andrew marr a history of modern britain watch online

... 102A One of the first to take advantage of magnetic drums was was ComputerResearch Corporation of Hawthorne, California This company was Trang 9founded by former employees of Northrop Aircraft ... andretrieve large amounts of data easily and quickly Required also were avariety of retrieval methods, so that the data could be used later on indifferent ways Calculations consisted mainly of ... stations, and massive financial andpersonal databases maintained by credit-card companies and mail-orderhouses Before 1955, human beings performed all these activities using writers, carbon paper, and

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 20:20

... tape A simple change might therefore involve moving alot of data A more practical action was to make changes to a smallpercentage of the whole file, adding and deleting a few accounts at thesame ... originalprogram.Trang 22Graham, and Bruce Arden MAD was based on ALGOL, but unlikeALGOL it took care of the details of running a job in ways that few otherlanguages could do MAD offered fast compilation, ... programming language they used, allcommercial and many scientific installations had to contend with anactivity that was intimately related to the nature of the hardware— Trang 13namely, the handling

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 20:20

... had a change of heart andauthorized money to develop a new data-handling architecture.NASA’s Manned Space Program Both NASA-Ames and the IRS made attempts to move away from batchprocessing and ... mission.39 At launch, aspecial-purpose Atlas Guidance computer handled data at rates of1,000 bits per second After engine cut-off the data flowed into theGoddard computers at a rate of six characters a ... NASA’s MannedSpace Program was such an installation where this kind of access wasdeveloped, using the same kind of hardware as the IRS, NASA-Ames, andBlue Cross.36In the late 1950s a project was

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... fly Trang 12passengers across the Atlantic with an armada of biplanes instead of asingle jumbo jet Eventually both barriers would fall, with the advent ofsemiconductor memory and new network architectures ... takes after coming out of the Rockies.His father was an engineer for a local electrical utility.24 He recallslearning from his father that the cost of something was as important avariable in an ... military market with domestic products, and along with Sperrybecame a leading supplier of specialized aerospace computers, militaryand civilian—a growing field as new-generation aircraft adopted

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... used a smallcathode-ray tube, as might be expected from a company that madeoscilloscopes By 1970 the first of a line of dramatically cheaper and smallercalculators appeared that used integrated ... continuousdiscussions of the advantages and drawbacks of each—the one machinehaving the ability to evaluate complex mathematical expressions withease, the other more primitive but potentially capable of doing all ... disparaged BASIC as a toylanguage that fostered poor programming habits, and they refused toteach it Serious programming was done in FORTRAN—an old andvenerable but still capable language Trang

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 20:20

... Engelbart recalled that he wasinspired by a device called a planimeter, which an engineer slid over agraph to calculate the area under a curve Among many engineers thiscompact device was a common as ... imaginative software for it.Like the Altair, the Apple II had a bus architecture with slots forexpansion—a feature Wozniak argued strenuously for, probably becausehe had seen its advantages on a Data ... came across the calculations that generations of B-school students had to master: performing arithmetic on rows andcolumns of data, typically of a company’s performance for a set ofmonths, quarters,

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... help of others at NCSA, Mosaic was rewritten to run onWindows-based machines and Macintoshes as well as workstations As aproduct of a government-funded laboratory, Mosaic was made availablefree ... original ARPANET) By January 1993Andreessen and Bina had written an early version of a browser theywould later call Mosaic, and they released a version of it over theInternet.50 Mosaic married ... databases, and word proces-sing Lotus offered such a program called Symphony for the IBM PC andwas working on one for the Mac called Jazz At Ashton-Tate, the leadingsupplier of database software

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... the last time these words are spoken But promises of a technologicalUtopia have been common in American history, and at least a fewchampions of the Internet are aware of how naive these earlier ... ofhistory and a dash of Thoreauvian skepticism, we can learn to use thecomputer rather than allowing it to use us Trang 52 Some of the early automatic machines were called ‘‘calculators,’’ as in theHarvard ... EDVAC see Michael Williams, ‘‘TheOrigins, Uses, and Fate of the EDVAC,’’ Annals of the History of Computing 15(1993): 22–38 26 A copy of the First Draft is in the National Air and Space Museum Archives,NBS

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... serve as Trang 22manuals for free software According to Stallman, those manuals are an integralpart of the software and should be free as well.81 Microsoft executive James Allchin was quoted by Andrew ... with Donald Davies of theNational Physical Laboratory in the U.K See Martin Campbell-Kelly, ‘‘DataCommunications at the National Physical Laboratory (1965–1975),’’ Annals ofthe History of Computing ... American History, Altair Curatorial File.) 91 Manes and Andrews, Gates, chapters 2 and 3; for a discussion of John Norton,see Billy Goodman, ‘‘Practicing Safe Software,’’ Air & Space=Smithsonian

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Ngày tải lên: 11/05/2019, 10:49

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Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 20:20

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Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2022, 11:15

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