a radiological consequence assessment model for environmental protection

... therapy of certain factors An analytic study based on radiographic and clinical follow-up examinations Acta Odontol Scand 1956; 14: Suppl 21 Suzuki K, Nomura T, Sakurai M, Sugihara N, Yamanaka ... management in clinical practice vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AAE American Association of Endodontists ALARA As Low As Reasonably Achievable AP Apical Periodontitis CBCT Cone Bean Computed Tomography CI Confidence ... recommended “as low as reasonably achievable” ALARA dose for radiation hygiene (Patel et al., 2015) To date, histological data, clinical presentation and current imaging techniques are still unable to...

Ngày tải lên: 09/09/2015, 08:13

... N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) Glucuronic acid (GlcA) Iduronic acid (IdoA) N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) Galactose (Gal) B GlcA GlcNAc Dermatan sulfate Figure 1-1: Schematic representation of GAGs (A) GAGs ... (except for keratan) consists of an amino sugar (N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) or N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc), along with a uronic sugar glucuronic acid (GlcA) or iduronic acid (IdoA) or galactose ... combinatorial detection of a vast number of odorants (Friedrich and Korsching, 1997; Malnic et al., 1999; Araneda et al., 2000; Katada et al., 2005; Nakagawa et al., 2005; Hallem and Carlson,...

Ngày tải lên: 09/09/2015, 08:13

... language-pairs, one issue is that matching syntactic analysis can not always guarantee a good translation, and violating syntactic structure does not always induce a bad translation Marton and ... Phrase-based Decoding for Statistical Machine Translation In Proceedings of ACL David Chiang 2005 A Hierarchical Phrase-based Model for Statistical Machine Translation In Proceedings of ACL, pages ... Reordering Model for Statistical Machine Translation In Proceedings of ACL-COLING 2006 Deyi Xiong, Min Zhang, Aiti Aw, and Haizhou Li 2008 Linguistically Annotated BTG for Statistical Machine Translation...

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 07:20

... for the right-corner transform are shown below: A1 A1 A2 α1 α2 ⇒ A1 /A2 A3 :α3 α1 A2 /A3 α2 A1 A1 A1 /A2 :α1 A2 /A3 α2 A3 :α3 α3 ⇒ A1 /A3 A1 /A2 :α1 α3 α2 Here, the first rewrite rule is applied ... Edinburgh John Hale, Izhak Shafran, Lisa Yung, Bonnie Dorr, Mary Harper, Anna Krasnyanskaya, Matthew Lease, Yang Liu, Brian Roark, Matthew Snover, and Robin Stewart 2006 PCFGs with syntactic and prosodic ... transform and keeping information about how a repair started may be able to improve EDIT-F accuracy over this system Table 1: Baseline results are from a standard CYK parser with binarized grammar...

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 09:20

... common transformations SMS Normalization We view the SMS language as a variant of English language with some derivations in vocabulary and grammar Therefore, we can treat SMS normalization as a MT ... a consensus translation technique to bootstrap parallel data using off-the-shelf translation systems for training a hierarchical statistical translation model for general domain instant messaging ... Text Paraphrasing Problem Others may regard SMS normalization as a paraphrasing problem Broadly speaking, paraphrases capture core aspects of variability in language, by representing equivalencies...

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 12:20

... called an annotated phrase level (APL) The i-th APL is denoted as Fi For example, L5 in Figure has an annotated phrase level F5 = {B [fB], F [fF], c4 [fc,]} as its Semantic Tagging Canonical Form ... can be characterized differently Semantic Tagging A popular linguistic approach to annotate a tree is to use a unification-based mechanism However, many information irrelevant to disambiguation ... ) Because not all children and all features in a feature structure am equally significant for disambiguation, it is not really necessary to annotate a node with the feature structures of all its...

