Tài liệu Oxford Collocations Dictionary for students of English_ Chương 2.9 ppt

completely, entirely, pig informal, quite, totally, utterly, very, wholly Don’t ask Paul.. altogether, completely, entirely, quite, totally | almost, practically, virtually | largely |

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ice noun

e ADJ thick Is the ice thick enough to walk on? | thin |

black Motorists have been warned about black ice on the

roads

@ QUANT block, slab The spray froze and formed great

blocks of ice on the front of the ship

e VERB + ICE form

e ICE + VERB form Ice had formed on the pond | crack,

melt The ice was beginning to melt

e@ PREP onthe~ skating on the ice

ice cream noun

e ADJ chocolate, strawberry, vanilla, etc

e VERB + ICE CREAM eat, have

e ICE CREAM + VERB melt

e ICE CREAM + NOUN carton, cone | parlour, van

e PHRASES and/with ice-cream apple pie with ice cream

= Special page at FOOD

icing noun

e ADJ fondant, gelatine, royal, sugar paste | choc-

olate, lemon, etc

e VERB + ICING roll out Roll out the icing into a large

square | cover sth with, pipe, smooth, spread, squeeze

Pipe alittle green icing around the strawberries | trim off

Trim off excess icing around the base | colour Colour the

remaining icing red

e ICING + VERB dry

e ICING + NOUN sugar | bag

icon noun

1small symbol on a computer screen

e ADJ folder, network, printer, program, window, etc

e VERB + ICON click (on), double-click (on), right-

click (on) Click the ‘modems’ icon | drag

= Special page at COMPUTER

2 person considered to be a symbol

e ADJ national | cultural | gay, lesbian | fashion, pop,

sporting, style

idea noun

1 plan/suggestion

e ADJ bright, brilliant, clever, excellent, good, great,

marvellous | valuable, worthwhile | exciting, inspir-

ational, interesting, stimulating | constructive, posi-

tive | creative, imaginative, innovative, original |

wacky | big The latest big idea is to make women more

interested in sport | alternative Group counselling is

used as an alternative idea to punishment | fresh, new |

absurd, bad, mistaken, ridiculous | crackpot, crazy,

mad, outlandish, wild | half-baked | ambitious, big,

grand He joined the company as an office assistant with

big ideas | grandiose | basic The basic idea is that we

all meet up in London

e VERB + IDEA have Doyou have any ideas for a present

for Lara? | come up with, dream up, hit on/upon, pro-

duce, think up | draw, get Her ideas are drawn mainly

from Chinese art | contribute, input | moot, put for-

ward | promote, push (forward), sell They managed to

push the idea of moving office through the committee |

welcome Most employees welcome the idea of a ban on

smoking | consider, entertain, flirt with, toy with 7m

toying with the idea of packing inmy job | mull over, turn

over He kept turning the idea of resigning over in his mind | encourage, generate Brainstorming is a good way of generating ideas | stifle a system of decision- making that stifles original ideas | reject, scoff at, veto | test, try out | bounce around, bounce off sb, brain- storm, discuss, explore, talk about J met up with a de- signer to bounce a few ideas around > It’s useful to have someone to bounce ideas off | exchange, pool, share | give sb What gave you the idea to go freelance? | apply, implement, put into action/effect/practice The idea had long been mooted but nothing had been done to put it into practice | transform, translate How could we translate the idea into business reality? | steal She accused the company of stealing her idea | impose She always tries to impose her own ideas on the rest of the team

e IDEA + VERB come into sb’s head/mind, come to sb, flash across/into sb’s mind/brain, hit sb, occur to sb, pop into sb’s head, strike sb The idea for the invention came to him in the bath | emerge, evolve, form, grow An idea began to form in his mind | flow His ideas flowed faster than he could express them | come from sb/sth, date back from/to sth, originate, start, stem from sth The idea for the Olympics originated with Pierre de Coubertin | blossom, work (out) The idea has now blos- somed into a successful mail-order business | lead The idea eventually led to the invention of the telephone | come to nothing

@ PREP ~ about J have an idea about how to tackle the problem ~for We were asked to suggest ideas for improving efficiency ~ of She had the idea of advertising on the Internet

e PHRASES be open to ideas [don’t know what to do, but [Pm open to ideas the germ/glimmering of an idea The germ of his idea came from watching a bird make a nest have other ideas J wanted to take the week off but my boss had other ideas it might be an idea It might be an idea to leave a note on the door for Mark

2 thought/impression

e ADJ clear, concrete, precise | abstract | theoretical

| not the faintest/foggiest/remotest/slightest (informal)

I haven't got the faintest idea what she meant | artistic, economic, intellectual, moral, musical, philosophic-

al, political, scientific | fascist, feminist, nationalist, socialist

® VERB + IDEA get They seem to have got the idea that

we will be giving them a lift © You’ ll soon get the idea (= understand) | espouse, have, hold He holds very different ideas to mine about discipline | develop, form, shape the experiences that shaped her ideas | express | com- municate, convey, get across, get over, present, put across The book puts across complex ideas in a way anyone can understand | demonstrate, explain, expound, illustrate | clarify, formalize, formulate, organize, structure Give careful thought to how to structure your ideas in the essay | change, reconsider, reshape, revise They had to reconsider their ideas in the light of new evi-

