data communications and networking forouzan pdf

... Headers and trailers are control data added at the beginning and the end of each data unit at each layer of the sender and removed at the corresponding layers of thereceiver They provide source and ... layer b Error correction and retransmission: data link and transport layers Trang 7d Responsibility for carrying frames between adjacent nodes: data link layer19 a Format and code conversion services: ... presentation layer b Establishing, managing, and terminating sessions: session layer c Ensuring reliable transmission of data: data link and transport layers d Log-in and log-out procedures: session layer

Ngày tải lên: 12/04/2023, 21:01

... Rx and Tx, respectively By choice, the intercluster parameters pc, φ A c, and τc are parametersac,k,φ A c,k,φ D c,k, andτc,k The matrices BRx, W, and BTxare built from submatrices BRx c , Wc, and ... measured location of the Tx and Rx The calibration of the network analyzer is done at the connectors of the Tx and Rx antenna and as such includes both the RF/optical link and the amplifier Measurements ... which stretches horizontally top and bottom in the figure All inner walls are plasterboard, except for the concrete walls between rooms 118 and 120, and of the Tx and Rx during measurements A total

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 05:20

... Trang 1DATA COMMUNICATIONSAND NETWORKING Second Edition FM Page i Wednesday, February 23, 2000 2:30 PM Trang 2FM Page ii Wednesday, February 23, 2000 2:30 PMTrang 3DATA COMMUNICATIONSAND NETWORKING ... Choice 60 Exercises 63 Chapter 4 Signals 65 4.1 ANALOG AND DIGITAL 65 Analog and Digital Data 66 Analog and Digital Signals 66 4.2 APERIODIC AND PERIODIC SIGNALS 66 Periodic Signals 67 Aperiodic ... 5 Encoding and Modulating 91 Chapter 6 Transmission of Digital Data: Interfaces and Modems 139 Chapter 7 Transmission Media 187 Chapter 8 Multiplexing 231 Chapter 9 Error Detection and Correction

Ngày tải lên: 24/10/2017, 13:15

... on Wireless Communications and Networking, Special Issue on Smart Antennas, July 2007 [16] L.Wang and W Zhuang, “A call admission control scheme for packet data in CDMA cellular communications”, ... channel bandwidth in sub-frequency bands of width inferior to the coherence bandwidth of the channel (inverse of the delay spread) The transmission of a high speed signal on a broadband frequency ... Resource Management in HSDPA and HSUPA”, Bell Labs Technical Journal, 11(4), pp 151-167, 2007 Trang 4[4] S Singh, V Krishnamurthy, and H V Poor, “Integrated voice/Data call admission control

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 11:20

... in whatever form is agreed upon by the parties creating  and  using  the  data.  and  using  the  data.  Data  communications Data  communications  are  the  exchange of data between two devices via some form of  ... 181-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS In this section, we define two widely used terms:  In this section, we define two widely used terms: protocols protocols   and  and  standards standards .  First,  ... Components Data Representation Data Flow Topics discussed in this section: Trang 3Figure 1.1  Five components of data communication Trang 4Figure 1.2  Data flow (simplex, half­duplex, and full­duplex)

Ngày tải lên: 23/09/2020, 13:31

... five  layers:  physical physical ,  data link , network ,  network , transport ,  transport , and application , and  application . Trang 29Figure 2.16  TCP/IP and OSI model Trang 302-5 ADDRESSING ... ) is a multinational body dedicated to  worldwide agreement on international standards. An ISO  standard  that  covers  all  aspects  of  network  communications  is  the  Open  Systems  Interconnection  ( (OSI ... , logical ,  logical , port ,  port , and specific , and  specific . Trang 31Figure 2.17  Addresses in TCP/IP Trang 32Figure 2.18  Relationship of layers and addresses in TCP/IP Trang 33In Figure 2.19 a node with physical address 10 sends a 

Ngày tải lên: 23/09/2020, 13:31

... digital  data digital  data  refers  to  information  that  has  discrete  states.  Analog  data  take  on  continuous values. Digital data take on discrete values. Analog and Digital Data Analog and Digital Signals ... 88Figure 3.30  Two cases of SNR: a high SNR and a low SNR Trang 893-5 DATA RATE LIMITS A very important consideration in data communications  is how fast we can send data, in bits per second, over a  channel. Data rate depends on three factors: ... Analog and Digital Signals Periodic and Nonperiodic Signals Topics discussed in this section: Trang 4Note Data can be analog or digital Analog data are continuous and take continuous values. Digital data have discrete

