DataIn key < subroot ->data.key) 1 return ... <pointer>, val DataIn <DataType>) 1 if (subroot is NULL) 1 Allocate subroot 2 subroot ->data = DataIn 3 return success 2 else if (DataIn key < subroot ->data.key) 1 return

Ngày tải lên: 15/03/2014, 17:20

... <integer> data <array of <DataType>> branch <array of <pointer>> Trang 21Methods and FunctionsTrang 22B-Tree SeachTree22 <ErrorCode> SearchTree (ref target <DataType>) ... val newData <DataType>, ref median <DataType>, ref rightBranch <pointer>) (cont.) 2 // else, local variables: extraEntry, extraBranch 1 if (SearchNode ( subroot , newData , ... if (position < subroot->count ) AND ( target = subroot->dataposition) 1 return success 4 else 1 return not_present End SearchNode Trang 25Methods and FunctionsTrang 26B-Tree Insertion26

Ngày tải lên: 15/03/2014, 17:20

... Project Setup Create LIBREF, data set, and formats Data Management Join data sets, add variables, and subset data Analysis and Reporting Summarize, list, and plot data Trang 31Project setup tasks ... describes SAS data sets and what they contain Understanding SAS Data Sets and Variables Different software packages access data in different forms SAS Learning Edition accesses SAS data sets and their ... Trang 2Sunil K GuptaData Management and Reporting Made Easy with Learning Edition 2.0 Trang 3Data Management and Reporting Made Easy with SAS® Learning Edition 2.0 Copyright

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 16:06

... and implementing problem solutions Two list-oriented data structures that provide easy-to-understand... the Bubble sort, and the Insertion sort All of these algorithms are fairly easy ... none of these algorithms is ideal for sorting large data sets There are sorting algorithms, though, that can handle large data sets more efficiently We’ll examine their design and use in ... algorithm, and compare the times C HAPTER 4 Basic Searching Algorithms Searching for data is a fundamental computer programming task and one that... abstractions are stacks and queues Data

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 16:21

... DictionaryBase Class and the SortedList Class A dictionary is a data structure that stores data as a key–value pair The DictionaryBase class is used as an abstract class to implement different datastructures ... all store data as key–value pairs These data structures can behash tables, linked lists, or some other data structure type In this chapter, we examine how to create basic dictionaries and how to ... E R 1 0Hashing and the Hashtable Class Hashing is a very common technique for storing data in such a way that the data can be inserted and retrieved very quickly Hashing uses a data structure

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 16:21

... more fundamental structures, such as arrays and linked lists, because you can search a binary tree quickly (as opposed to a linked list) and you can quickly insert data and delete data from a binary ... any type of data, or even declare iData... Constructor Method We only need one data member and one constructor method for our CSet class The data member is a hash table and the constructor ... the data stored in the structure are obtained in a random order If the data in the tree are obtained in sorted or close-to-sorted order the tree will be unbalanced and the search algorithms

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 16:21

... <currSize And heapArray(leftChild)._ data < heapArray(rightChild).data) Then largerChild = rightChild Else largerChild = leftChild End If If (top.data >= heapArray(largerChild).data) Then ... thefollowing data in the set: 71 54 58 29 31 78 2 77 First, the data set is broken Trang 3P1: IWVup into two separate sets: 71 54 58 29 and 31 78 2 77 Then each half issorted to give 29 54 58 71 and 2 ... using a class for the data so that we can easily change the data type of the data being stored in the heap if we need to Here’s the code for the Node class: Class Node Public data As Integer Public

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 16:21

... objects with a field, x, and three methods, a(), b(), and c() Suppose we were to define a classT that extendsS and includes an additional field, y, and two methods, d() ande() The classT would ... consistently applied to implementations of data structures and algorithms These design patterns fall into two groups—patterns for solving algorithm design problems and patterns for solving software engineering ... applied, and a result, which describes and analyzes what the pattern produces We present several design patterns in this book, and we show how they can be consistently applied to implementations of data

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 01:21

... and again in the analysis of data structures and algorithms is the summation, which is defined as follows: , Trang 35where a and b are integers and a ≤ b Summations arise in data structure and ... interested in the design of "good" data structures and algorithms Simply put, a data structure is a systematic way of organizing and accessing data, and an algorithm is a step-by-step procedure ... Trang 304.1.2 The Logarithm function One of the interesting and sometimes even surprising aspects of the analysis of data structures and algorithms is the ubiquitous presence of the logarithm function,

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 01:21

... "(" and ")" • Braces: "{" and "}" • Brackets: "[" and "]" • Floor function symbols: " " and " " • Ceiling function symbols: " " and ... nodes p and q (either or both of which could be sentinels), we create a new node t, have t's prev and next links respectively refer to p and q, and then have p's next link refer to t, and have ... we can access the nodes p and q on either side of t (and these nodes must exist, since we are using sentinels) To remove node t between nodes p and q, we simply have p and q point to each other