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 21:20

... reproductive and cardiovascular pathophysiology Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96, 9322–9327 62 Imachi, H., Murao, K., Sayo, Y., Hosokawa, H., Sato, M., Niimi, M., Kobayashi, S., Miyauchi, A. , Ishida, T & Takahara, ... which maintains the ability of proliferation and invasion Choriocarcinoma is a malignant neoplasm that represents the early trophoblast of the attachment phase or as later invasive stage [46–48] ... Reverse-transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction Total RNA from choriocarcinoma cell lines was isolated by using RNeasy kit (Qiagen, Vienna, Austria) Three micrograms of total RNA were treated with...

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 23:20

... tree alignment model for machine translation For example, (Wu 1997; Alshawi, Bangalore, and Douglas, 2000; Yamada and Knight, 2001) have studied synchronous context free grammar This formalism ... Association for Machine Translation in the Americas Munteanu D S, A Fraser, and D Marcu D., 2002 Improved Machine Translation Performance via Parallel Sentence Extraction from Comparable Corpora In ... http://www.w3.org/DOM/ Related Work The parallel data available on the web have been an important knowledge source for machine translation For example, Hong Kong Laws, an English-Chinese Parallel corpus released...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 02:21

... that semantic information can create an individual space, leading to a dual representation of each document, namely, a vector with document’s terms and another with semantic information Rationally, ... aims at being able to retrieve documents that not necessarily contain exact matches of the query terms, and this is its great advantage This new space leads to a new GVSM model, which is a natural ... Conference on Machine Learning, pages 296–304 S.K.M Wong, W Ziarko, V.V Raghavan, and P.C.N Wong 1987 On modeling of information retrieval concepts in vector spaces ACM Transactions on Database Systems,...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 21:20

... ACL N Habash and F Sadat 2006 Arabic preprocessing schemes for statistical machine translation In NAACL H Hassan, K Sima’an, and A Way 2007 Supertagged phrasebased statistical machine translation ... 2011 An exponential translation model for target language morphology In ACL-HLT C Tillmann 2004 A unigram orientation model for statistical machine translation In NAACL K Toutanova, H Suzuki, and ... similar agreement phenomena as probabilistic sequences Factored Translation Models Factored translation models (Koehn and Hoang, 2007) facilitate a more data-oriented approach to agreement modeling...

Ngày tải lên: 16/03/2014, 19:20

... readers to read the above paper for details For parameter estimation, our work adopt the Passive-Aggressive (PA) framework (Crammer et al., 2006), a family of margin based online learning algorithms ... 2008), pages 385–392, Manchester, UK, August Coling 2008 Organizing Committee Canasai Kruengkrai, Kiyotaka Uchimoto, Jun’ichi Kazama, Yiou Wang, Kentaro Torisawa, and Hitoshi Isahara 2009 An error-driven ... these smaller character sequences We use a local classifier to predict the POS tag with positional information for each character Each character can be assigned one of two possible boundary tags:...

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 00:20

... manually annotated data is that linguistically motivated morphological segmentation is not necessarily the best possible segmentation for a certain task Evaluation against a manually annotated corpus ... sleeping’) For words that are subject to one of the above processes it is not trivial to automatically group related words and detect regular transformational patterns A range of automated algorithms for ... semantic and syntactic information is very attractive because it adds an additional dimension, but these approaches have to cope with more severe data sparseness issues than approaches that emphasize...

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 04:20

... Byrne 2005 A weighted finite state transducer translation template model for statistical machine translation Natural Language Engineering To appear 270 Ying Zhang, Stephan Vogel, and Alex Waibel 2004 ... to build only partial translations using hierarchical phrases, and then combine them serially as in a standard phrase-based model For a partial example of a synchronous CFG derivation, see Figure ... Southern California Kenji Yamada and Kevin Knight 2001 A syntax-based statistical translation model In Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting of the ACL, pages 523–530 Philipp Koehn 200 4a Pharaoh: a...