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ideal 390

e IDEA + VERB amuse sb, appeal to sb, please sb The idea of going to his rescue amused her | catch on, take hold Some students started wearing denim, and the idea caught on

e PREP ~about She’s got some funny ideas about how to motivate staff ~behind The idea behind the ceremony is to keep the gods happy to ensure a good crop ~ of Swimming

in an icy river is not my idea of fun

ideal noun

e ADJ high, lofty, noble Sam was a real leader who had high moralideals | unattainable This is not an unattainable ideal | aesthetic, artistic, ethical, moral, political | democratic, liberal, revolutionary, socialist

e VERB + IDEAL be committed to, be devoted to, believe in, cling to, espouse, have, support They still clung

to the old ideals | pursue, strive for | achieve, attain, be true to, conform to, live up to A journalist should always live up to the ideals of truth, decency, and justice | fall short of This agreement falls far short of the ideal | abandon, betray She was accused of betraying her political ideals | embody, reflect the democratic ideals em- bodied in the charter

e VERBS appear, be, look, seem | remain

e ADV absolutely, completely, exactly | not necessarily Different spreadsheet packages tend to be similar, though not necessarily identical | almost, more or less, nearly, practically, virtually The two houses were more or less identical | effectively | apparently | basically, essentially | chemically, formally, genetically

e PREP to This knife is identical to the one used in the attack with offspring that are genetically identical with the

parents

identification noun

1 act of identifying sb/sth

e ADJ accurate, correct | positive

e VERB + IDENTIFICATION make She was unable to make a positive identification of the suspect

e IDENTIFICATION + NOUN parade A witness picked him out of an identity parade as the robber

2 proof of identity

e VERB + IDENTIFICATION carry, have Always carry some identification ¢ Do you have any identification? | ask for, check The police checked their identification

e IDENTIFICATION + NOUN card, papers | code, number The vehicle’s identification number is stamped on the engine

e PHRASES a means of identification My only means of identification was my cheque book

identify verb

e ADV accurately, correctly The new test will enable us

to identify more accurately patients who are most at risk © Did you identify all the pictures correctly? | falsely, incor- rectly, wrongly | positively | clearly, unambiguously,

unequivocally We have not yet clearly identified the source

of the pollution | formally Someone has to formally identify the body | easily, readily J could identify him easily if Isaw himagain | tentatively All three structures dated to the third century and were tentatively identified as shrines

e VERB + IDENTIFY be able/unable to, can fests that can identify people at risk of cancer | be easy to, be pos-

sible to | be difficult to | be necessary to | attempt to,

seek to, try to | be used to, enable sb to, help to | decline to The newspaper declined to identify the source of the allegations

e PHRASES a means/way of identifying sb/sth one means of identifying the disease in its early stages PHRASAL VERBS

e ADV closely The policy is closely identified with the

prime minister himself | clearly

identity noun

e ADJ true | assumed, false He was discovered living under an assumed identity in South America | mistaken This is obviously a case of mistaken identity | new | common, corporate, cultural, national, personal, political, racial, sexual

e VERB + IDENTITY create, develop, establish, forge They are still struggling to establish their identity as a political party © The company forged its own identity by pro- ducing specialist vehicles | give sb/sth He felt that having ajob gave him an identity | maintain, preserve Many minority groups are struggling to maintain their cultural identity | lose | change He changed his identity and moved abroad on his release from prison | assume She was given a false passport and assumed a new identity | disclose, reveal He refused to reveal the identity of his cli- ent | discover, find out | guess /t was easy to guess the identity of the thief | conceal, hide, keep secret, protect Her voice was disguised to conceal her identity

e IDENTITY + NOUN bracelet, tag | card, documents,

papers | code | parade The victim picked out her at-

tacker in an identity parade | crisis The country suffered from an identity crisis for years after the civil war .@ PREP ~as Scotland has never lost its identity as a separate nation

e PHRASES proof of identity The police officer asked him for proof of identity a search for identity His search for his cultural identity took him to where his parents were born a sense of identity

ideology noun

e VERB + IDEOLOGY have The party had a Marxist

ideology | adopt They distanced themselves from the

upper class and adopted a communist ideology | reject

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391

idle adj

1lazy

e VERBS be | become

e ADV very | bone (informal), totally She never lifts a

finger to help She’s bone idle | rather

2not in use

e VERBS be, lie, sit, stand Half their machines are lying

idle © The pumps are standing idle | remain | leave sth,

make sth The land was left idle for years

idol noun

e ADJ film, football, pop, rock, sports, etc | teen,

teenage By this time Pitt had become a teenage idol

e VERB + IDOL make (sb) Teenagers made Dean their

idol © The film made an idol of her

ignite verb

e ADV spontaneously The burning foam generates such

heat that other items in the room can ignite spontaneously

e VERB + IGNITE fail to The gunpowder sometimes fails

to ignite

ignition noun

e VERB + IGNITION switch on, turn on She got into the

car and switched on the ignition | switch off, turn off

e IGNITION + NOUN key He turned the ignition key

e PREP inthe~ J must have left my key in the ignition

ignorance noun

e ADJ complete, total | remarkable | widespread |

blissful

® VERB + IGNORANCE betray, show / tried not to betray

my ignorance © He showed a remarkable ignorance of the

facts | admit, confess, plead J had to confess my ignor-

ance © He pleaded ignorance of any wrongdoing | live in,

remain in The sisters lived in total ignorance of each other

| keep sb in He was kept in ignorance of his true identity |

be based on These attitudes are based on ignorance and

fear

e PREP due to~ mistakes due to ignorance in~ (of) She re-

mained in blissful ignorance of these events through ~

Many lives are lost through ignorance | ~ about There is

still widespread ignorance about this disease

ignorant adj

e VERBS appear, be, feel, seem | remain The general

public remained totally ignorant of the danger | keep sb

We were kept ignorant of the facts

e ADV completely, entirely, pig (informal), quite, total-

ly, utterly, very, wholly Don’t ask Paul He’s pig ignorant

| largely | rather | blissfully We went to bed that night

blissfully ignorant of the storm to come | grossly, lam-

entably, woefully

e PREP about He was completely ignorant about the

country’s political system of We are still woefully ignorant

of the causes of this disease

ignore verb

e ADV altogether, completely, entirely, quite, totally |

almost, practically, virtually | largely | generally | just,

simply The government has simply ignored the problem

altogether | consistently | apparently | duly Her

mother’s opinions on how babies should be cared for were

freely given and duly ignored | easily The diesel fumes

from Oxford’s buses are not easily ignored | convenient-

ly (ironic) The managers have conveniently ignored these

statistics | blatantly Safety guidelines had been blatantly

ignored | assiduously, carefully, deliberately, deter-

minedly, pointedly, resolutely, steadfastly, studiously

She sat at her desk and studiously ignored me | blithely,

to ignore these creatures | try to | choose to The judge chose to ignore the views of the doctors

