4methods in x ray crystallography

... 1.8.3 Powder X- Ray Diffraction Instrumentation 1.8.4 Single-Crystal X- Ray Diffraction Instrumentation 1.9 Grain Size Analysis from X- Ray Diffraction 1.10 Scanning Electron Microscope ... the intensity of the reflected X- rays is recorded When the geometry of the incident X- rays impinging the sample satisfies the Bragg Equation, constructive interference occurs and a peak in intensity ... regular in structure, with no significant internal imperfections such as cracks or twinning The crystal is placed in an intense beam of X- rays, usually of a single wavelength (monochromatic X- rays),...

Ngày tải lên: 30/05/2014, 00:31

... the oxide barrier layer was penetrated without the NAAM detachment from the aluminium substrate Finally, since the aluminium oxide barrier layer is not uniform in the whole aluminium-alumina interface; ... nanowires remain on the aluminium substrate after removing the alumina template Recently, we have used a technique, previously developed by ourselves, for dissolving in situ the aluminium oxide barrier ... pore opening is homogeneous throughout the aluminium–alumina interface, and the NAAM remains on the aluminium substrate In this way, we were able to fabricate suitable templates for carrying out...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 20:20

... composting process converted the organic and oxides bound Zn into exchangeable, and red mud addition inhibited this conversion Since the organic "901 229 100 matter in the mixture was oxidised during ... the Ni speciation in sludge compost after factoring out the red mud dilution effect of red mud in the initial sludge mixture and into oxides bound Ni with composting The composting process humified ... calculated from metal in compost and in red mud; metals in RM can be seen in Fig sludge composting process, a multiple analysis of variance was carried out using SPSS -X program on a V A X computer The...

Ngày tải lên: 23/09/2012, 14:47

... proteins (Fig 1) The N-terminal b-domain (amino acids 1-30) binds three divalent metal ions by nine deprotonated cysteines in a hexane-like cluster [M(II)3Cys9], including three bridging and six ... also result in a faster metal transfer from and to MT3 and hence is in line with an involvement in the trafficking of Zn(II) in particular in zinc-containing neurons [41] However, metal-exchange rates ... terminal cysteines The C-terminal a-domain (amino acids 31-61) binds four divalent metal ions by 11 deprotonated cysteines in an adamantane-like cluster [M(II)4-Cys11], including five bridging...

Ngày tải lên: 16/02/2014, 15:20

... slide was extracted in 50 mL of extraction reagent in 150 mm plastic petri dishes using several extraction techniques Our initial experiments with a previously reported hydroxylamine extraction ... laboratory oxides was determined by equilibrating suspensions of the oxides with Pb solutions prepared in MMS and maintained at pH 6.0 and 258C for 24 h Pb adsorption was determined by measuring Pb ... solutions, rinsed for s in metal-free MMS solution, and extracted into 50 mL of 10% HNO3 (trace metal grade) for 24 h in 150 mm plastic petri dishes Pb and Cd in extracts were measured using GFAAS...

Ngày tải lên: 15/03/2014, 23:12

... reactions while retaining structural integrity [24] The introduction of polyoxometalates into conducting polymer network can be conveniently accomplished by taking advantage of the doping process of ... process of polymer leading to incorporation of charge-balancing species into the structure [25] The strong oxidizing potential and acidic character of Keggin type polyoxometalate, Phosphomolybdic ... Perkin–Elmer 1760 in the region 2,000–400 cm-1 with 32 scans by using KBr pellet mode Powder X- ray diffraction patterns were recorded using a SHIMADZU XD-D1 diffractometer using a Ni-filtered Cu...

Ngày tải lên: 22/06/2014, 06:20

... benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid linkers (top inset box) coordinated to zinc ion cluster joints (shown in blue in the bottom inset box) 16 Figure Comparison of the cubic structures of IRMOFs formed when linear aromatic ... bonding is not involved in guest sorption and the dominating force of sorption is hydrophobic interaction Polymorphism is an interesting phenomenon that bears great value in pharmaceutical industry ... carboxylate and imidazole in binding to metal ions In addition, the carboxylic acids were protected as the corresponding ethyl esters both to aid in coupling the imidazole group to the benzene ring,...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:59

... values in the absence of their competition The significance of this reduction in xxiii metal toxicities by these major cations is currently not incorporated in models for ecotoxicities of metals in ... endpoints in the solutions of the of calcareous soils The solid line represents the 1:1 ratio and the dotted lines are a factor of above and below the 1:1 line 203 xxi ABSTRACT Contamination ... of log KNiBL (y-axis) and various TBLM parameters (x- axis): (c) log KHBL, and (d) log KHBL In the calculations, the value of β is fixed at 2.60 in all cases Only H+ was included in (c) and both...