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 01:21

... viewing data structures as collections (and other principles of object- oriented design) can be found in object-oriented design books by Booch [14], Budd [17], Golberg and Robson [40], and Liskov and ... structures in computing—trees. Tree structures are indeed a breakthrough in data organization, for they allow us to implement a host of algorithms much faster than when using linear data structures, ... provide a natural organization for data, and consequently have become ubiquitous structures in file systems, graphical user interfaces, databases, Web sites, and other computer systems. 375

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 01:21

... sufficiently random for our analysis. The main advantage of using randomization in data structure and algorithm design is that the structures and methods that result are usually simple and efficient. ... 9.4.1 Search and Update Operations in a Skip List The skip list structure allows for simple dictionary search and update algorithms. In fact, all of the skip list search and update algorithms ... with keys −∞ and +∞). • For i = 1, , h − 1, list S i contains (in addition to −∞ and +∞) a randomly generated subset of the entries in list S i−1 . • List S h contains only −∞ and +∞. 558

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 01:21

... the data structures discussed in this chapter are extensively covered by Knuth in his Sorting and Searching book [63], and by Mehlhorn in [74] AVL trees are due to Adel'son-Vel'skii and Landis ... Leiserson, and Rivest [25] The handbook by Gonnet and Baeza-Yates [41] contains a number of theoretical and experimental comparisons among dictionary implementations Aho, Hopcroft, and Ullman ... meanings and their implementations are straightforward Code Fragment 10.10: The dictionary ADT method insert and auxiliary methods createNode and Trang 18Methods insert (Code Fragment 10.10) and

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 01:22

... Hopcroft, and Ullman [5] The standard quick-sort algorithm is due to Hoare [49] More information about randomization, including Chernoff bounds, can be found in the appendix and the book by Motwani and ... Notes Trang 3Knuth's classic text on Sorting and Searching [63] contains an extensive history of the sorting problem and algorithms for solving it Huang and Langston [52] describe how to merge two ... of this book and the analysis of Kleinberg and Tardos [59] The quick-sort analysis of Exercise C-11.7 is due to Littman Gonnet and Baeza-Yates [41] provide experimental comparisons and theoretical

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 01:22

... and again in the analysis of data structures and algorithms is the summation, which is defined as follows: , Trang 35where a and b are integers and a ≤ b Summations arise in data structure and ... interested in the design of "good" data structures and algorithms Simply put, a data structure is a systematic way of organizing and accessing data, and an algorithm is a step-by-step procedure ... Trang 304.1.2 The Logarithm function One of the interesting and sometimes even surprising aspects of the analysis of data structures and algorithms is the ubiquitous presence of the logarithm function,

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 06:22

... sufficiently random for our analysis The main advantage of using randomization in data structure and algorithm design is that the structures and methods that result are usually simple and efficient ... 9.4.1 Search and Update Operations in a Skip List The skip list structure allows for simple dictionary search and update algorithms In fact, all of the skip list search and update algorithms are ... entries with keys −∞ and +∞) • For i = 1, , h − 1, list Si contains (in addition to −∞ and +∞) a randomly generated subset of the entries in list S i−1 • List Sh contains only −∞ and +∞ Trang 6An

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 06:22

... the data structures discussed in this chapter are extensively covered by Knuth in his Sorting and Searching book [63], and by Mehlhorn in [74] AVL trees are due to Adel'son-Vel'skii and Landis ... Leiserson, and Rivest [25] The handbook by Gonnet and Baeza-Yates [41] contains a number of theoretical and experimental comparisons among dictionary implementations Aho, Hopcroft, and Ullman ... meanings and their implementations are straightforward Code Fragment 10.10: The dictionary ADT method insert and auxiliary methods createNode and Trang 18Methods insert (Code Fragment 10.10) and

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 06:22

... Hopcroft, and Ullman [5] The standard quick-sort algorithm is due to Hoare [49] More information about randomization, including Chernoff bounds, can be found in the appendix and the book by Motwani and ... Notes Trang 3Knuth's classic text on Sorting and Searching [63] contains an extensive history of the sorting problem and algorithms for solving it Huang and Langston [52] describe how to merge two ... of this book and the analysis of Kleinberg and Tardos [59] The quick-sort analysis of Exercise C-11.7 is due to Littman Gonnet and Baeza-Yates [41] provide experimental comparisons and theoretical

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 06:22

... methods akin to the depth-first search (DFS) and breadth-first search (BFS) algorithms defined previously for undirected graphs (Sections 13.3.1 and 13.3.3). Such explorations can be used, ... In particular, a recursive call is made for each vertex exactly 831 once, and each edge is traversed exactly once (from its origin). Hence, if ns vertices and ms edges are reachable from vertex ... the description and analysis above we may immediately derive the following proposition. Proposition 13.19: Let be a digraph with n vertices, and let be represented by a data structure that

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 06:22