e@ PHRASES be widely ignored Safety standards are widely ignored in the industry ignore sth at your peril The pernicious effect of this advertising on children is a problem that we ignore at our peril ignore the fact that Did you think Pd ignore the fact that you were suffering from shock? sth can be safely ignored (ironic) These people occupy such a marginal position in society that the authorities think they can be safely ignored

illegal adj

e VERBS be | become | remain | declare sth, deem sth, judge, make sth, pronounce sth, rule sth Their action was judged illegal by the International Court © The sale of these knives should be made illegal

e ADV highly | absolutely, quite, strictly, totally | al- legedly | technically Prizefighting remained popular, though technically illegal, until the 1880s

illegitimate adj

e VERBS be | consider sth, regard sth as

e ADV absolutely, completely, entirely, quite, wholly Jt

is quite illegitimate to argue that the government had no choice

illiteracy noun

e ADJ widespread Illiteracy was widespread at that time

e@ QUANT level, rate

e ILLITERACY + NOUN rate Illiteracy rates have fallen

illness noun

e QUANT bout, episode an acute episode of mental

e VERB + ILLNESS have, suffer (from) Badly fed children suffer a lot of minor illnesses © people who suffer

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392

ILLNESSES

You can have any illness or disease:

I'm warning you—l've got a bad cold

Have the kids had chickenpox yet?

Get can be used with diseases or illnesses that you often have:

He gets really bad hay fever every summer

Suffer from is used in more formal contexts and with more serious diseases:

This medicine is often recommended for patients who suffer from arthritis

You can also:

catch

chickenpox

a cold

a cough flu German measles glandular fever measles mumps

a stomach bug whooping cough

an infection pneumonia rheumatism

a bit of a cold, a cough, an infection mild depression

a mild attack of sth, bout of sth

a mild heart attack, infection

a slight cold, headache

What's the treatment?

take

medicine pills tablets

be given/

be on/take antibiotics drugs medication painkillers

come/go

down with

appendicitis bronchitis chickenpox diarrhoea flu

suffer

a breakdown

a heart attack

a stroke

an attack of flu, nerves, shingles; an asthma attack

a bout of bronchitis, coughing, flu, pneumonia, sickness

a coughing, an epileptic fit

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393

from mental illness | contract, develop, get He contract-

ed a serious illness and died a month later | diagnose |

treat The drug is used to treat a wide range of illnesses |

cause illnesses caused by poverty | prevent a drug that

may be helpful in preventing illnesses such as cancer | re-

cover from | fight (off) The immune system enables the

body to fight off illness | feign She feigned illness so that

she wouldn't have to go to school | nurse sb through She

nursed her father through his final illness

e ILLNESS + VERB affect sb The mystery illness affect-

ed hundreds of people in the city

e PREP after~ He’s just returned to work after illness be-

cause of/due to/through ~ earnings lost due to illness

with ~ people with serious psychological illnesses |

~among a high rate of illness among the workers ~asso-

ciated with the illnesses associated with HIV infection ~in

episodes of illness in children

e PHRASES the onset of illness the sudden onset of ill-

ness in a parent a smoking-/Aids-, etc related illness the

most common stress-related illnesses

illogical adj

e VERBS be, seem, sound

e ADV completely, entirely, quite, totally | rather,

slightly | apparently | strictly Although strictly illogic-

al, Martin’s interpretation of this paradox seems the best

ill-treatment noun

e VERB + ILL-TREATMENT suffer

e PHRASES ill-treatment at sb’s hands They suffered ill-

treatment at the hands of the guards

illuminate verb

1 give light to sth

e ADV brightly, clearly | dimly, faintly, softly The room

was dimly illuminated by the soft glow of his bedside lamp

| briefly | suddenly

2 make sth clear

e ADV greatly, vividly an incident which vividly illumin-

ated the problems we faced

e VERB + ILLUMINATE help (to) The study of the pres-

ent also helps to illuminate the past

illuminating adj

e VERBS be, prove | find sth

e ADV extremely, highly, most, very J found his talk

most illuminating | not particularly | quite

illumination noun

e ADJ bright, good, strong

e QUANT level providing an excellent level of illumin-

ation

e VERB + ILLUMINATION provide The skylight will

provide good illumination from above

e ILLUMINATION + VERB come from sth Most of the il-

lumination came from candles

e PHRASES a source of illumination The only source of

illumination was a single small window

illusion noun

e ADJ dangerous To believe you have nothing more to

learn is a dangerous illusion | optical, visual The road

ahead looks wet, but in fact this is an optical illusion

e VERB + ILLUSION be under, entertain, have They are

under no illusions about the difficulties ahead of them |

create, give (sb) The huge size of the vehicle gives the illu-

sion of safety | foster, maintain, preserve, sustain They

are trying to maintain the illusion that the company is in

good shape | break, destroy, dispel, shatter Within the

image

first week at university all my illusions were shattered |

shed Now is the time to shed our illusions

e PREP ~about/as to She had no illusions about her at- tractiveness to men

e PHRASES be all an illusion Jt turned out that their happy marriage was all an illusion

