consequences of drug resistance mechanisms

... precondition for drug abuse, creating something of a vicious circle D Trade and balance of payments The effects of the illicit drug industry on both the balance of trade and the balance of payments of a ... per year,125 estimates of the number of drug- related deaths of injecting drug users (IDUs) amount to a maximum of 200,000 cases per annum globally Officially reported cases of SARM are significantly ... in the price level, which may offset most of the quantity increases of a specific drug Office of National Drug Control Policy, What America’ Users Spend on Illegal Drugs, 1988-1993, s Washington...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 06:20

... accompanying other drug resistance Polydrug resistance is resistance of M tuberculosis strain to two or more of the first-line drugs MDR is a special subgroup of polyresistance, in which there is resistance ... into contact with the drugs (Mitchison, 1984) Monoresistance is defined as resistance to one of the first-line drugs Any drug resistance is indicated as total resistance for a drug with and without ... in TB drug resistance in Turkey We believe that the proportions of the resistance patterns give us the resistance development pathways Our results indicate that the proportions of TB drug resistance...

Ngày tải lên: 29/03/2014, 03:20

... of the importance of laboratory-derived drug resistance markers cannot be done It may help to explain, however, why the results are often less than clear Clinical Studies of Drug Resistance Resistance ... determine the clinical significance of specific drug- resistance mechanisms 4 Anthoney and Kaye 3.1 P-glycoprotein (Pgp) One of the major mechanisms of multidrug resistance in cultured cancer cells ... for this is the development of drug resistance within tumor cells The laboratory study of resistance to anticancer drugs has resulted in the discovery of numerous mechanisms present within tumor...

Ngày tải lên: 10/04/2014, 22:15

... Accumulation of mutations against drugs from different drug classes and/or the presence of broad cross -resistance mutations will jeopardize the effectiveness of the NRTI backbone of second-line ... detection of plasma HIV-1 and assessment of drug resistance J Virol Methods 2006, 133:137-145 Johnson VA, Brun-Vezinet F, Clotet B, Gunthard HF, Kuritzkes DR, Pillay D, et al.: Update of the Drug Resistance ... failure and accompanying resistance are of concern with regard to the risk of disease progression and potential transmission of drug resistant virus to partners The aim of this study was to assess,...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 05:21

... availability of a range of structures of NNRTIresistant RTs drugs will provide greater understanding of the molecular basis of drug resistance mechanisms Such data will contribute to the design of novel ... the surface of the drug pocket are also known sites of drug resistance mutations Indeed, Lys103Asn is the mutation most frequently observed in clinical use of NNRTIs Other NNRTI resistance mutations ... selection of drug- resistant virus remains a significant problem in controlling HIV infection and AIDS The work reported here is part of ongoing studies aimed at understanding mechanisms of drug resistance...

Ngày tải lên: 16/03/2014, 13:20

... results of drug resistance and drug sensitivity should not be confused: drug resistance is considered as highly predictable, which is not the case with drug sensitivity Results of sensitive drugs ... rethinking of the pharmacological strategy of cancer drug therapy seems to be necessary, i.e the management may include, in cases of the detection of broad drug resistance, the omission of aggressive ... between drug- resistant cells and several of the resistance proteins [52] The determination of resistance proteins in cancer cell biopsies seems a feasible way to detect intrinsic drug resistance...

Ngày tải lên: 25/10/2012, 11:10

... HBV Drug Resistance Given the recent approval of adefovir dipivoxil, and the probability that other antivirals could also become available in the nottoo-distant future, the management of drug resistance ... monitoring of viral resistance may not only require the use of existing tools such as drug resistance and viral load testing, but might also have to be extended to include the detection of mutations ... in vitro and molecular mechanisms of nucleoside resistance Semin Liver Dis 2002;22:23-31 21 Doo E, Liang TJ Molecular anatomy and pathophysiologic implications of drug resistance in hepatitis...

Ngày tải lên: 03/11/2012, 09:41

... bold b The type of mutation: natural polymorphism (P), mutation appearing only in drug resistance (R, see Fig 1) If two mutations occurred and one of them was occurring only in drug resistance, the ... Antiviral Program of the Office of the Director of NIH and by AIDS FIRCA Grant TW01001 The contents of this publication not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Department of Health and ... models of the P1¢ residue of peptides 7, 10, 11 and 14 (Table 4) are shown occupying the S1¢ binding site of wild-type HIV-1 PR suggest that the maximization of the van der Waals interactions of...

Ngày tải lên: 21/02/2014, 03:20

... benefits of PYM can be attenuated in the clinic, because of intrinsic and ⁄ or acquired drug resistance, which is the major limitation of PYM-based chemotherapy The mechanism of cellular resistance ... relevance to drug resistance [7] Accumulating evidence suggests that multiple complex mechanisms may be involved, simultaneously or complementarily, in the emergence and development of drug resistance ... whether the resistance was associated with the overexpression of well-documented resistance- related molecules MDR1, multidrug resistance- associated protein (MRP1), and breast cancer resistance...

Ngày tải lên: 06/03/2014, 22:21

... et al Multidrug resistance (MDR) is one of the major causes of failure of chemotherapy of human malignancies Studies have shown that cellular drug resistance is mediated by various mechanisms ... the cytotoxic activity of the drug, from a decrease of drug accumulation in the cell to abrogation of apoptosis induced by the chemical substance Often several different mechanisms were switched ... a certain role in drug accumulation in gastric cancer cells, which could induce drug resistance in SGC7901 cells by decreasing accumulation and increasing release of these drugs (ADR and VCR)...