Ngày tải lên: 13/11/2014, 11:21

... Summary XII List of Tables XV List of Figures XVI List of Schemes XXII List of Abbreviations XXIII Publications XXV List of conferences and workshops XXVII Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Crystal Engineering ... NUS) 1st China-India-Singapore Symposium on Crystal Engineering, NUS, Singapore August 2010 XXVII Introduction Chapter Chapter Introduction 1-1 Introduction 1.1 Chapter Crystal Engineering The beauty ... cis, trans RT Room temperature s singlet XXIII SBU Secondary Building Unit SCSC single-crystal-to-single-crystal spy 4-styrylpyridine SXRD Single crystal X- ray diffraction t triplet TGA Thermogravimetric...

Ngày tải lên: 09/09/2015, 11:15

... alkanes in this MOF Separation of linear and branched isomers of pentane and hexane were examined in detail, because of their availability and industrial relevance in petroleum refining Pan et ... respectively, indicating that enlarging the aromatic systems increases the interaction energy Sagara et al [164,165] calculated the binding energy of H2 with organic linker and metal-oxide part in IRMOF-1 ... S selectivity k kB bending constant , K/rad2 o equilibrium angle U internal internal energy, K U external external energy, K Ebind binding energy, kJ/mol Evib zero-point vibrational energy at...

Ngày tải lên: 14/09/2015, 08:49

... is a little in excess of the indicated stoichiometric value This is explained as the additional oxidation or doping occurring at the same time during polymerization For example, in an electropolymerization ... reaction of amine radicals with benzene rings of neighboring monomers [119] Following this scan, continuous cycling over the potential range results in amine oxidation and merging of anodic peaks ... -0.15 0x1 0 -3 -0.40 0x1 0 -3 -0.250 0.250 0.500 0.750 1.000 E (V) NiTAPc 1mM in 50 ml DMSO -2 -0.20 0x1 0 -2 -0.15 0x1 0 -2 -0.10 0x1 0 -2 -0.05 0x1 0 I (A) -2 0.05 0x1 0 First scan -2 0.10 0x1 0 -2 0.15 0x1 0...

Ngày tải lên: 14/09/2015, 14:08

... parameters in the friction welding method [2] In practice, friction welding is classified in two ways; continuous drive friction welding and inertia friction welding [3, 4] In the continuous drive ... weld interface 3.3 EDX Analysis of Joints Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X- ray (EDX) analysis were per formed in order to investigate the phases that occur during welding ... recycling impacts directly in energy consumption savings and lower disposal costs 1.1 Recycling of aluminium cans Aluminium recycling is acomplex process, involving a variety of stages The aluminium...

Ngày tải lên: 05/03/2014, 21:21

... factors influencing the as-pressed microstructures including the total strain imposed in ECAP processing, the processing routes and the nature of materials are examined in detail 3.1 Experimental ... auminum, magnesiun and silicon alloys The effect of micro arc oxidation coating on structure and mechanical parameters has been shown by Prof Sahin Mumin Aluminum is being increasingly used in ... Micro Arc Oxidation Coatings on the Properties of Aluminium Alloys 107 Cenk Mısırlı, Mümin Şahin and Ufuk Sözer Section Extrusion, Rolling and Machining 121 Chapter Effects of Deep Rolling and Its...

Ngày tải lên: 05/03/2014, 21:21

... Al SiMgTi AC XXX – Al Si7Mg AC XXX – Al Si10Mg AC 4 XXX – Al Si AC XXX – Al Si5Cu AC XXX – Al Si9Cu AC XXX – Al Si(Cu) AC XXX – Al SiCuNiMg AC XXX – Al Mg AC XXX – Al ZnMg As with the wrought ... aluminium–manganese alloys AW 4XXX – aluminium–silicon alloys AW 5XXX – aluminium–magnesium alloys AW 6XXX – aluminium–magnesium–silicon alloys AW 7XXX – aluminium–zinc–magnesium alloys AW 8XXX – other elements ... digit indicates the main alloying element, with numbers to being used as follows: • • • • • • • • • AW 1XXX – commercially pure aluminium AW 2XXX – aluminium–copper alloys AW 3XXX – aluminium–manganese...

