c programming language notes pdf in hindi

... c-char-sequence: c-char c-char-sequence c-char c-char: any member of the source character set except the single-quote, backslash, or new-line character escape-sequence universal-character-name escape-sequence: ... "q-char-sequence" h-char-sequence: h-char h-char-sequence h-char h-char: any member of the source character set except new-line and > q-char-sequence: q-char q-char-sequence q-char q-char: any member ... Such classifications are especially useful for maintaining consistency across a set of classes within a component C++ provides support for the distinction between inspectors and modifiers in

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 19:21

... static modifier is an instance method. An instance method operates on a specific instance and can access both static and instance members. The instance on which an instance method was invoked can ... base class of Point3D is Point, and the base class of Point is object: public class Point { public int x, y; public Point(int x, int y) { this.x = x; this.y = y; } } public class Point3D: Point ... class Accessibility Meaning public Access not limited protected Access limited to this class and classes derived from this class internal Access limited to this program protected internal Access

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 23:23

... an object and modify all pointers to it correctly A conserva-tive collector also allows C++ code fragments to coexist with code written in languages such as C.Traditionally, copying collectors ... hexadecimal digit, respectively Forexample: This makes it possible to represent every character in the machine’s character set and, in particular, to embed such characters in character strings ... identifiers,comments, character constants, and strings may contain characters such as å ,β, andΓ However, to be portable the implementation must map these characters into an encoding using only charactersavailable

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 19:21

... copy to get and keep right as the program evolves Accordingly, we will place this common material in a header file,calc.h, which will be included as necessary (The #includeline is described in ... previously defined values, even function calls For example, theinitialization of the binary search program inSection 3.3could be written as int binsearch(int x, int v[], int n) { int low = 0; int high ... becausefunctions may not be defined within other functions On the other hand, variables can bedefined in a block-structured fashion within a function Declarations of variables (includinginitializations)

Ngày tải lên: 06/08/2014, 09:20

... Define functions f f(c ch ha ar r), g g(c ch ha ar r&), and h h(c co on ns st t c ch ha ar r&) Call them with the arguments ´a a´, 4 49 9, 3 33 00 0, c c, u uc c, and s sc c, where c c ... &c c2 2; / /need to allocate space for c2 Given this, the compiler knows the values of c c1 1 and c c2 2 so that they can be used in constant sions Because the values of c c3 3 and c c4 4 ... so a c co on ns st t appearing before the*is taken to be part of the base type For example: c ch ha ar r*c co on ns st t c cp p; / /const pointer to char c ch ha ar r c co on ns st t*p pc c; /

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 19:21

... of achieving consistency for declarations in different translation units is to #i in nc cl lu ud de e header files containing interface information in source files containing exe- cutable code ... Nicollo Machiavelli (‘ The Prince’’ §vi) The C++ Programming Language, Third Edition by Bjarne... implementation in which C and C++ use the same calling conventions might accept ... nc cl lu ud de e "t to o_ _b be e_ _i in nc cl lu ud de ed d" replaces the line in which the #i in nc cl lu ud de e appears with the contents of the file t to o_ _b be e_ _i in nc cl

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 19:21

... rc mp x.r ep s, y.r ep s) 0; }; S tr in g o pe to r+(c on st S tr in g&, c on st S tr in g&); St ri ng op er at or co ns t St ri ng co ns t St ri ng S tr in g o pe to r+(c on st S tr in g&, c ... on st c r*); St ri ng op er at or co ns t St ri ng co ns t ch ar To save space, I have left the I/O and concatenation operations as exercises The main program simply exercises the S tr in g operators ... Section 11.12 A String Class 297 f ri en d b oo l o pe to r!=(c on st S tr in g& x c on st S tr in g& y fr ie nd bo ol op er at or co ns t St ri ng x, co ns t St ri ng y) { r et ur n s tr cm

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 19:21

... se ea ar rc ch h( () ) Find the first occurrence of a sequence as a subsequence. f fi in nd d _ _ e en nd d( () ) Find the last occurrence of a sequence as a subsequence. s se ea ar rc ch h _ _ ... f fi in nd d _ _ e en nd d () is s se ea rc ch h () ‘‘backwards.’’ It finds the last occurrence of its second input sequence in its first input sequence, rather than the first occur- rence of ... good indication that something unsavory is going on and that we can do better in cases when we know more about the object being hashed In particular, if an object contains a pointer, if the object

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 19:21

... during its implementation and testing 15 (∗2.5) Imagine that reading medium-long strings (most are to 25 characters long) from c in is ci n the bottleneck in your system Write an input function ... application programmer thinks of as output is really the conversion of objects of types, such as i nt c r*, and E mp lo ye e_ re co rd into sequences of characin t, ch ar Em pl oy ee _r ec or ... si c_ io st re am formatting (, etc.) setup/cleanup b as ic _s tr ea mb uf ba si c_ st re am bu f< >: buffering l oc al e: lo ca le format information character buffer real destination/source

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 19:21

... 471 20 Generics 473 20.1 Generic Class Declarations 473 20.2 Generic Struct Declarations 484 20.3 Generic Interface Declarations 484 20.4 Generic Delegate Declarations 486 20.5 Constructed Types ... 581-3793 international@pearsontechgroup.com Visit Addison-Wesley on the Web: www.awprofessional.com Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hejlsberg, Anders. The C# programming language ... transmitted, in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior consent of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Published

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 23:23

... Friday, October 10, 2003 7:35 PM Trang 81 Introduction6 declares a class named Stack in a namespace called Acme.Collections The fully qual-ified name of this class is Acme.Collections.Stack The class ... Assuming that the “Hello, World” program is stored in the file hello.cs, the program can be compiled with the Microsoft C# compiler using the command line csc hello.cs which produces an executable ... declarative information about the component; and they incorporate their own documentation C# provides language constructs to directly support these concepts, making C# a very natural language in