illustrate verb

1 put pictures in sth

e ADV heavily, lavishly, richly | fully | attractively,

beautifully, delightfully, handsomely, superbly

e PREP with The new edition is heavily illustrated with photographs of aircraft

2 make sth clear using examples/pictures

e@ ADV amply | admirably, aptly, neatly, nicely, well The dire consequences of chronic underfunding are no-

where better illustrated than in the nation’s schools | per-

fectly | merely, simply His question merely illustrates his ignorance of the subject | clearly, dramatically, graphic- ally, strikingly, vividly | brutally, starkly, tragically The case tragically illustrates the dangers of fireworks

e VERB + ILLUSTRATE serve to Two examples serve to illustrate this point | be chosen to, be designed to, be intended to

of his decision

illustration noun

1 picture in a book etc

e ADJ black and white, colour/coloured, full-colour | beautiful, lively The clear, lively illustrations are in full colour | clear | book, cover

e@ ILLUSTRATION + VERB show sth | accompany sth

the illustrations accompanying the text

e PREP in an/the~ The kite is assembled as shown in the illustration with an/the~ | ~ by ‘The Black Cat’ by Alan Ahlberg, with illustrations by Arthur Robins

2 example

e ADJ good, excellent, perfect | clear, dramatic, graphic, striking, vivid These events are a graphic illustration of the fact that their promises cannot be trusted | simple Let us take a very simple illustration | classic

e VERB + ILLUSTRATION serve as Chicago serves asan illustration of the problems faced by such cities | give (sb), provide Explain the policy of détente and provide some illustrations of how it worked in practice | take, use sth as/for J will use one recent example as an illustration

e PREP as an~ As azn illustration of this point, !m going

to tell you a true story by way of ~ He quoted several famous writers by way of illustration

image noun

1 impression of sb/sth given to the public

e ADJ positive | negative | upmarket | downmarket |

tarnished The party needs to clean up its somewhat tarnished image | clean-cut, girl-next-door, wholesome She was aiming for a wholesome, girl-next-door image | macho | hackneyed the hackneyed image of the poor stu- dent | media, public, screen Jn real life she looks nothing like her screen image | brand, corporate Champagne houses owe their success to brand image

e VERB + IMAGE create The company needs to create a new image for itself | present, project, promote a book which presents positive images of older people | aim for,

go for | change | clean up, enhance, improve, polish, revive an effort to improve the organization’s public image

| keep up, live up to The group has failed to live up to its

macho image | discard, shed The industry is trying to

shed its negative image | tarnish

2 mental picture of sb/sth

e ADJ powerful, vivid | sudden She had a sudden

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imagery 394

mental image of herself in a wedding dress | positive |

negative | distorted the distorted images in his dreams |

popular | stereotyped/stereotypical | mental | literary, poetic | dream

e VERB + IMAGE have | conjure up, summon up Diet- ing always seems to conjure up images of endless cottage cheese salads © the ability to summon up images in the mind | build up J like to build up images of the characters and setting before I start to write | use | reinforce Treat- ing disabled people like children only reinforces negative images of disability

e PREP ~from images from his past

3 copy

e ADJ living, spitting He’s the spitting image of his father! | mirror Charity was a mirror image of her twin © (figurative) The return journey was almost a mirror image of the outward one (= the same things happened in the reverse order)

4 picture

e ADJ disturbing, poignant, powerful, striking powerful and disturbing images of the war | visual The visual image is steadily replacing the written word | flickering, moving flickering images ona screen | still the use of still

and moving video images | colour | black-and-white,

monochrome | photographic, video | screen Each illustration is displayed as a complete screen image | digit-

al | graven (literary) It was forbidden to worship graven (= carved) images | religious | pornographic

e VERB + IMAGE produce the images produced on laser printers | capture, scan She longed to capture the image onfilm | edit | display, show the pixel information used

to display a digital image | store You can store these im-

" ages in a separate computer file | juxtapose The display

juxtaposed images from serious and popular art

e IMAGE + VERB showsth heat images that show where most of the activity in the brain is

e IMAGE + NOUN capture, processing | database

= Special page at COMPUTER

imagery noun

e ADJ powerful, resonant, telling, vivid the vivid visual imagery of dreams | slick the slick imagery of rock star- dom | popular drawing on popular imagery from news- papers and magazines | visual | mental Illustration may come between the text and the reader’s own mental imagery | religious, sexual

e VERB + IMAGERY drawon,use

| historical, literary Jt requires a strong effort of historical

imagination to understand the Roman attitude to death | human the powers of the human imagination

e VERB + IMAGINATION have | show | lack Today’s

pop thusic lacks imagination | require, take It does not take great imagination to guess what happened next | use J haven’t got a picture of this so you’ ll just have to use your imagination | capture, captivate, catch, excite, fire, inspire, seize, stimulate, stir Victorian writers fired the popular imagination with their tales of adventure | grip, hold Dinosaurs caught and have held the imagination of us all because they seem like dragons | stretch, tax | defy The scale of the disaster defied imagination (= was greater than you could imagine) | leave sth to As for their reaction, I ll leave that to your imagination!

e IMAGINATION + VERB conjure sth up His imagination conjured up a vision of the normal family life he had never had | run away with you, run riot/wild

e@ PREP beyond (your) ~ misery that is beyond most people’s imagination in the/your~ Nobody hates you—it’s all in your imagination! with/without ~ He was totally without imagination

e PHRASES a lack of imagination, a figment/product of sb’s imagination The figure vanished as silently as if it had simply been a figment of her imagination not by any/by no stretch of the imagination Not by any stretch

of the imagination could she be called beautiful (= she was definitely not beautiful in any way) only your imagination Is it only my imagination or have you lost weight? with a little imagination With a little imagination you can create a delicious meal from yesterday’s leftovers

