Mối quan hệ giữa phong cách giáo dục của cha mẹ với hành vi hung tính của trẻ 3 6 tuổi.Mối quan hệ giữa phong cách giáo dục của cha mẹ với hành vi hung tính của trẻ 3 6 tuổi.Mối quan hệ giữa phong cách giáo dục của cha mẹ với hành vi hung tính của trẻ 3 6 tuổi.Mối quan hệ giữa phong cách giáo dục của cha mẹ với hành vi hung tính của trẻ 3 6 tuổi.Mối quan hệ giữa phong cách giáo dục của cha mẹ với hành vi hung tính của trẻ 3 6 tuổi.
Trang 1MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING
HANOI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION
TRAN THI THAM
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PARENTING STYLES AND AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIORS OF CHILDREN
AGED 3 – 6 YEARS
Major: Psychology Code: 9.31.04.01
SUMMARY OF DOCTORAL THESIS ON PSYCHOLOGY
HA NOI - 2022
Trang 2The research project is completed at
DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHOLOGICAL - EDUCATION – HANOI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION
Supervisors:
1 Assoc Prof Dr NGUYEN DUC SON
Reviewer 1: Assoc Prof Dr Le Van Hao
Institute of Psychology
Reviewer 2: Assoc Prof Dr Duong Thi Hoang Yen
University of Education – Ha Noi National University
Reviewer 3: Assoc Prof Dr Le Minh Nguyet
Trang 3Ha Noi National University of Education
The thesis will be reviewed by the Council of Thesis Evaluation at
the Department of Psychology – Education, Hanoi National University of Education
at… on /…./ 2022
The thesis can be found at:
- The National Library, Ha Noi, Viet Nam
- The Library of Hanoi National University of Education
Trang 41 Background
It is considered that family is the first cultural and social environment to nurture thechild's soul Significantly, influences from the family in the early stages of each life canmake a strong impression, as if this is a second human instinct In particular, a child’spsychological and behavioral development is oriented and formed by their parenting styles
as underground flows upon directly or indirectly process This can be positive or negativeimpact depending on education style that parents use In contrast, the parenting style isformed in the process of interacting, educating and taking care of their child Therefore, thechild's behavior can also have some reverse influence, contributing to the success or changethe parenting style Thus, there is a close relationship between the parenting style and thechild's behavior
In fact, a group of parents with their authoritarian parenting style leads to theirchild’s undesirable behaviors, especially aggressive behavior For example, parents are toostrict and overcontrol to their kids, who often use their strict discipline as punishment thatcause physical and psychological injury to children Children in these families often tend to
be frustrated by express their aggressive behavior Then, parents will increase their power
by being more repressiveness, controlling and punishment In contrast to authoritarianparents, some permissive or indulgent parents are very involved with their children butplace few demands or control on them, will form the attitude of “request all the time” intheir children As the needs of these children are not met, many aggressive behaviors will behappened towards someone else such as frustrating, hostility, bullying, attacking or evenself-harming To handle those behaviors of children, parents can easily either compromise
or negotiate or spoil them for various reasons (over-indulge them, or do not want them todisturb, or keep their pride ) Thus, it is a "vicious cycle" that both parents and childrenhardly find the way out of, that is: inappropriate parenting style - child's aggressivebehaviors – the more inappropriate parenting style - the more aggressive the child'sbehaviors Therefore, it is essential to have many studies on the relationship between theparenting styles and the child's aggressive behavior, which makes some implications to theappropriate parenting style to help to decrease aggressive behaviors of children
Antonio Fe'lix Raya Trenas et al (2013), Doaa Kadry et al (2017), Juan F Casas et
al (2006), Michael J MacKenzie et al (2014), Rikuya Hosokawa and Toshiki Katsura(2019) have shown in their studies on the relationship between two elements in the directionthat parenting styles could affect and predict the level of aggressive behaviors in theirchildren There were also a few studies in Vietnam on the relationship between parenting
Trang 5styles and aggressive behaviors of children, especially developing the preschoolers' traits ofpersonality and psychology Le Thanh Ha (2019) one of a few researchers of this fieldexplored the relationship between parenting styles and child bullying behavior of students atsecondary schools Ho Thi Thuy Hang (2018) has just initially pointed out the influence ofparenting styles on aggressive behaviors of 5-6-year-old children That is, the more strictand authoritarian parents are, the higher level of aggressive behavior in their child ispresented However, the results of the above studies have not paid enough attention to thereverse relationship that is children’s aggressive behaviors could affect to parenting styles.Absolutely, back and forth or 2 side relationship between the parenting styles and theaggressive behavior of preschool children on Vietnamese sample should be further clarified
in various studies It is basic foundation to help Vietnamese parents to adapt andaccommodate appropriate parenting style, thereby contributing to limit their children'saggressive behavior early from their preschool age Based on the above reasons, the issue
study on "relationship between parenting styles and aggressive behaviors of children aged 3-6 years" was selected for implementing.