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 23:23

... Console.WriteLine(Divide(x, y)); } catch (Exception e) { Console.WriteLine(e.Message); } } checked and unchecked statements static void Main() { int i = int.MaxValue; checked { Console.WriteLine(i ... simple class named Point: public class Point { public int x, y; public Point(int x, int y) { this.x = x; this.y = y; } } Instances of classes are created using the new operator, which allocates ... new instance, invokes a constructor to initialize the instance, and returns a reference to the instance. The following statements create two Point objects and store references to those objects in

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 23:23

... = 3; 1.9 Interfaces An interface defines a contract that can be implemented by classes and structs An inter-face can contain methods, properties, events, and indexers An interinter-faces does ... instance is invoked automatically during garbage collection The garbage collector is allowed wide latitude in deciding when to collect objects and run destructors Specifically, the timing of ... IControl, IDataBound { public void Paint() { } public void Bind(Binder b) { } } When a class or struct implements a particular interface, instances of that class or struct can be implicitly converted

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 23:23

... 30 } 2In practice, function interfaces tend to be much more stable (i.e., less subject to change) than code internals. Thus, the need to search for and change each occurrence of a function call ... the character set of the machine on which the compiler resides This is unlike the version of toupper() we presented in Section 4.3, which is incorrect for machines using, say, the EBCDIC character ... reusable 1 int toupper (int c) 2 /* Convert lowercase letters to uppercase, leaving all other characters unchanged Works correctly 3 * only for character sets with consecutive letters, such as ASCII

Ngày tải lên: 11/12/2017, 17:10

... Character Input and Output charac-ter at a time getchar ( ) fetches the next input character each time it is c = getcharo The function pr-ltchar ( c ) is the complement of getchar: putchar (c) prints ... this inChapter 2.) Character Counting The next program counts characters; it is a small elaboration of the copyprogram Trang 24l6 THE C PROGRAMMING LANGUAGEmain0 /te count characters in input ... maximum input line size */ maino /* find longest line */ ( int len; /tc current line length tc/ char line[ItNXLINE]; /tc current input line */ char saveII'IAKLINEI; /tc longest line, saved */

Ngày tải lên: 05/11/2019, 14:27

... as streams of characters A text stream is a sequence ters divided into lines; each line consists of zero or more characters followed by ofcharac-a newline chofcharac-arofcharac-acter It is the ... program in a file whose name ends in " c", such as hello c, then compile it with the command cc hello.c If you haven't botched anything, such as omitting a character or misspelling something, ... 1.5.2 Character Counting The next program counts characters; it is similar to the copy program Trang 32The character counting program accumulates its count in a long variable instead of an int

Ngày tải lên: 30/03/2020, 21:51

... cách chính xác (ví dụ: danh sách đầy đủ của cáchàm có thể truy cập dữ liệu) Sự tách biệt như vậy được thể hiện tốt nhất bằng cách phânluồng tất cả các mục đích sử dụng cấu trúc dữ liệu và các ... nó  Các thành phần Pulic cung cấp các “class’s interface” hay thường được gọi là các nguyên mẫu hàm còn các thành phần Private triển khai các chi tiết  Struct là một lớp (class) mà các thành ... Các hàm được khai báo trong một lớp (struct cũng được coi là một lớp) được gọi là cáchàm thành phần và chỉ có thể dược gọi cho một cho một biến cụ thể của kiểu thích hợpbằng cách sử dụng các cú

Ngày tải lên: 14/11/2022, 19:11

... vì C không cho phép các hàm được xác định bên trong các hàm khác Theo mặc định, các biến và hàm bên ngoài có đặc tính là tất cả các tham chiếu đến chúng có cùng tên, ngay cả từ các hàm được biên ... các chi tiết không liên quan có thê bị ân trong các chức năng và khả năng xảy ra các tương tác không mong muốn được giảm thiểu Và các phần thậm chí có thê hữu ích trong các chương trình khác ... tức khỏi switch Vi các case chỉ đóng vai trò là nhãn nên sau khi code cho một case được thực hiện xong, việc thực thi sẽ chuyển Trang 12trong chương này Các case chạy liên tục không có khoảng nghỉ

Ngày tải lên: 26/12/2024, 17:19

... of any input Line */ int getline(char *, int); char *alloc(int); /* readlines: read input Lines */ int readlines(char *lineptr[], int maxline) { int len, nlines; char *p, line[MAXLEN]; nlines = ... này Các thủ tục còn thô so" vi các cuộc gọi tới affee phải được thực hiện theo thử tự ngược lại với các cuộc gọi Trang 16được thực hiện trên alloc Tức là bộ lưu trữ được quản lý bởi alloc và ... #define MAXLINE 1000 int getline(char *line, int max); /* find: print Lines that match pattern from 1st arg */ main(int argc, char *argv[]) { char line[MAXLINE]; int found = 0; if (argc !=2) printf("Usage:

Ngày tải lên: 26/12/2024, 17:19

... is exactly one character; a string is a set of zero or more characters; a string containing one character is distinct from a lone character.) A character constant is simply a single character ... you're using an older compiler. On many machines, another compiler called acc or gcc is available, and you'll want to use it, instead. (Both acc and gcc are typically invoked the same as cc; that ... argument to expect and how to print it. In this case, the letter d indicates that printf is to expect an int, and to print it in decimal. Finally, we see that printf is in fact being called with

Ngày tải lên: 03/04/2014, 15:20