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 05:20

... That was undesirable as an initial point because, combinatorily, almost all trees are relatively balanced On the other hand, in language, we want to allow unbalanced structures to have a reasonable ... Harvard University Fernando Pereira and Yves Schabes 1992 Inside-outside reestimation from partially bracketed corpora In ACL 30, pages 128–135 Andrew Radford 1988 Transformational Grammar Cambridge ... the Acoustical Society of America, pages 547–550 Eric Brill 1993 Automatic grammar induction and parsing free text: A transformation-based approach In ACL 31, pages 259–265 Glenn Carroll and...

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 08:20

... (McDonald and Pereira, 2006) (Huang and Sagae, 2010) (Zhang and Nivre, 2011) (Koo and Collins, 2010) (Martins et al., 2010) T (baseline) G 2a (baseline) T 2a T2ab T2ab 3a T2ab3b T2ab3c T2ab3abc+ G 2a+ ... integrated algorithm we are looking for has to be transition-based at the top level The advantages of the graph-based approach – a more globally informed basis for the decision among different attachment ... Transition-Based Parser for 2-Planar Dependency Structures In ACL, pages 1492–1501 J Hajiˇ , M Ciaramita, R Johansson, D Kawahara, c M Ant` nia Mart´, L M` rquez, A Meyers, J Nivre, o ı a ˇe a S Pad´...

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 22:20

... TAXATION FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION This page intentionally left blank TAXATION FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION A Multinational Legal Study Sanford E- Gaines Richard A Westin EDITORS Asbjorn ... as a payment to the government in return for permission to act in a certain way, such as a fee for Taxation for Environmental Protection discharging waste water or a fee for putting out garbage ... particular country's legislative and administrative systems as they relate to tax and environmental matters and then surveys tax laws and other fiscal measures that may influence environmental...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 11:20

... Translation: Syntactically Informed Phrasal SMT In Proc ACL, pages 271-279 David Chiang 2005 A Hierarchical Phrase-Based Model for Statistical Machine Translation In Proc ACL, pages 263-270 David ... Bracketing Model for Phrase-Based Translation In Proc ACL, pages 315-323 Kenji Yamada and Kevin Knight 2001 A Syntaxbased Statistical Translation Model In Proc ACL, pages 523-530 Le Zhang 2006 Maximum ... Template for Statistical Machine Translation In Proc ACL-Coling, pages 609-616 Daniel Marcu, Wei Wang, Abdessamad Echihabi, and Kevin Knight 2006 SPMT: Statistical Machine Translation with Syntactified...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 16:20

... accuracy averaged over all the name mentions;  Macro-Averaged Accuracy (MacroAccuracy): measures entity linking accuracy averaged over all the target entities As in TAC 2009, we used Micro-Accuracy ... can capture the variations (including full name, aliases, acronyms and misspellings) of an entity's name using a statistical translation model Given an entity’s name s, our model assumes that ... Wikipedia articles are manually annotated name mentions) In WikiAmbi, there were 207 distinct names and each name contains at least two possible referent entities (on average 6.7 candidate referent...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 16:20

... effect, while for the latent variable model the impact is much larger.6 For example, our max-derivation model trained on the Europarl data translates carte sur la table as on the table card This error ... the NAACL (HLT-NAACL 2003), pages 134–141, Edmonton, Canada Christoph Tillmann and Tong Zhang 2007 A block bigram prediction model for statistical machine translation ACM Transactions Speech Language ... 160–167, Sapporo, Japan Slav Petrov, Adam Pauls, and Dan Klein 2007 Discriminative log-linear grammars with latent variables In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 20 (NIPS), Vancouver,...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 17:20

... charts the number of seen headwords against error rate for a Jaccard similarity-based model (uniform weights) As can be seen, error rates reach a plateau at about 25 seen headwords for Jaccard ... generalization paradigms that we are aware of, Gildea and Jurafsky’s (2002) task-based evaluation has found clusteringbased approaches to have better coverage than WordNet generalization, that ... generalization corpus Our primary corpus will consist of manually semantically annotated data, and we will use semantic verb classes as pred2 icates and semantic roles as arguments ExFor details about...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 18:20