2 Research Purpose
Assessing the direction of the relationship between parenting styles and aggressivebehavior of children aged 3 - 6 years Then, proposing measures of an appropriate parentingstyle for parents in limiting aggressive behavior of children aged 3-6 years
3 Research subject and sample size
3.1 Research subject
The back-and-forth relationship between parenting styles and aggressive behavior
of children aged 3 - 6 years
3.2 Sample size
- 365 children from 3 to 6 years old, including 174 children are studying at Hoa
Huong Duong kindergarten in Cau Giay district, Hanoi and 191 children are studying at MyTrung kindergarten in My Loc district, Nam Dinh
- 365 either fathers or mothers of participated children
- 14 teachers of participated children at 14 kindergarten classrooms
4 Hypothesis
Trang 6The parenting styles and the aggressive behaviors of children aged 3-6 years have
an interactive relationship, as follows:
- Children of parents practicing authoritative parenting style are less likely to showaggressive behaviors Whereas, children of parents practicing authoritarian or permissiveparenting style tend to show more aggressive behaviors
- Similarly, parents of children aged 3 - 6 years showing less aggressive behaviorsoften have authoritative parenting style And parents of children 3 to 6 years old exhibiting ahigh degree of aggressive behaviors, their parents often have an authoritarian or permissiveparenting style
- Proposing some spychotherapy measures and doing experiment to help parentschoose an appropriate parenting style, thereby contributing to limit aggressive behaviors ofchildren aged 3-6 years
Trang 7Firstly, the predictive level of how parenting styles (authoritarian, authoritative orpermissive style) are affected by aggressive behavioral manifestations (physical, verbal,relational) of children aged 3-6 years.
Secondly, the predictive level of how aggressive behavior expression patterns(physical, verbal, and relational) of children 3 - 6 years old are affected by parenting styles(authoritarian, authoritative or permissive style)
6.2 Participants and research sites
365 children from 3 - 6 years old (without physical disabilities and/or trauma andpsychological disorders) were involved in the study; 365 fathers/mothers of these childrenand 14 preschool teachers directly taking care of and educating these children
Hoa Huong Duong kindergarten in Cau Giay district, Hanoi and My Trungkindergarten in My Loc district, Nam Dinh are 2 sites of the study
7 Approach and research methodology
Trang 8On the basis of international and national researches, the dissertation has inheritedand designed an assessment tool to measure aggressive behavior for children aged 3-6 years,initially meeting standards of reliability through Cronbach's alpha analysis, analyzingexploratory factor EFA in assessment tool design.