1 form a picture of sth in your mind

e ADV clearly, easily, readily J could clearly imagine the scene in the office | hardly, scarcely I could hardly imagine living in such a remote and desolate spot | just She could just imagine her mother’s look of horror | actually I can’t actually imagine her falling for that trick | always

I always imagined him following in his father’s footsteps

| fondly, naively J had fondly imagined that riding a mule would be easy

e VERB + IMAGINE can/could (well) I can well imagine the atmosphere at home at this moment | can/could not (possibly) There’s more at stake here than you can pos-

sibly imagine | try to | be difficult to, be hard to, be im-

possible to It is difficult to imagine Blackpool without its famous Tower | be easy to

e PHRASES let us imagine Let us imagine what really might have happened

2see/hear/think sth that is not true/does not exist

e ADV really, seriously You don’t seriously imagine Ill agree to that? | almost J could almost imagine you were

Jealous | actually | fondly, naively

e VERB + IMAGINE be easy to

e PHRASES be imagining things Had I really heard a noise, or was [just imagining things? real or imagined He was always keen to avenge insults, real or imagined

e IMBALANCE + VERB arise, occur

e PREP ~ between an imbalance between imports and

power,

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395

exports ~in An imbalance in certain chemicals leads to dis-

turbances in the brain’s function

imitation noun

1 copy of a thing

e ADJ accurate, good, passable | cheap, crude, pale,

poor Accept no cheap imitations of our product! © Their

version of jazz funk is a pale imitation of the real thing

2 act of copying sth

e ADJ faithful, slavish | direct Children are seen as

learning to write by direct imitation of adult models

e PREP in~of The poems, some in imitation of Ossian,

are graceful if unremarkable

3 copy of sb’s speech/behaviour

e ADJ fair, good, passable | poor

e VERB + IMITATION do, give, perform He does a very

good imitation of George W Bush

immaculate adj

e ADV absolutely, totally

immaterial adj

e VERBS be, prove, seem | become

e ADV completely, entirely, quite, wholly The condition

of the car is quite immaterial as long as it works | almost,

virtually | relatively

e@ PREP to These facts are immaterial to the problem

immature adj

e VERBS be,seem

e ADV very | rather, relatively | emotionally, physical-

ly, politically, sexually

immediacy noun

e VERB + IMMEDIACY lack

e PHRASES a lack of immediacy, a loss of immediacy

Television allows viewers to experience an event without

any loss of immediacy

immediate adj

® VERBS be, seem The effect seems immediate

e ADV almost The painkillers brought almost immediate

relief

immerse verb

1 put sth in liquid

e ADV completely, fully, totally | partially

® PREP in The seeds need to be completely immersed in

water

2 concentrate completely on sth

e ADV deeply Clare and Phil were deeply immersed in

conversation | completely, totally | in For six months I

totally immersed myself in my work

immigrant noun

e ADJ illegal | foreign | Irish, Italian, Jewish, etc | re-

cent | would-be | first-generation, second-generation

First-generation immigrants may dream of returning

‘home’; their children say Britain is their home

e QUANT flood, influx, wave

e VERB + IMMIGRANT accept, welcome | deport, re-

turn ships laden with would-be immigrants who were for-

cibly returned

e IMMIGRANT + VERB arrive, enter sth immigrants

seeking to enter the country | come from sth | settle

(sth) European immigrants settled much of Australia

@ IMMIGRANT + NOUN community, family, group,

population | worker | labour

immunity

e PREP ~from, ~to She was the daughter of Chinese immigrants to America

immigration noun

1 coming to live in a country

e ADJ illegal | large-scale, mass

e VERB + IMMIGRATION control, restrict laws restrict- ing immigration into the US

e IMMIGRATION + NOUN control, law, policy, rules | authority, officer, official, service

@ PREP ~from There was a sudden increase in immigration from Eastern Europe

2 (also immigration control) at a port/airport

e VERB + IMMIGRATION go/pass through We landed at Heathrow and went through customs and immigration

e IMMIGRATION + NOUN checks, formalities, procedures calls for tighter immigration procedures

e ADV downright, quite, totally, utterly | rather, slight-

ly, vaguely That sounds vaguely immoral

immortal adj

e VERBS be,seem | become

e ADV almost, virtually | effectively The wild cocoa tree

is effectively immortal | potentially

e PHRASES the immortality of the soul They believe in the immortality of the soul

immune adj

1 protected against a disease

e VERBS be, seem | become | remain, stay | make sb The vaccination doesn’t necessarily make you completely immune

e ADV completely, totally

e PREP to Many people are immune to this disease

2 not affected by sth

e VERBS appear, be, prove, seem | become | remain

e ADV completely, entirely, quite, totally, wholly | by

no means, far from Children are far from immune to the virus of cruelty that is latent in all human beings | almost, largely, virtually | relatively

e@ PREP to She’s quite immune to criticism

immunity noun

1 protection against disease

e ADJ strong | acquired, natural

e VERB + IMMUNITY have The island’s inhabitants had

no immunity to the diseases carried by the explorers and quickly succumbed | lack | acquire, build up, develop Once you have had a cold you build up immunity to that particular virus | stimulate the use of vaccines to stimu-

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2 protection from danger/punishment

e ADJ complete, total | effective | diplomatic, legal, parliamentary Several ministers were stripped of parliamentary immunity as a prelude to facing corruption charges | public interest The newspaper claimed public interest immunity when threatened with prosecution for publishing the story (= claimed that the public had a right

to know about the story)

