a top down approach featuring the internet solution

... particular, a loss of file data, or data in a financial transaction, can have devastating consequences (in the latter case, for either the bank or the customer!) Other loss tolerant applications, ... medium The ATM Layer is the core of the ATM standard It defines the structure of the ATM cell The ATM Adaptation Layer is analogous to the transport layer in the Internet protocol stack ATM includes ... particular, at each node IP passes the datagram to the link layer, which delivers the datagram to the next node along the route At this next node, the link layer passes the IP datagram to the network layer

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 13:21

... lines in the code import java.io.*; import java.net.*; java.io and java.net are java packages The java.io package contains classes for input and output streams In particular, the java.io package ... host There are also authentication and authorization problems associated with allowing any user to register a host with the centralized database In summary, a centralized database in a single name ... Type=CNAME, then Value is a canonical hostname for the alias hostname Name This record can provide querying hosts the canonical name for a hostname As an example, (foo.com, relay1.bar.foo.com, CNAME)

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 13:21

... forward from the top of the diagram towards the bottom of the diagram; note that a receive time for a packet is neccessarily later than the send time for a packet as a result of transmisison and ... guarantee the integrity of the data in the datagrams With IP service, datagrams can overflow router buffers and never reach their destination, datagrams can arrive out of order, and bits in the ... segments are passed down to the network layer, where they are separately encapsulated within network-layer IP datagrams The IP datagrams are then sent into the network When TCP receives a segment at

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 13:21

... contains a multicast datagram When the unicast datagram arrives at B, B then extracts the multicast datagram B may then forward the multicast datagram on to one of its attached hosts, forward the ... and multicast address fields) is carried as the payload of an IP unicast datagram - a complete multicast IP dagram inside of a unicast IP datagram! The unicast datagram is then addressed to the ... multicast datagram is carried inside of a IP unicast datagram How does the IP router at the end of the multicast tunnel know that the unicast datagram contains an IP multicast datagram (as opposed

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 13:21

... an IP datagram from one host to another host, with both hosts on the same Ethernet LAN Let the sending adapter, adapter A, have physical address AA-AA-AA-AA-AA-AA and the receiving adapter, adapter ... network layer That is to say, when adapter A wants to send a datagram to adapter B, adapter A encapsulates the datagram in an Ethernet frame and sends the frame into the LAN, without first "handshaking" ... data, even though this datagram contains data that has already been transmitted at least once Baseband Transmission and Manchester Encoding Ethernet uses baseband transmission, that is, the adapter

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 13:21

... important gatekeeper services Each terminal can have an alias address, such as the name of the person at the terminal, the e-mail address of the person at the terminal, etc The gateway translates these ... the sampling rate and the number of quantization values the decoded signal can approximate (and even be exactly equal to) the original analog signal Thus, there is a clear tradeoff between the ... network delay, and to accordingly adjust the playout delay at the beginning of each talkspurt This adaptive adjustment of the playout delays at the beginning of the talkspurts will cause the the sender's

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 13:22

... destination host receives an IP datagram with an AH header, it determines the SA for the packet and then authenticates the integrity of the datagram by processing the authentication data field The ... 7.8-2, a secured datagram is created by surrounding the original IP datagram data with header and trailer fields, and then inserting this encapsulated data into the data field of an IP datagram For ... Intermediate routers process the datagrams just as they always have they examine the destination IP address and route the datagrams accordingly Figure 7.8-1: Position of the AH header in the IP datagram.

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 13:22

... two) of alternating ACK 0 and ACK 1 even if the corresponding data have not arrived at the receiver Would this application design increase the channel utilization? Why? Are there any potential problems ... approach? Explain Answer Yes This actually causes the sender to send a number of pipelined data into the channel Yes Here is one potential problem If data segments are lost in the channel, then ... N peers The server has an upload rate of us = 30 Mbps, and each peer has a download rate of d i = 2 Mbps and an upload rate of u For N = 10, 100, and 1,000 and u = 300 Kbps, 700 Kbps, and 2 Mbps,

Ngày tải lên: 28/02/2015, 19:04

... network data link physical ca gi lo r application transport network data link physical application transport network data link physical available: r r delay guarantees bandwidth guarantees Transport ... IP datagrams each datagram has source IP address, destination IP address r each datagram carries transport-layer segment r each segment has source, destination port number Ì host uses IP addresses ... TCP and UDP application transport network data link physical application transport network data link physical Transport Layer 3-4 Transport vs network layer Ì network layer: logical communication

Ngày tải lên: 27/06/2014, 16:20

... to the Web application; for example, they are also used for authentication and data encryption for IMAP mail access SSL can be viewed as a layer that sits between the application layer and the ... subsequent payment capture Acquirer gateway: The acquirer gateway is the software component at the merchant's bank It processes the merchant's payment card transaction for authorization and payment ... for fraudulent transactions Thus, if a customer makes a MOTO purchase with a payment card and claims to have never made the purchase, then the merchant is liable, that is, the merchant is legally