8.2 Practical contribution
Some following practical contributions were presented:
- Indicate the situation of practicing parenting styles and actual level and form ofaggressive behavior expression of children from 3-6-years old
Trang 9- Recognize the relationship between parenting styles and aggressive behaviors ofchildren aged 3-6 years on a sample of Vietnamese people, which are:
Parenting styles affects children's aggressive behaviors in both ways: the moreparents use the authoritative parenting style, the less children show aggressive behavior, aswell as the more parents use authoritarian or permissive parenting styles, the moreaggressive behaviors the child shows and vice versa
The child's aggressive behaviors also affected to parenting styles in a weaker extent
as the more aggressive the child showed, the more parents tended to use the authoritarian orliberal parenting styles and vice versa
- Find out some factors acting as control variables (parent's gender, child's gender,regional culture) and moderator variables (father/mother-child relationship) in therelationship between parenting styles and aggressive behaviors of children aged 3 - 6 years
- Proposing some psychotherapy measures to direct parents in using appropriateparenting styles, thereby contributing to limit 3-6 years old children’s aggressive behaviorsand carrying out an experiment
9 Structure of dissertation
In addition to the introduction, conclusion, list of references, table of contents, list
of published relevant research works and appendices, it consists of three chapters:
Chapter 1 Theoretical basis of the relationship between parenting styles andaggressive behaviors of children from 3 - 6 years old
Chapter 2 Carrying out research and its methodologies
Chapter 3 Results of practical research on the relationship between parenting stylesand aggressive behaviors of children 3 - 6 years old
Trang 10CHAPTER 1 THEORETICAL BASIS ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PARENTING STYLES AND AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIORS OF CHILDREN AGED 3 -
6 YEARS 1.1 Literature review
1.1.1 Studies on parenting styles
From the perspective of psychology and education, there have been manyinternational and local researchers focusing on learning about parenting styles Thesestudies can be generalized into three main research directions:
The first direction: Research on models and assessment tools of parenting style
Theoretical studies on parenting style were mainly interested in two issues: the firstone was the model of parenting styles Based on parenting dimensions(support/responsiveness and control/ demandingness), parenting styles were divided intotypes: authoritative, authoritarian, permissive and neglectful parenting style (Baumrind,1991), (Maccoby and Martin 1983), ect The second one was to develop assessment tools onparenting styles such as Parenting Style Ddimension Questionaires (PSDQ) by Clyde C.Robinson et al (1995, 2001), Parental Behavior Scale (PBS) by Van Leeuwen and Vermulst(2004) Additionally, there were a number of tools designed to assess parenting style interms of parenting dimensions (support, behavioral control, psychological control) such as:Parent-Child Subsystem Quality Scale - PCSQS by Daniel TL Shek et al (2016), Child'sReport of Parent Behavior Inventory - CRPBI by Schaefer (1965)
The second direction: Research on parenting styles in different cultures
R.K Chao (1994), X Chen et al (1997), F Chen and T Luster (2002), N.T.T Hangand T.N.T.M Tam (2003), Tatyana Mestechkina et al (2014) pointed out parents in differentcultures tended to use different parenting styles While European parents mainly havepracticed the authoritative parenting style, parents in Asian countries such as China, Taiwan,Vietnam, ect have gradually shifted from authoritarian parenting style to authoritative
Trang 11parenting style with less punishments (especially humiliation punishments), and moreaccept individual values.
The third direction: Studying on the impact of parenting styles on their child’s psychological development
Some studies have shown that parenting style could affect their child's cognitivedevelopment (Jaipaul L Roopnarine et al., 2006), (P Estrada et al., 2006) 1987), (Uddin,2011); social behavior (Jaipaul L Roopnarine et al., 2006), (Gonzalez – Mena, 2006),(RMGupta and FL Theus, 2006) In which, authoritative parenting style had a positiveeffect, whereas liberal parenting style had a negative effect on children's development
Children's aggressive behavior is a problem that is being studied by manyinternational and national researchers In particular, research on children's aggressivebehaviors is mainly in two directions as follows:
The first direction: Models and theories on children's aggressive behaviors
Theory of Children's Aggressive Behaviors: Some authors investigated the tricks of
aggressive behaviors in children have suggested that it is a nature instinct (S Freud, 1920),(Loenz, 1966) ; or responding to disappointment, pain, disappointment (John Dollard et al.,1939); or imitating and learning from others (A Bandura, 1963); influence of factors such
as health, disease, living environment (Nguyen Thi Minh Hang, 2012), social relationships,especially parenting styles (Tran Hang Ly, 2019)
Model of children aggressive behaviors: Crick, NR et al (1995, 1997, 2006),Spencer C Evans et al (2018), Nguyen Thi Nhu Mai and Truong Thu Page (2020), ect.focused on describing symptoms of aggressive behaviors Some specific aggressivebehaviors such as: verbal aggression, non-verbal/physical aggression, relational aggression,direct aggression and indirect aggression
Trang 12Some tools can be used to assess aggressive behaviors such as: Child BehaviorChecklist (CBCL) by Thomas Achenbach, Overt Aggression Scale (OAS) by Yudofsky et al(1986), Preschool Social Behavior Scale – Teacher form (PSBS – T) developed by NRCrick et al 1997, Children's Aggression Scale (CAS) by Jeffrey M Halperin et al (2002).