@ VERB + IMMUNITY enjoy | claim, seek | confer, give

sb, grant (sb), guarantee (sb), provide | abolish, lift, strip sb of The Supreme Court lifted the company’s immunity from criminal prosecution | lose

e PREP ~from Unions were granted immunity from prosecution for non-violent acts

immunize verb

e ADV routinely

@ PREP against Children have been routinely immunized against polio since 1958 with They immunized some mice with a dose of the live vaccine

impact noun

1 effect/impression

e ADJ big, considerable, dramatic, enormous, great, high, huge, important, main, major, massive, powerful, profound, real, significant, strong, substantial, tremendous a high-impact message aimed at changing high risk behaviour among drug-users | limited, marginal, min- imal/minimum, negligible | full The industrial north of the country felt the full impact of the recession | max-

to appreciate the wider impact and implications of this proposal | future, likely, possible, potential | benefi- cial, favourable, positive | adverse, catastrophic, damaging, devastating, disastrous, heavy, negative, serious, severe | human The severest human impact on the dolphins has been the loss of habitat | personal The personal impact of party leaders has been very important | physical, visual seeking to reduce the visual impact of wind farms on the landscape | cultural, ecological, economic, emotional, environmental, financial, health, political, psychological, social The environmental impact of power generation is being assessed

e VERB + IMPACT achieve, create, exert, have, make Variations in the interest rate will have an impact on the whole housing market You certainly made a big impact

on Carter | feel The initial impact of the reforms will be felt most keenly in primary schools | analyse, assess, consider, evaluate, examine, explore, judge, measure, monitor, study It is difficult to judge the likely impact of the changes on employment patterns | enhance, increase, maximize | alleviate, cushion, lessen, minimize, reduce, soften We are trying to minimize the impact of price rises on our customers | diminish, lessen, reduce, weaken Listening to the speech through an inter- preter lessened its impact somewhat | lose When peace returned, the hardline message lost much of its impact | re-

sist, withstand This section explores how mothers resist

the impact of poverty on the health of their children | be

concerned about | appreciate | highlight | address |

predict | reflect Architecturally, these churches reflected the impact of the Renaissance

e PREP under the~of Manufacturing fell sharply under the impact of the recession | ~ on/upon to highlight the impact of technology on working practices

2 act/force of one object hitting another e@ ADJ full | initial

e@ VERB + IMPACT take The front coach of the train took the full impact of the crash | feel | absorb A well- designed sports shoe should absorb the impact on the 28 bones in each foot | lessen, soften Air bags are designed

to soften the impact for crash victims | survive, withstand The crew of six may have survived the initial impact, but the whole plane went up in flames seconds later

e IMPACT + VERB occur Jmpact occurred seconds after the pilot signalled for help | knock sb/sth The impact knocked him off balance

e IMPACT + NOUN speed | crater Small meteorites have left impact craters all over the planet’s surface e@ PREP on~ Thefront of the car had crumpled on impact

@ PHRASES the moment/point/time of impact

impair verb

e ADV dramatically, gravely, greatly, seriously, severe-

ly, significantly, substantially | directly factors which directly impair memory

® PHRASES badly impaired Her sight is badly impaired hearing/mentally/visually impaired the problems faced

by people who are hearing impaired

impartial adj

e VERBS be | remain The judge must remain impartial

e ADV completely, quite, strictly, totally | fairly, reasonably, relatively

impassable adj

e ADV completely, totally The mud made the roads impassable | almost, virtually

impasse noun

e ADJ diplomatic, legal, political

e VERB + IMPASSE reach Negotiations seemed to have reached an impasse | break, end, overcome, resolve e@ PHRASES a way out of an impasse The proposal offered both sides a way out of the diplomatic impasse

impassive adj

e VERBS be, sit, stand | become | remain

e ADV completely, quite, totally | almost Her expres- sion was cool, almost impassive | rather | usually A smile transformed her usually impassive face

impatience noun

e ADJ growing, mounting | slight | barely concealed/ controlled

e QUANT hint, note, touch

e VERB + IMPATIENCE feel She felt a growing impa-

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397

tience | express, show He was trying hard not to show

his impatience | contain, control, curb, restrain unable

to contain her impatience | conceal, hide

e IMPATIENCE + VERB grow

e@ PREP with~ He stamped his feet as he waited with bare-

ly concealed impatience for the telephone | ~ at He ex-

pressed impatience at the slow rate of progress ~for his im-

patience for her to return ~ with impatience with the slow-

ness of change

e PHRASES a gesture of impatience He shook his head

in a gesture of impatience a sigh of impatience He bit

back a sigh of impatience signs of impatience The chil-

dren were beginning to show signs of impatience

impatient adj

e VERBS appear, be, feel, seem, sound | become, get,

grow The children were growing impatient

e ADV extremely, really, very | increasingly | almost |

a bit, a little, rather, slightly, somewhat, a touch He spoke

in a somewhat impatient tone | suddenly

@ PREP about She’s getting impatient about the delays at

Sean was a touch impatient at the time Valerie devoted to

her mother for impatient for change with Sometimes he is

very impatient with his wife

impede verb

e ADV greatly, seriously, significantly The bad weather

seriously impeded our progress

impediment noun

e ADJ great, major, serious | absolute | chief, main |

lawful, legal There are no legal impediments to their ap-

pealing against the decision

e VERB + IMPEDIMENT be, constitute, provide | re-

move The agreement is designed to remove impediments to

trade between the two countries

e@ PREP ~to Their boycott of the talks constitutes a serious

impediment to peace negotiations

impenetrable adj

1 impossible to enter/get through

e VERBS appear, be, look, seem | become | find sth

They found the jungle virtually impenetrable

e ADV almost, nearly, virtually

2impossible to understand

e VERBS be, seem | become | remain | find sth

e ADV almost, virtually | somewhat J find his style

somewhat impenetrable | seemingly

e PREP to The language of this document would be im-

penetrable to anyone except a specialist

imperative adj

e VERBS be, seem | become | remain Jt remains im-

perative that all sides should be involved in the talks

| make sth The collapse of the wall made it imperative

to keep the water out by some other means | consider

sth We consider it absolutely imperative to start work

e PREP to The slight change in the taste was impercept-

ible to most people

e ADJ moral, physical

e VERB + IMPERFECTION cover up | reveal, show up

e PREP ~in Careful inspection in daylight revealed im- perfections in the paintwork

