an introduction to operating systems concepts and practice pdf download

... Trang 1CYANTrang 2Game SoundTrang 4Game SoundAn Introduction to the History, T heory, and Practice of Video Gam e Music and Sound Design KAREN COLLINS Trang 5All rights reserved ... little by little, by combining transistors, condensers, and resistance And sometimes, music andsound were even created directly into the CPU port by writing 1s and 0s, and out-putting the wave that ... family and friends (special thanks to Damian Kastbauer, JenniferNichol, Tanya Collison, Christina Sutcliffe, Parm and Paul Gill, Peter Taillon,Ruth Dockwray, Holly Tessler, Lee Ann Fullington, and

Ngày tải lên: 19/03/2019, 11:02

... Trang 1CYANTrang 2Game SoundTrang 4Game SoundAn Introduction to the History, T heory, and Practice of Video Gam e Music and Sound Design KAREN COLLINS Trang 5All rights reserved ... little by little, by combining transistors, condensers, and resistance And sometimes, music andsound were even created directly into the CPU port by writing 1s and 0s, and out-putting the wave that ... family and friends (special thanks to Damian Kastbauer, JenniferNichol, Tanya Collison, Christina Sutcliffe, Parm and Paul Gill, Peter Taillon,Ruth Dockwray, Holly Tessler, Lee Ann Fullington, and

Ngày tải lên: 20/03/2019, 15:18

... where we want to go, that is, to the Planck scale.Under this circumstance our best hope is an examination of fundamental principles, paradoxes and contradictions, and the study of gedanken experiments.Such ... argued by Banks, Peskin and Susskind, and ’t Hooft.Throughout this period, a few theorists, including ’t Hooft and Susskind, have felt that the basic principles of quantum mechanics and statistical ... may not be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without

Ngày tải lên: 19/01/2014, 13:57

... assignment) and INSERT, DELETE, and UPDATE shorthands (including Tutorial D expansions) Further points to emphasize: • Remind students re the use of WITH • Relational assignment, and hence INSERT, ... ■ Another (and this one is, specifically, an SQL argument): Suppose rows r1 and r2 are duplicates If we position a cursor on r1 (say) and issue a DELETE via that cursor, there's no guarantee──at ... in suitable circumstances; so is a number atomic? What about bit and character strings, which are obviously decomposable? What about dates and times? And so on ────────── Trang 4Copyright (c)

Ngày tải lên: 06/08/2014, 01:21

... aggregate operators ALL and ANY, both of which operate on arguments consisting of boolean values; ALL returns TRUE if and only if all arguments evaluate to TRUE, ANY returns TRUE if and only if any argument ... operand is shown at the left and the second at the top (for the other operators, of course, the operands are interchangeable) Notice how reminiscent these tables are of the truth tables for OR, AND, ... aggregate operators COUNT, SUM, etc., are first mentioned Observe the important differences (both syntactic and semantic) in the treatment of such operators between Tutorial D and SQL Note too the

Ngày tải lên: 06/08/2014, 01:21

... TEACHER to OFFERING, ENROLLMENT to OFFERING, and OFFERING to COURSE are all properly maintained, the referential constraints from TEACHER to COURSE and ENROLLMENT to COURSE will be maintained automatically ... has heading {X,Y,Z} and sole candidate key X and satisfies the functional dependency Y → Z (see Chapter 11), then Y is a superkey for the projection of A over Y and Z • If A and B are both restrictions ... reference [11.7] 9.13 Clearly, if a candidate key can be empty, then so can a matching foreign key──and nullary foreign keys, like nullary candidate keys, can certainly be useful on occasion See

Ngày tải lên: 06/08/2014, 01:21

... shorthand) Trang 5────────── * Here's a loose definition: Two databases A and B are information-equivalent if and only if every relation that can be derived from A can also be derived from B and ... in Chapter 3, and is fairly typical: "[It] is important to make a distinction between stored relations, which are tables, and virtual relations, which are views When we want to emphasize ... snapshots are becoming increasingly important in practice, thanks to the growing use of (asynchronous) replication and data warehouse products, and partly (b) to criticize the prevailing use of the

Ngày tải lên: 06/08/2014, 01:21

... formal, and it isn't very long, and it can probably just be skimmed if the instructor doesn't want to get too deeply into formal proofs and the like Indeed, the chapter is included, in part, just to ... updating is done), and relation variables are no exception Of course, INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE shorthands are legal and indeed useful, but strictly speaking they are only shorthands 5 An open-ended ... S) If and only if Z + is all of the attributes of R, Z is a superkey for R (and a candidate key is an irreducible superkey) There's a simple algorithm for computing Z + from Z and S, and hence

Ngày tải lên: 06/08/2014, 01:21

... attempting to show candidate keys, we've used italics here to indicate attributes that are at least "unique Trang 5within parent" (in fact, DEPT#, EMP#, PROJ#, OFF#, and PHONE# are, according to ... are both transitively dependent on the primary key {EMP#}──OFF# via PHONE#, and DEPT# via PROJ# and also via OFF# (and hence via PHONE#) The 3NF relvars (projections) corresponding to EMP2 are ... {PROJ#,DEPT#} Trang 9is at all times equal to a projection of the join of EMP3 and PHONE3 and OFFICE3 Observe finally that it's possible to "spot" the BCNF relvars from the FD diagram (how?) Answer:

Ngày tải lên: 06/08/2014, 01:21

... necessary is to replace the references to FDs and BCNF by analogous references to MVDs and 4NF, thus: 1 Initialize D to contain just R 2 For each non4NF relvar T in D, execute Steps 3 and 4 3 ... SPJY.P# AND SPJY.J# = SPJZ.J# AND SPJZ.S# = SPJX.S# ; SPJX, SPJY, and SPJZ are range variables ranging over SPJ 13.2 Note first that R contains every a value paired with every b value, and further ... domain and key constraints that apply to R, and so R isn't in DK/NF The sad fact is, not all relvars can be reduced to DK/NF; nor do we know the answer to the question "Exactly when can a