The second direction: Research on children's aggressive behavior on different objects and variables
Currently, studies have mainly aimed at understanding circumstances of children'saggressive behaviors The results of the studies have shown:
Aggressive behaviors of preschool children were specifically presented directly andindirectly in verbal/verbal and non-verbal/physical forms (Ho Thi Thuy Hang, 2018),
(Nguyen Thi Nhu Mai and Truong Thu Trang, 2020), (Nguyen Thi Tram Anh, 2012)
Patterns of children aggressive behaviors (physical and relational) (Persson, 2005),(NR Crick et al., 2006), (Dianna Murray-Close and Jamie M Ostrov, 2009), (Spencer C.Evans et al., 2018) and functions of aggressive behavior as proactive and reactive (PJ Fiteand CR Colder, 2007), (Spencer C Evans et al., 2018) were relative stability over time
There is a difference in gender reflection to the traits and functions of children'saggressive behaviors While girls expressed more relational aggression than boys, and boyspresented more physical aggression than girls (Hawley, 2003), (Sebanc, 2003) 2003), (HoThi Thuy Hang, 2018), (Nguyen Thi Nhu Mai and Truong Thu Trang, 2020), ect
The relationship between the parenting style and the child's aggressive behaviorsbecomes even closer at a child’s preschool age Many international studies have indicatedthat using an authoritarian parenting style as often punishing their children with spankingcould predict a high level of aggressive behaviors in children such as Judith S Brook et al.(2001), RMGupta et al (2006), Michael J MacKenzie et al (2014) Other studies haverefered that parents who applied not only aauthoritarian parenting style but also permissiveparenting style made their children exhibit more likely aggressive behaviors (RikuyaHosokawa and Toshiki Katsura, 2019), (Juan F Casas et al., 2006), (Antonio Fe'lix Raya
Trang 13Trenas et al., 2013), (Doaa Kadry et al., 2017), ect However, these studies mainly exploredimpacts on children's aggressive behaviors affected by their parents’ parenting styles Theopposite way of children’s aggressive behaviors affected by parents' educational styles, orthe key controlled or regulated factors has not been concerned much.
There was lack of studies on relationships between parenting styles and children’saggressive behaviors, especially at preschools Specifically, studies carried out by NguyenThi Minh Hang (2012), Nguyen Van Dong (2012), and Ho Thi Thuy Hang (2018) mainlyregarded to theoretical basis then propose some suggestions on this issue while there wasnot any clinical or practical studies on the isssue in Vietnamese context
Therefore, it is necessary to implement some studies on "relationship between parentingstyles and aggressive behaviors of children aged 3 - 6 years", which contribute to enhance thetheoritical background of the issue as well as identify the back-and-forth relationship betweenparenting styles and aggressive behaviors of children aged 3-6 years in Vietnam
1.2 Parenting styles
1.2.1 Definition of “Style”
Style is combined of all unique traits that form a specific characteristic in theactivities and individual manners performing by behaviors, guestures, verbal language ofeach person
1.2.2 Definition of “Parenting style”
Parenting style is all the distinct features that form each person's characteristic,which are expressed through behavior, gestures, verbal language in the process ofinteraction, taking care and educating children
Based on parenting dimensions (support, behavioral and emotional control), threeparenting styles were studied including authoritarian, authoritative and permissive parenting syles
1.3 Aggressive behaviors of 3-6-year-old children
Trang 141.3.2 Psychological development of chidren aged 3 - 6 years
Some typical characteristics in psychological development could have influence toaggressive behaviors of of children aged 3 to 6 years such as: primarily play activity,language, cognitive, self-perception, behavioral motivation, emotion, intention, ect
1.3.3 Definition of “aggressive behaviors of 3-6-year-old children”
Based on the definition of aggressive behavior and the development of children
aged 3 - 6 years, aggressive behavior of a child aged 3 - 6 years is understood as the child's battle-ready response functioning in causing physically or psychological harm to another person in certain situations.