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 13:22

... demographic analyses Roughly the same matrix algebraic approach is now readily applicable to a much wider array of biological and evolutionary prob-lems And on and on Once Geographical Information ... in Landscape Ecology Jim Sanderson and Larry D Harris 6 Landscape and Edge Effects on Population Dynamics: Approaches and Examples Lennart Hansson Part III Landscape Theory and Practice Larry ... Sanderson and Larry D Harris 3 The Presence of the Past Jim Sanderson and Larry D Harris 4 Landforms and Landscapes Jim Sanderson and Larry D Harris Part II The Ecology of Landscapes 5 The Ecology

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 10:22

... particular species of animals Andrewartha and Birch (1954) considered food, weather, other animals, and “a place in which to live” as the four cornerstones of their theory Later, Andrewartha and ... Trophic–Dynamic Theory Inductive reasoning allows generalization of a class after reasoning about a particular member of the class For instance, if we observed that all swans in a particular lake were ... An example of a relatively new theory is that the sun, as opposed to the earth, is at the center of the solar system Until 400 years ago, humans believed that the earth was the center and that

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 10:22

... Consider the Aral Sea in Asia as an example 4. 7 Design a reserve to protect sea turtles Note that 99.99% of their lives are spent in the open sea 4. 8 Compare and contrast landscapes and seascapes ... forest that extends across Siberia, the largest tract of forest on earth, constitute an ecosystem or a landscape? How does an elevational gradient cre - ate landscapes? What is the analog of the ... the Botku Mountains of Chad, 700 km northeast of Lake Chad, wind has stripped away the soil and is abrasively wearing away the exposed bedrock. Wind is also a depositional process. Great Sand

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 10:22

... even a particular static pattern in the landscape, but rather a spatial and temporal variance struc-ture of all components of the landscape Deer and Songbirds Species richness and abundance of ... capa-bilities Birch was careful to add that factors other than weather were also important in determining the numbers of many animals Local weather pat-terns are, in part, determined by landscape ... fragmented landscapes the cowbird popula-tions may be more limited by the availability of hosts and may saturate the available breeding habitat, resulting in high levels of parasitism even in the interior

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 10:22

... representation of nature until 10 to 15 years ago There was a gradual change in the late 1980s and a more pronounced one in the 1990s, particularly with the re-apprehension of the metapopulation approach ... unstable, either with regard to fluctuation patterns or to local persistence Adjacent habitats may show multiannual variations in quality for a certain species A fairly extreme case is the mast ... the clear-cuts were then really huge At the same time, a lot of agricultural land was abandoned in the same region Early succes-sional, grassy patches on forest ground are prime habitats for

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 10:22

... Each grid cell is assigned a habitat value for a particular organism At first appearance, the landscape appears to have many favorable cells, and one might conclude that populations of the partic-ular ... Aral Sea in Asia and the nearly total degradation of land- and sea-scape processes was achieved by humans in less than 30 years Cattle have overgrazed the western U.S from Mexico to Canada, at ... suboptimal habitat a value of 6, marginal a value of 4, and invasible 2 Nontraversable habitat has a value of 0 Note that C1 above is optimal habitat for S1 and so has a value of 8 while simultaneously

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 10:22

... orga- nizational status of the ecological community. In addition, the ascendency can be readily adapted to quantify the patterns of physical movements of biota across a landscape. In particular, ... arbitrary change happens to increase the rate at which materials and exergy are brought into a particular compartment. This event would enhance the ability of that compartment to catalyze the downstream ... Comparisions of Outlooks Mechanism (Newtonianism) Organism (Holism) Stochasticism (Nominalism) Material, Mechanical Material, Mechanical Formal, Final Material, Mechanical Atomistic Integral Atomistic

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 10:22

... shopping areas, extended water and sewer services, and roadways that further encroach into farmland, ranches, and open space Coastal areas, the South, and the intermountain West face particularly acute ... greenways and bike trails Other models for cooperative land use planning at the federal level are the Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA) and the Coastal Barriers Resources Act (CBRA) A voluntary ... pro-gram, CZMA provides federal assistance to states that develop coastal man-agement plans and ensures that subsequent federal actions will be consistent with the plans An innovative approach

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 10:22

... environment in the same traditional way he has for centuries A National Park contains special landscapes and an important flora and fauna France: A National Park is an area that is nearly uninhabited, ... special protection because of its natural beauty and special ecosystems and where the core area is managed as a nature reserve The Netherlands: A National Park is a single area of at least 1000 ha ... conditions for the inspiring educational, cultural, and natural values The area must be managed as a whole Germany: A National Park is an area of a larger size, slightly influenced by man and that deserves

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 10:22

... drivers and (2) cells within a parcel, relative weights for each driving variable are assigned, and these are then used to calculate urban tran- sition values for each cell in an area. All land transition ... conceptually how land use transitions are deter- mined in the LTM. This hypothetical landscape contains three agricultural parcels: a small parcel near a highway, a large parcel some distance away FIGURE ... from the nearest road intersection, and these values are then spatially scaled to create grids with relative probability values where the largest values are assigned 10 and the smallest values

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 10:22