Ngày tải lên: 06/08/2014, 01:21

... theorem (important!) and the two-phase locking protocol If A and B are any two transactions in some serializable schedule, then either B can see A's output or A can see B's Trang 4If transaction ... The idea is to allow an implementation to use some nonlocking scheme if it wants to.) Explain phantoms and the basic idea (only) of predicate locking Mention access path locking as an implementation ... in the morning The solution to the problem is to introduce a mechanism (door locks) and a protocol for using that mechanism (lock the bathroom door if you don't want to be disturbed) ──────────

Ngày tải lên: 06/08/2014, 01:21

... question Could perhaps sidetrack to review the origins of SQL here, and the current ironical situation, if the instructor is familiar with this story and wants to discuss it (see reference [4.16]) ... the historically important Ingres query decomposition approach and can serve as a springboard for getting into specifics of other tricks and techniques The section might be skipped, but in any case ... summarize, and many-to-one merge join • Derive cost estimates for hash lookup and hash join Trang 7These exercises can be used as a basis for class discussion No answers provided References and Bibliography

Ngày tải lên: 06/08/2014, 01:21

... inheritance of generated types and for multiple inheritance ────────── Explain the SQL analog of circles and ellipses Inheritance not of constraints and (read-only) operators but structure and ... of an invocation of Op can be of any subtype of type T Note: We deliberately do not drag in the (in our experience, rather confusing and unhelpful) terms and concepts result covariance and ... model on our hands if they weren't) And, of course, an analogous argument applies to cycles of any length 20.3 Polymorphism and Substitutability Really the same thing Note the need to be careful

Ngày tải lên: 06/08/2014, 01:21

... rows, columns, and tables in place of tuples, attributes, and relation values and variables (relvars); Trang 4we use logical schema and physical schema in place of conceptual schema and internal ... Chapters 12 and 13) 22.6 OLAP Analytical processing always implies data aggregation, usually according to many different groupings In classical relational languages (and in SQL too, prior to SQL:1999), ... Controlled redundancy is redundancy that's known to and managed by the DBMS (involving, in particular, automatic update propagation) Such redundancies might or might not be visible to the user Uncontrolled

Ngày tải lên: 06/08/2014, 01:21

... clausal form and resolution and unification 24.5 A Proof-Theoretic View of Databases A clause is an expression of the form A1 AND A2 AND AND Am ═* B1 OR B2 OR OR Bn where the A's and B's are ... open with respect to FROM and TO Previously, those intervals were implicitly taken to be closed with respect to both FROM and TO But now, e.g., [d04:d10], [d04:d11), (d03:d10], and (d03:d11) are ... attribute, and suppose we were to join r1 and r2 to produce r3 Then r3 would contain two FROM-TO attribute pairs, and it would be the user's Trang 2responsibility, not the system's, to match up

Ngày tải lên: 06/08/2014, 01:21

... encapsulates state and behavior; an instance of a class Instance: A concrete manifestation of an abstraction; an entity to which a set of operations can be applied and that has a state that stores the ... agree to use the term "delete" as a shorthand to mean "make a candidate for physical deletion" (i.e., by erasing all references to the object in question) Then in order to delete an ... programming language: Nice to have, but orthogonal However, the languages actually supported in today's object systems are typically procedural (3GLs) and therefore──I would argue──nasty to have (another

Ngày tải lên: 06/08/2014, 01:21

... specify some of the rules for languages defined using XML and SGML So XML and SGML define a language for defining other languages, and they're thus really metametalanguages In fact, starting with ... with each other via a common transmission and communication protocol called TCP/IP Users have a variety of tools available for locating information and sending and receiving it over the Internet ... the user to navigate to the others • The World Wide Web is the agggregate of information stored on the Internet, together with the associated Web standards for interfaces and protocols by

Ngày tải lên: 06/08/2014, 01:21

... data management problems." Give some examples Explain and justify the name: The TransRelational tm Model (which we abbreviate to "TR" in the book and in these notes) Credit to Steve ... acronyms, and symbols introduced in the body of the text Finally, Appendix D (online) provides a tutorial survey of common storage structures and access methods (End quote) Appendixes *** Trang ... design can be done properly (in particular, there is never any need to "denormalize for performance") • Physical database design can be completely automated • Database reorganization

Ngày tải lên: 06/08/2014, 01:21

... four children – Will, Liam, Vic and Ray – to play in a schoolyard, and need to decide on what sport they will all play You can choose among basketball, soccer, and volleyball You don’t know the ... (o), and can only influence the remaining sum v i (x) +Pj6=iˆj (x) But this is identical to the term maximized by the mechanism, other than the use of the function ˆv i by the mechanism and v ... available to the agents (the “bidding rules”), and the mapping from action vectors to outcomes (“allocation rules” and “payment rules”: who wins and who pays what as a function of the bidding)

Ngày tải lên: 08/08/2014, 11:21

... double auctions, there are many buy-ers and sellbuy-ers A typical example is the stock market, where there are many buyers and sellers of any given stock It is important to distinguish this setting ... complementary, and thus presumably the utility function would be super additive) The bidder would hate to bid on the DVD player and win it, only to find out that he got outbid on the TV and cannot Trang ... English and first-price sealed bid auction protocols are no longer revenue equivalent One way to understand this is to note that agents in sealed bid auctions are susceptible to the so-called 13 And

Ngày tải lên: 08/08/2014, 11:21