1.3.4 Forms of a ggressive behaviors in a child aged 3 – 6 years
Aggressive behavior of children 3-6 years old is recognized in three forms ofexpression, including: physical aggression, verbal aggression, and relational aggression
1.4 The relationship between parenting styles and aggressive behaviors of children 3 -
6 years old
1.4.1 Definition
The relationship between parenting styles and aggressive behaviors of children 3 - 6 yearsold is understood as the mutual interaction between parenting styles and aggressive behaviors ofchildren from 3 – 6 years old When parents of children aged 3-6 years had changed their parentingstyle, it could affect to their child’s aggressive behaviors and vice versa
1.4.2 Influence of parenting styles to aggressive behaviors of children from 3 – 6 years old
According to some famous psychologists such as S Freud, E.H Erikson, A Bandura,B.F Skinner , parenting styles can have impact to their child's aggressive behaviors as manydifferent mechanisms: identification, reinforcement, observation, imitation
According to many practical studies of Dobson, (2002), Juan F.Casas et al (2006),Gonzalez - Mena (2006), R.M Gupta and F.C Theus (2006), Xu (2007) Evis Fili (2016),Doaa Kadry, Salwa Abbas Ali, Amany Sobhy Sorour (2017), each parenting style caninfluence a child's aggressive behavior in different ways Through using the authoritarianand permissive parenting style, parents made an increasing of their child's aggressivebehaviors In contrast, practicing a authoritative parenting style, parents made a decreasing
of less aggressive behavior exhibition
1.4.3 Influence of a 3-6-year-old child’s aggressive behaviors to their parents’ parenting styles
Definitely, parenting styles formed in the process of parents’ interaction, takingcare and education to their children Therefore, a child's aggressive behavior might alsohave a certain influence on the parenting styles Some studies have pointed out that childrenperformed good emotional control and behaved their less aggressive behaviors, parents got
Trang 15more balance in emotions and behaviors (Maccoby, E.E and Martin, J.A., 1983) Thus,parents had more opportunities to share and talk to their children, which help them tounderstand each other better and easily to establish a close relationship As a result, parentscould easily watch as well as regularly support their children, which is the platform ofparents in establishing their authoritative parenting style.
On the contrary, parents had some likely negative emotions and difficulties incontrolling their own emotions as if their children performed undesirable behaviors,especially aggressive behaviors, (Maccoby, E.E and Martin, J A., 1983), (Gupta, R.M andTheus, F.C., 2006) Parents have often reacted in two different ways: Firstly, parentsincreasingly practiced the authoritarian parenting style to reassure their power over theirchildren Secondly, parents would used permissive parenting style if they felt "powerless",then accepted compromises and indulged their children
1.5 Some relevant factors to inter- relationship of parenting styles and a 3-6-year-old child’s aggressive behavior
There was an interactive and interrelated relationship between parenting style andtheir child's aggressive behavior although some of factors could act as a moderator orcontrol variable in this inter-relationship Within the scope of the research, regulatory roles
of factors were considered including gender of parents or chid, father/mother-son/daughterrelationship and regional culture
CHAPTER 2 CARRYING OUT RESEARCH AND ITS METHODOLOGIES 2.1 Research implementation
2.1.1 Research content
Dissertation was carried out to solve all targeted tasks
2.1.2 The character of paticipants
Participants: 365 children from 3 to 6 years old, 365 fathers/mothers and 14preschool teachers of 14 classes
Trang 16Table 2.1 Population as children aged 3 - 6 years
Criteria
Hà Nội (n 1 = 174)
Nam Định (n 2 = 191)
Total (n = 365) Quantity % Quantity % Quantity %
Table 2.2 Population as parents of children aged 3 - 6 years
Criteria
Hà Nội (n 1 = 174)
Nam Định (n 2 = 191)
Total (n = 365)
Trang 17- Hoa Huong Duong Kindergarten (Cau Giay District– Ha Noi city)
- My Trung Kindergarten (My Loc District– Nam Đinh province)
2.1.4 Research process
- Theoretical research
- Experipsychological research (Exploratory and official research)
2.2 Methodologies