continuation in part and independent applications

... and linearizing as usual, we obtain the linear operator d : ∧0 T ∗ ⊗ G → ∧1 T ∗ ⊗ G : (λτ ( x )) → (∂i λτ ( x )) leading to: 8 Continuum Mechanics – Progress in Fundamentals and Engineering Applications ... relativity (GR) introduced by Einstein in 1915 ([21],[38]) and leading to a Lagrangian depending on F = dA − [ A, A] as in the last remark In the meantime, Poincaré developped an invariant variational ... (elations) and not a word is left from the standard approach to GR In addition, we obtain the following important theorem explaining for the first time classical results in an intrinsic way: 30 30 Continuum...

Ngày tải lên: 28/06/2014, 14:20

... Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Lasers – Applications in Science and Industry, ... online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface IX Part Thin Films and Nanostructures Chapter Nanoparticles and Nanostructures Fabricated Using ... Laser Patterning Utilizing Masked Buffer Layer Ori Stein and Micha Asscher Part 75 93 Laser-Matter Interaction 107 Chapter Interaction Between Pulsed Laser and Materials Jinghua Han and Yaguo Li...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 22:20

... hot spots in the beams 28 Lasers – Applications in Science and Industry Depositing high LIDT coatings at Sandia’s large optics coating operation Coating large optics goes hand in hand with large ... Applications in Science and Industry of incidence (AOI), and the designs take into account behaviors of both S and P polarization (Spol and Ppol) electric field intensities resulting from interference ... this chapter Regarding the polishing and preparing of optics for coating, we have demonstrated in the case of an AR coating that using one combination of polishing compound and wash preparation...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 22:20

... Spol intensities also reach near zero intensity minima at the coating layer interfaces and at the interface between the coating and the incident medium, and show no intensity jumps The Ppol intensities, ... Lasers – Applications in Science and Industry Regarding polishing, washing and cleaning of an optic prior to coating it, we point out that residual amounts of the polishing compound embedded in the ... intensities exhibit significant ringing, with many intensity peaks over 200% of the incident intensity within ~ 34 layers into the coating, and with the highest peak at 340% of the incident intensity...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 22:20

... pulse intercepts and overheats the particulates generated by the pre-pulse causing their gradual boiling and elimination Ultimately, the Effect of Pulse Laser Duration and Shape on PLD Thin Films ... strongly influencing the electron interactions, and eventually determining the structural modifications of the material TEM investigations showed that the films are a mixture of crystalline and amorphous ... Applications in Science and Industry to the vibration bath, which results in heating and triggering of a whole range of phase transformation processes in the material, including melting, ablation via the...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 22:20

... amorphous states In the writing process, a small volume in the thin film is locally and rapidly heated to above the melting point and successively quenched into the amorphous phase In the erasing process, ... chalcogenide phase change films In this part, the detailed process of writing and erasing will be described, and 76 Lasers – Applications in Science and Industry the experimental and theoretical characterizations ... Science and Industry melting Tm and vaporization T f points are 512 °C and 738 °C, respectively It should be noted that T f is determined by the cross point between the tangent lines of AB and CD...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 22:20

... Part Laser-Matter Interaction Interaction Between Pulsed Laser and Materials 1College Jinghua Han1 and Yaguo Li2,3 of Electronics & Information Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 2Fine ... will induce various changes in refractive index, heat capacity, etc 110 Lasers – Applications in Science and Industry Fig Laser-matter interactions involve numerous complicated processes, inclusive ... improve the image quality while introducing a minor increase in the size of the object, all without changing the optical imaging parameters Laser Patterning Utilizing Masked Buffer Layer 103 Image...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 22:20

... laser induced SiO2 thin film (Courtesy of Ms Jin Luo) 114 Lasers – Applications in Science and Industry (a) Original SiO2 thin film (b) Damaged SiO2 thin film Fig 2.5 The XRD spectra of SiO2 thin ... background continuous spectrum and linear spectrum due to elements including in the plasma The continuous spectrum of radiation is mainly attributed to bremsstrahlung and recombination radiation ... Photonic crystal fiber and supercontinuum spectrum (Courtesy of Dr Ping Ying and Dr Zairu Ma) 126 Lasers – Applications in Science and Industry 5.3 Color centers Laser induced color center is...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 22:20

... powders in two ways By putting thin PETN powder layers in contact with ground 136 Lasers – Applications in Science and Industry glass plates with PMMA block, we observed the detonation-induced ... varying fluence in order to determine the threshold fluence for ablation Threshold fluence of ablation is almost independent of beam pattern and is 20-25 J/cm2 The value is also independent of incident ... material interface E0 and E denote the Electric field strength of the incident beam, and that of the reflected beam 138 Lasers – Applications in Science and Industry where suffices ^ and ∥ denote light...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 22:20

... as well in order to visualize Au nanoparticles and to distinguish 156 Lasers – Applications in Science and Industry between influences of shape and/ or size on extinction spectrum for instance ... value and, as a consequence, a decrease of Au nanoparticles concentration in Au17 solution being determined 160 Lasers – Applications in Science and Industry Fig SEM images (A, B) and particular ... substrate types serving as electrodes is given by possible applications of Au nanoparticles-modified substrates in photovoltaic devices Therefore, indium-tin-oxide (ITO) and/ or fluorine-tin-oxide (FTO)...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 22:20