imperialism noun

e ADJ American, British, Roman, Western, etc | capitalist, cultural, economic

impersonal adj

1 not showing friendly human feelings

e VERBS be, seem | become | find sth J find the atmosphere there rather impersonal

e ADV very | totally | a bit, rather | coldly, coolly His voice was coolly impersonal | oddly

2 not referring to any particular person

e VERBS be | keep sth J think we should keep things entirely impersonal ;

e ADV absolutely, completely, entirely, totally

impertinence noun

e ADJ gross I consider his remark a gross impertinence

e VERB + IMPERTINENCE have She had the impertinence to suggest I needed a holiday

e@ PHRASES the height of impertinence

e VERBS appear, be, seem | become | remain

e ADV completely, quite, totally, wholly He was completely impervious to criticism | almost, largely, virtual-

e VERB + IMPETUS add, give sb/sth, provide (sb/sth with) The slope added impetus to his speed | gain, gather, receive The movement is steadily gaining impetus | lose With the death of its founder, the campaign lost much of its impetus

e IMPETUS + VERB come from sth Much of the impetus for change came from customers’ opinions

e PREP ~behind sb/sth The main impetus behind the move west was to find gold and other minerals ~for the impetus for arms control agreements ~ towards the impetus towards urban development

impinge verb

e ADV seriously actions which seriously impinge on other people’s personal freedoms | hardly | directly, indirectly

e@ PREP on/upon measures which directly or indirectly impinge upon women’s lives

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implausible 398

implausible adj

e VERBS be, seem, sound | consider sth, deem sth

These results might be considered implausible

e ADV highly | quite, totally, wholly This idea is totally

implausible | increasingly He gave a series of increas-

ingly implausible excuses | not altogether, not entirely |

pretty, rather, somewhat | inherently

e IMPLICATION + VERB arise Several interesting implications arise from these developments | be involved Given the resource implications involved, the plan will have to be scaled down

e@ PREP ~ about disturbing implications about the company’s future ~for The research has far-reaching implications for medicine as a whole

2 sth suggested but not said openly

implement noun

e ADJ agricultural, farm, garden, kitchen, surgical |

sharp Make sure that all sharp implements, such as

scythes, have covers | flint, metal, stone, wooden

implement verb

e ADV fully, properly These policies have never been fully

implemented | partially | adequately | actually The

proposed changes were never actually implemented |

widely These reforms have now been widely implemented

in schools | effectively, successfully | quickly

e VERB + IMPLEMENT agree to, decide to, intend to,

promise to | attempt to, seek to, try to | fail to The gov-

ernment failed to implement the plan | refuse to | be

forced to, be obliged to | be difficult to, be hard to The

decision will be difficult to implement

implementation noun

e ADJ effective, successful | complete, full | detailed

Detailed implementation of the plans was left to the region-

al offices | strict | smooth We will consult widely to en-

sure smooth implementation | practical The practical

implementation of the regulations proved difficult |

early, immediate | gradual | policy

e VERB + IMPLEMENTATION achieve, ensure, secure

To achieve implementation of the programme is a long,

slow task | monitor, oversee, supervise The UN is to

supervise the implementation of the peace treaty | con-

sider, discuss

e IMPLEMENTATION + NOUN plan | process The re-

structuring will take place in phases, to simplify the imple-

mentation process | problem

implicate verb be implicated in sth

e ADV deeply, heavily, strongly These groups are very

strongly implicated in the violence | directly

implication noun

1 possible effect/result

e ADJ considerable, crucial, enormous, important,

major, massive, strong | main | deeper, fundamental,

profound | broad, far-reaching, wider discussing the

broader implications of the medical plan | full Now they

realized the full implications of the new system | direct |

clear, obvious | underlying | general | further | pos-

sible, potential | future, long-term | grave, serious |

disturbing, frightening, ominous, sinister | adverse,

damaging, negative | interesting | radical, revolution-

ary | practical These results have important practical im-

plications | commercial, constitutional, economic,

educational, environmental, ethical, financial, ideo-

logical, legal, moral, philosophical, political, psycho-

logical, social the constitutional implications of a royal

divorce | cost, health, policy, resource, safety, security,

tax

e VERB + IMPLICATION carry, have The emphasis on

testing leads to greater stress among students and carries

implications of failure | grasp, realize, understand |

assess, consider, examine, explore, ponder, study You

need to consider the legal implications before you publish

anything | digest | discuss | explain | accept a soci-

ety that fully accepts the implications of disability | reject

| ignore

e ADJ clear, obvious The implication is clear: young fe- males do better if they mate with a new male | possible His remark seemed to have various possible implications | unspoken

e VERB + IMPLICATION carry, have | understand | digest Brian paused for a moment while he digested the implications of this statement | resent I resent the implication that I don’t care about my father

e@ PREP by~ Jn refusing to believe our story, he is saying

by implication that we are lying

imply verb

e ADV clearly, heavily, strongly | simply | generally, normally, usually | automatically | not necessarily This does not necessarily imply that children achieve better results in private schools | inno way They believe that submission in no way implies inferiority