Ngày tải lên: 23/09/2020, 13:32

... block  coding and scrambling may or may not be needed. Trang 3Figure 4.1  Line coding and decoding Trang 4Figure 4.2  Signal element versus data element Trang 5A  signal  is  carrying  data  in  ... 14NRZ-L and NRZ-I both have an average signal rate of N/2 Bd. Note Trang 15NRZ-L and NRZ-I both have a DC component problem. Note Trang 16A system is using NRZ­I to transfer 10­Mbps data. What  ... 16A system is using NRZ­I to transfer 10­Mbps data. What  are the average signal rate and minimum bandwidth? Trang 17Figure 4.7  Polar RZ scheme Trang 18Figure 4.8  Polar biphase: Manchester and differential Manchester schemes Trang 21In

Ngày tải lên: 23/09/2020, 13:32

... the  bandwidth  into  two  with  two  carrier  frequencies, as shown in Figure 5.5. The figure shows  the  positions  of  two  carrier  frequencies  and  the  bandwidths.  The  available  bandwidth  ... must be 1 MHz apart (2 f = 1 MHz) The bandwidth is B Δ = 8 × 1000 = 8000 Figure 5.8 shows the allocation of frequencies and bandwidth. Trang 17Figure 5.8  Bandwidth of MFSK used in Example 5.6 ... Trang 30The total bandwidth required for AM can be determined from the bandwidth of the audio signal: BAM = 2B. Note Trang 31Figure 5.17  AM band allocation Trang 32The total bandwidth required

Ngày tải lên: 23/09/2020, 13:32

... 2Bandwidth utilization is the wise use of available bandwidth to achieve Trang 36-1 MULTIPLEXING Whenever  the  bandwidth  of  a  medium  linking  two  devices  is  greater  than  the  bandwidth  ... allows  the  simultaneous  transmission  of  multiple  signals  across  a  single  data  link. As data and telecommunications use increases, so  does traffic. Trang 4Figure 6.1  Dividing a link into channels ... 17The Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) uses two  bands.  The  first  band  of  824  to  849  MHz  is  used  for  sending,  and  869  to  894  MHz  is  used  for  receiving.  Each user has a bandwidth of 30 kHz in each direction. 

Ngày tải lên: 23/09/2020, 13:32

... network and the governing protocol. Trang 16Figure 8.7  A datagram network with four switches (routers) Trang 17Figure 8.8  Routing table in a datagram network Trang 18A switch in a datagram ... traditional telephone network uses the circuit-switching approach. Note Trang 148-2 DATAGRAM NETWORKS In  data  communications,  we  need  to  send  messages  from  one  end  system  to  another.  ... in a datagram network remains the same during the entire journey of the packet. Note Trang 20Figure 8.9  Delay in a datagram network Trang 21Switching in the Internet is done by using the datagram

Ngày tải lên: 23/09/2020, 13:33

... tasks of data transfer and signaling are separated in modern telephone networks: data transfer is done by one network, signaling by another. Note Trang 8Figure 9.4  Data transfer and signaling networks ... 14Figure 9.8  The V.32 and V.32bis constellation and bandwidth Trang 15Figure 9.9  Uploading and downloading in 56K modems Trang 169-3 DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER LINE After traditional modems reached their peak data rate,  ... 31Figure 9.16  Division of coaxial cable band by CATV Trang 32Downstream data are modulated using the 64-QAM modulation technique. Note Trang 33The theoretical downstream data rate is 30 Mbps. Note Trang 34Upstream data are

Ngày tải lên: 23/09/2020, 13:33

... 8Figure 11.4  Bit stuffing and unstuffing Trang 911-2 FLOW AND ERROR CONTROL The  most  important  responsibilities  of  the  data  link  layer are  layer are  flow control flow control  and  error control  and  error control ... 33Figure 11.11 shows an example of  Stop­and­Wait ARQ   Frame 0 is sent and acknowledged. Frame 1 is lost and  resent  after  the  time­out.  The  resent  frame  1  is  acknowledged and the timer stops. Frame 0 is sent and  acknowledged,  ... that,  in  a  Stop­and­Wait  ARQ  system,  the  bandwidth of the line is 1 Mbps, and 1 bit takes 20 ms to  make a round trip. What is the bandwidth­delay product?  If the system data frames are 1000 bits in length, what is 