... ultrasonic bath, and then polished 174 Lasers – Applications in Science and Industry Fig Schematic representation of propagation of pitting corrosion in chloride ion containing solutions Table ... aluminum alloy is about twice that of the 2024 aluminum alloy 178 Lasers – Applications in Science and Industry Fig Changes in the diameters of fabricated artificial pits on 1050 and 2024 aluminum ... neutral and no nitrogen or argon gas was bubbled into the solution The exposed area of the intermetallics in the pit wall may also increase with aspect ratio and cause the increasee in cathodic partial...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 22:20

... thorough understanding of both the disciplines of biology and engineering is imperative to develop 194 Lasers – Applications in Science and Industry an efficient system for handling biological ... determined partial hatching or thinning the zona is more effective Implantation rates were 2.8%, 9.1% and 8.1% in the complete hatching, partial hatching and zona thinning groups Clinical pregnancy ... Additional instruments used for manipulation introduce increased cost and possible damage to the embryo in the form of contamination and constant physical contact Applications of laser in IVF Since...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 22:20

... narrower in the dentine, reflecting the large difference in hardness between enamel and dentine In addition, in the real-time imaging shown in Fig 5, a small flying particle (debris), is observed in ... enamel and dentine, and there is a remarkable difference in refractive index and hardness between these two materials The interface between enamel and dentine is therefore recognized clearly in the ... (2009) Advances and controversies in assisted reproductive technology Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine, Vol 76, pp 50620 214 Lasers – Applications in Science and Industry Verlinsky, Y., Ginsberg, N.,...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 22:20

... response length and the sampling interval Δz0=cΔt0/2 of the lidar system, and by the noise level and bandwidth (Gurdev et al., 1998, 1993); Δt0 is the sampling interval (the digitizing step) in the time ... improvement of the sensing accuracy and resolution in this case The concluding part of the chapter contains a brief discussion of the investigations described and the results obtained as well as of ... (or TOF) principle That is, the return signal profile in the time domain contains range-resolved information about the radiation-matter interaction (absorption and scattering) processes and the...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 22:20

... Ps(z) and f(=2z/c) are supposed defined and integrable over the interval (-) The finite integration limits =0 and =z indicate only the points where the integrand becomes identical to zero When ... with increasing the computing step Δz=cΔt/2, whose least value Δz0=cΔt0/2 is the sampling interval The finite-computingstep systematic (bias) error depends, in general, on the value of z and ... characteristicspike cuts and fast-varying alternating-sign (deterministic or random) uncertainties lead to small retrieval errors because of their small areas The results from investigating the influence of...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 22:20

... Laser Pulse Shapes, In: Advances in Atmospheric Remote Sensing with Lidar, A.Ansmann, R Neuber, P.Raioux, U Wandinger, (Eds.), 135-138, Springer Verlag, ISBN 3540618872, Berlin Dreischuh, T.N.; ... Vankov, O.I (2000) Lidar Profiling by Long Rectangular-Like Chopped Laser Pulses, Opt Engineering, vol 39, pp 1556-1567 276 Lasers – Applications in Science and Industry Stoyanov, D.V.; Dreischuh, ... allows high-resolution sensing of small finite-size objects by longer laser pulses, realizing in this way doublesided linear-strategy optical tomography of such objects The investigations performed...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 22:20

... within the averaging volume, the situation at t = t2 in Fig is reached from the beginning (t = t0 ) Thus, at each point in the wetting phase and at each point in the non-wetting phase within the ... wetting and non-wetting phase (left hand side) and between non-wetting and solid phase (right hand side) after 17s 17 17 Mass and Heat Transfer During Two-Phase Flow in Porous Media - Theory and ... kinetics 19 19 Mass and Heat Transfer During Two-Phase Flow in Porous Media - Theory and Modeling Mass and Heat Transfer During Two-Phase Flow in Porous Media - Theory and Modeling T l from interfacial...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 06:20

... residual stress and cracking in cementitious composites: the in uence of internal and external restraint Proceedings of 4th International Research Seminar Self-Desiccation and Its Importance in Concrete ... 1989; Murthy & Singh, 1997) in studies of non-Darcy convective heat transfer in porous media Invoking the Boussinesq approximations, and defining the velocity components u and v in terms of stream ... which involves the complex interaction between three phases (air, groundwater and soil) and also in many industrial applications such as enhanced oil recovery (e.g., chemical flooding and CO2 injection),...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 06:20

... size can, during their movement in the system, collide and interact with the gas–liquid interface and, in consequence, the gas bubbles break into smaller ones causing an increase in interfacial ... (Fig 8a) In coalescing system, it can be explained that solids in a small quantity during their movement in the system hit the gas bubbles, which are breaking into the smaller ones and in consequence, ... semitransparent mirror coating (Fig 10) The cell was encased in a metal frame and formed a working cell of the interferometer adjusted to a band of the infinite width The insert placed in the gap had a...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 06:20

... transducing part, the strain generated during operation in a copper alloy coupling having four strain gauges is recorded continuously In the impeller displacement transducing part, a switching circuit ... challenge and creates a 138 138 Mass Transfer in Multiphase Systems and its Applications Mass Transfer in Multiphase Systems and its Applications major interest in many industrial applications ... Approach in the Modeling of Flotation Flotation Transfer Transfer in Gas-Liquid Contacting Modeling of and Massand Mass in Gas-Liquid Contacting Systems Systems 139 139 Generally speaking, this kind...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 06:20