Ngày tải lên: 12/03/2014, 17:32

... Hikami fitting while 3b shows the mobility trend The phase coherence length is dominated by Nyquist dephasing, resulting in a T -0.5 dependence, shown in 3a In this regime the mobility is dominated ... μeV for aluminium), it changes only weakly in the temperature range shown here (≈10%) [28] This is therefore unlikely to cause the exponential increase in resistance shown in Figure Instead we ... obtained as a fitting parameter For the fit in Figure 1a, we obtain a phase coherence length of 450 nm, in agreement with previous studies [27] In contrast, the magnetoresistance of the aluminium-contacted...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 22:20

... obtained during a) heating and b) cooling at a rate of 5°C/min Intermetallic Phases Examination in Cast AlSi5Cu1Mg and AlCu4Ni2Mg2 Aluminium Alloys in As-Cast and T6 Condition 33 The results of XRD ... entrainment in the mould Aluminium Countergravity Casting – Potentials and Challenges Fig A Blow hole defect in an aluminum casting at 100× magnification Fig Gas porosity in aluminium casting ... instance, in conventional die casting, melt is sprayed at high velocity into the die and cavity-atmosphere tends to be admixed and entrapped in castings during the Aluminium Countergravity Casting...

Ngày tải lên: 29/06/2014, 08:20

... corrosion of the copper-free wrought AA7xxx alloys is good, approaching that of the wrought AA3xxx, AA5xxx and AA6xxx alloys The coppercontaining alloys of the AA7xxx series, such as 7049, 7050, 7075, ... intermetallic (IM) particles The heterogeneous nature of aluminium alloys is most evident in members of the high strength alloys of the 2xxx, 6xxx, 7xxx and 8xxx and most particularly the 2xxx ... 2010) AA7xxx In AA7xxx wrought alloy the major alloying element is zinc along with magnesium or magnesium plus copper in combinations that develop various levels of strength Those containing copper...

Ngày tải lên: 29/06/2014, 08:20

... the figures in the next section, based on the following definition of uniaxial ratchetting strain εr: εr=(εmax+εmin)/2 (1) Where εmax and εmin are the maximum and minimum axial strains measured ... ratchetting strain is caused in the alloy by the stress cycling with non-zero mean stress after certain cycles, even if the initial ratchetting strain produced in the first beginning of cyclic loading ... means that: as x 0, =0; as x> 0, = x 4.2 Kinematic hardening rule The non-linear kinematic hardening rule employed in the Kang-Kan model (Kan et al., 2007) is modified as a combination of the...

Ngày tải lên: 29/06/2014, 14:20

... Reaction Kinetics during Molten Aluminium Refining Using Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) Alfredo Flores and Jesús Torres 285 Chapter 15 Modelling of Precipitation Hardening in Casting Aluminium ... deformation in software DEFORM 2D are shown in Fig 4c The intensity of plastic deformation is depended on angle of shearing strain γ With increased of shearing strain angle is increasing also intensity ... plasticity) should assure an increasing role for aluminium alloys in the expanding PM market Room temperature tensile strengths in aluminium based metal matrix composites (MMC) in excess of 800 MPa have...

Ngày tải lên: 29/06/2014, 14:20

... Nickel-Chromium-Iron Inconel alloy 600 Inconel alloy 601 Inconel alloy 690 Inconel alloy 706 Inconel alloy 718 Inconel alloy X- 750 Nickel-Iron-Chromium Incoloy alloy 800 Incoloy alloy 80OH Incoloy alloy 825 Incoloy ... Increasing chromium to 30%, as in alloy 690, increases resistance to stresscorrosion cracking, nitric acid, steam, and oxidizing gases Increasing chromium to 50% increases resistance to melting ... convection tubing, pigtails, outlet manifolds, quenchingsystem piping, and transfer piping; in ethylene production for both convection and cracking tubes; in oxo-alcohol production for tubing in hydrogenation...

Ngày tải lên: 26/12/2013, 01:18