Ngày tải lên: 23/09/2020, 13:34

... functions of the physical layer and the data link layer  of major LAN protocols. Data Link Layer Physical Layer Topics discussed in this section: Trang 3Figure 13.1  IEEE standard for LANs Trang 4Figure 13.2  HDLC frame compared with LLC and MAC frames ... 22Table 13.1  Summary of Standard Ethernet implementations Trang 2313-3 CHANGES IN THE STANDARD The  10­Mbps  Standard  Ethernet  has  gone  through  several  changes  before  moving  to  the  higher  data  rates.  ... other high­data­rate LANs.  Bridged Ethernet Switched Ethernet Full­Duplex Ethernet Topics discussed in this section: Trang 24Figure 13.14  Sharing bandwidth Trang 25Figure 13.15  A network with and without a bridge

Ngày tải lên: 23/09/2020, 13:34

... 13Figure 15.6  A learning bridge and the process of learning Trang 14Figure 15.7  Loop problem in a learning bridge Trang 15Figure 15.8  A system of connected LANs and its graph representation Trang ... 15Figure 15.8  A system of connected LANs and its graph representation Trang 16Figure 15.9  Finding the shortest paths and the spanning        tree in a system of bridges Trang 17Figure 15.10  Forwarding and blocking ports after using spanning        tree algorithm ... Trang 1Chapter 15 Connecting LANs, Backbone Networks, and Virtual LANs Copyright © The McGraw­Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Ngày tải lên: 23/09/2020, 13:35

... (twenty­eight 1s and four 0s).  Trang 28Solution a  The  first  address  can  be  found  by  ANDing  the  given      addresses with the mask. ANDing here is done bit by      bit. The result of ANDing 2 bits is 1 if both bits are 1s; ... 12Figure 19.2  Finding the classes in binary and dotted­decimal notation Trang 13d. The first byte is 252; the class is E. Trang 14Table 19.1  Number of blocks and block size in classful IPv4 addressing ... 4The IPv4 addresses are unique and universal. Note Trang 5The address space of IPv4 is 232 or 4,294,967,296. Note Trang 6Figure 19.1  Dotted­decimal notation and binary notation for an IPv4 address

Ngày tải lên: 23/09/2020, 13:36

... 220-1 INTERNETWORKING In this section, we discuss internetworking, connecting  networks  together  to  make  an  internetwork  or  an  internet.  Need for Network Layer Internet as a Datagram Network ... value of HLEN is 5, and the value of the total length field  is 100. What are the numbers of the first byte and the last  byte? Solution The first byte number is 100 × 8 = 800 The total length is 100 bytes, and ... fragmentation offset). Example 20.6 Trang 32A  packet  has  arrived  with  an  M  bit  value  of  1  and  a  fragmentation offset value of 0. Is this the first fragment,  the last fragment, or a middle fragment?

Ngày tải lên: 23/09/2020, 13:36

... request  and  reply  packets encapsulated in Ethernet frames. Solution Figure  21.5  shows  the  ARP  request  and  reply  packets.  Note that the ARP data field in this case is 28 bytes, and  that  ... The unnumbered line after the command shows that the  destination is 153.18.8.1. The packet contains 38 bytes: 20  bytes of IP header, 8 bytes of UDP header, and 10 bytes of  application  data.  The  application  data  ... message.  We  randomly  chose  the  identifier  to  be  1  and  the  sequence  number  to  be  9.  The  message  is  divided  into  16­bit  (2­byte)  words.  The  words are added and the sum is complemented. Now the 

Ngày tải lên: 23/09/2020, 13:36

... decapsulates the packet and forwards it to all interested interfaces. Note Trang 78PIM-DM is used in a dense multicast environment, such as a LAN. Note Trang 79PIM-DM uses RPF and pruning and grafting ... 8 smaller blocks and assigned each to a small ISP. Each  small ISP provides services to 128 households, each using  four addresses.  Trang 20The second local ISP has divided its block into 4 blocks  and  ... ISP  has  divided  its  block  into  16  blocks  and  assigned  each  block  to  a  small  organization.  Each  small organization has 256 addresses, and the mask is / 24. Trang 21Figure 22.9  Hierarchical routing with ISPs

Ngày tải lên: 23/09/2020, 13:37

... discussed: data communications, networking, protocols and standards, and networking models. Networks exist so that data may be sent from one place to another-the basic con- cept of data communications. To fully ... Chapter 1 and Chapter 2. Chapter 1 In Chapter 1, we introduce the concepts of data communications and networking. We dis- cuss data communications components, data representation, and data flow. We then ... ofCongress Cataloging-in~Publication Data Forouzan, Behrouz A. Data communications and networking I Behrouz A Forouzan. - 4th ed. p. em. - (McGraw-HilI Forouzan networking series) Includes index. ISBN 978-0-07-296775-3 -...

Ngày tải lên: 28/02/2014, 17:08