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 03:20

... levels of any resistance to first-line drugs (8.8%) in Ndola, and for the first time systematically investigated and documented absence of resistance to second-line drugs (OFL and KAN) These levels of ... Gillespie, “Comparison of fitness of two isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, one of which had developed mulit -drug resistance during the course of treatment,” Journal of Infection, vol 41, ... to drug susceptibility testing (DST) is limited and not performed routinely, the picture of drug resistance in Zambia may be imprecise This study was set out to document the prevailing drug resistance...

Ngày tải lên: 22/03/2014, 18:20

... PREVALENCE OF INITIAL DRUG RESISTANCE AMONG PATIENTS ATTENDING THE CLINICS IN MADRAS The MIC and RR indicative of Drug Resitance are detailed in Table-I TABLE Criteria for Drug Resistance Name of Drug ... TABLE Drug Resistance to Individual Drugs Drug Resistant Cases TABLE Pattern of Drug Resistance No No Percentage Percentage Isoniazid 217 28.9 Sensitive cases 412 54.9 Ethambutol 140 18.7 Resistance ... Analysis of the pattern of Initial Drug Resistance (IDR) among the 750 positive cultures (Table 2) shows that 181 (24.1 %) were resistant to a single drug and 132 (17.6%) were resistant to two drugs,...

Ngày tải lên: 29/03/2014, 03:20

... of PR Hence, the comparison of PR complexes with substrate analogs or drugs helps to explain how the virus can develop drug resistance while retaining the ability to catalyze the hydrolysis of ... Sciences, Of ce of Science, under Contract No W-31-109-Eng-38 Use of the National Synchrotron Light Source was supported by the US Department of Energy, Division of Materials Sciences and Division of ... comparison of the complexes with the p1-p6 analog The two complexes of PR–p1-p6 and PRV82A–p1-p6 had two orientations of the analog with a relative occupancy of 0.6 and 0.4 Residues P5-P5¢ of p1-p6...

Ngày tải lên: 30/03/2014, 20:20

... risk of drug resistant TB The recent outbreaks of MDR and XDR TB have reinforced the fear of expansion of isoniazid resistance Expansion of Isoniazid resistance could lead to the emergence of MDR ... fourth global drug resistance report which highlights the growing problem of anti-TB drug resistance Among new cases any resistance was estimated at 17.0% (95 CLs 13.6–20.4), Isoniazid resistance ... between HIV and drug resistant TB is also not limited to Sub-Saharan Africa Countries of the former Soviet Union have the highest rates of drug resistant TB and some of that resistance is associated...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 08:20

... antiretroviral resistance and of them, 21%, 45% and 34% presented resistance to one, two or three classes of antiretroviral drugs, respectively [3] In contrast, the frequency of primary resistance ... 26:266-273 UK Collaborative Group on Monitoring the Transmission of HIV Drug Resistance: Analysis of prevalence of HIV-1 drug resistance in primary infections in the United Kingdom Br Med J 2001, ... monitor the transmission of drug- resistant strains and the subtype profile in Brazil, a National Network for Drug Resistance Surveillance (HIV-BResNet) in the chronically infected drug- naïve population...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 08:20

... pressures of HLA-restricted immune responses and antiretroviral drugs on HIV-1 Antivir Ther 2005, 10:551-555 Mason RD, Bowmer MI, Howley CM, Gallant M, Myers JCE, Grant MD: Antiretroviral drug resistance ... HIV in 2002 She initiated a regimen of lamivudine, AZT and efavirenz in October of 2004, at which time a viral load was 34,600 copies/ml with a CD4 count of 230 × 103 cells/ml Within two weeks ... withholding of antiviral medications She restarted therapy but continued to miss doses As of December, 2004, and April, 2005, the viral loads remained less than 150 copies/ml, increasing to a range of...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 05:20

... Science, University of Glasgow, UK) Drug resistance analysis The edited sequences were submitted to Stanford University HIV Drug Resistance Database and drug resistance mutation profiles were analysed ... associated with antiretroviral drug resistance It is imperative to investigate and describe mutations associated with resistance to antiretroviral drugs in the RT and PR genes of HIV1 non-B subtypes ... found in the consensus sequences of non-B subtypes Conclusion: Based on the WHO HIV Drug Resistance Research Network Threshold of less than 5%, the baseline prevalence of primary mutations among treatment-naïve...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 05:21

... with drug resistance [22] The total score for a drug is derived by adding up the scores of each mutation associated with HIVDR to that drug The interpretation tool subsequently reports one of the ... least 95% of HIVDR call-concordance was observed for the majority of the drugs with the exception of d4T However, across the different drugs, subtype F1 showed a higher proportion of minor call ... interpretation of fold change and drug resistance They represent thresholds on the fold change continuum to indicate loss in clinical drug activity due to resistance These cut-offs are determined based...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 05:21

... of miR-27a might inhibit the growth of MKN45 cells in vitro and in vivo Down-regulation of miR-27a might reverse drug resistance of gastric cancer cells As shown in Table 1, the IC50 values of ... index of ADR of miR-27a antagomir cells was observed as compared with control cells (p < 0.05) Effect of mir-27a on protein regulating proliferation and drug resistance The expression of P-glycoprotein, ... of the cells were detected in soft agar D, tumorigenicity of the cells in BALB/c nu/nu mice was detected The volumes of tumors were monitored at the indicated time results of MTT assay and soft...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 10:21

... Stoter G, Nooter K: RNA expression of breast cancer resistance protein, lung resistance- related protein, multidrug resistance- associated proteins and 2, and multidrug resistance gene in breast cancer: ... Jardillier J: Multicellular resistance: a paradigm for clinical resistance? Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2000, 36:193-207 Longley DB, Johnston PG: Molecular mechanisms of drug resistance J Pathol 2005, ... males and 47.7% have early stages of HL and complaining of B-symptoms Most of the patients (76.2%) received cycles of ABVD regimen Other baseline characteristics of the patients are shown in Table...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 10:21