e VERB + IMPLY seem to The letter seems to imply that the minister knew about the business deals | intend to, mean to J never meant to imply any criticism | take sth

to This statement should not be taken to imply that the government is exonerated of all blame

e PHRASES express or implied the express or implied terms of the contract

import noun

e VERB + IMPORT boost, increase pressure on the government to stimulate the faltering economy and boost imports | curb, cut, reduce, restrict | discourage | control | block, prevent, stop | ban, prohibit The government decided to prohibit the import of toxic waste | finance Most of their oil revenues are used to finance imports of consumer and capital goods | replace The industry aims both to increase exports and replace imports

e IMPORT + VERB grow, increase, rise | drop, fall | be valued at sth, total sth Imports were valued at £516 mil- lion last month | account for sth Imports of foodstuffs accounted for a small proportion of total imports

e PREP ~from America has cut its oil imports from the Middle East by 73% ~into Special duties were imposed on imports into the republic

e PHRASES a ban/restriction on imports, the demand for imports, a fall/rise in imports

= Note at PER CENT (for more verbs)

import verb

e ADV directly | illegally, legally | specially

e PREP from The store’s croissants are imported directly from France into These dogs are illegally imported into the country to goods that are imported to Britain

importance noun

e ADJ cardinal, central, considerable, critical, crucial, enormous, especial, extreme, fundamental, great, high,

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399

immense, key, major, outstanding, overriding, over-

whelming, paramount, particular, primary, prime, pro-

found, real, special, supreme, tremendous, vital | first,

greatest, highest, utmost This information is of the first

importance © It is of the utmost importance that you ar-

rive on time | growing, increasing | declining the de-

clining importance of manufacturing industry | lesser,

limited, marginal, minor, secondary | direct | general |

added | immediate | continued/continuing, lasting |

equal | relative | intrinsic | obvious | perceived differ-

ences in the perceived importance of the different subjects

in the curriculum | potential | public | international,

national | practical | theoretical | symbolic the sym-

bolic importance of iron in German culture | archaeo-

logical, commercial, constitutional, cultural, ecologic-

al, economic, environmental, historical, legal, military,

political, social, strategic

e VERB + IMPORTANCE have These finds have consider-

able archaeological importance | assume, take on

Childcare schemes take on an added importance at a time

of national recession | grow in, increase in, rise in | de-

cline in, diminish in, fall in The overseas markets have

now declined in importance | attach, give sth, place To

what objectives do you attach most importance? © the im-

portance placed on cleanliness | accept, acknowledge,

appreciate, be aware of, grasp, realize, recognize, see,

understand People were aware of the importance of work-

ing with nature | demonstrate, illustrate, indicate,

point to, reflect, show, suggest Figure 2.2 shows the rela-

tive importance of the different service industries | assert

| deny | confirm | draw attention to, emphasize, high-

light, point up, promote, stress, underline The manual

stresses the importance of regular maintenance | dimin-

ish, downplay, minimize, play down, underplay She was

inclined to play down the importance of her own role in the

affair | exaggerate, overestimate | underestimate,

undervalue Don’t underestimate the importance of neat

presentation | increase | reduce | consider, discuss |

explain | cast/throw doubt on, doubt, question No one

can seriously question the political importance of the en-

vironment | forget, ignore, overlook

e IMPORTANCE + VERB arise from sth, lie in sth The

town’s importance lies in the richness and quality of its

architecture | depend on sth

e PREP of ~ The railways were of crucial importance

in opening up the American West | ~ for an area of enor-

mous importance for wildlife ~to the importance to the

country of a healthy economy

e PHRASES in order of importance Deal with the issues

in order of importance a matter of importance

important adj

e VERBS be, seem | become | remain | make sth This

is what makes our work so important | believe sth, con-

sider sth, deem sth, regard sth as, see sth as, think sth

These ideas are considered enormously important

e ADV critically, crucially, enormously, especially, ex-

tremely, hugely, most, particularly, really, terribly, very,

vitally This is most important: you must deliver the letter

to Johnson himself | increasingly | doubly | fairly,

quite | equally These two factors are equally important |

internationally, regionally an internationally important

site for these rare birds | economically, functionally, his-

torically, politically, strategically historically important

buildings

e PREP for It’s important for you to understand this to

Spending time with my children is important to me © The

work of the intelligence services was crucially important to

victory in the war

impose verb

e ADV effectively The terms of the contract were effective-

ly imposed rather than agreed | simply New technology

impotent

cannot be used successfully if it is simply imposed on an

unwilling workforce | centrally a centrally imposed

school curriculum | externally the pressure of having to meet externally imposed targets | artificially Motivation

to learn must come from the child; it cannot be artificially imposed

e VERB + IMPOSE seek to, strive to, try to

e PREP on/upon The government has imposed a ban on the sale of handguns

imposition noun

1 act of imposing sth

e VERB + IMPOSITION justify Several reasons were put

forward to justify the imposition of censorship | oppose, resist | resent

e PREP ~on resisting the imposition of VAT on fuel

2 unreasonable thing sb expects you to do

e ADJ unacceptable, unwelcome

e PREP ~on She felt the journey to be an unwelcome imposition on her time

impossible adj

1 not possible

e VERBS appear, be, look, prove, seem, sound | become | remain | make sth, render sth Darkness made it impossible to continue | believe sth, consider sth, deem sth, find sth, regard sth as, see sth as, think sth J found his offer impossible to resist

e ADV absolutely, completely, quite, totally, utterly | frankly Cooking for forty would be frankly impossible without my new assistant | just, simply ['m really sorry It’s just impossible | by no means, far from, not altogether a desirable and far from impossible objective to achieve | almost, more or less, near, nearly, next to, nigh on, practically, virtually, well-nigh Jt was well-nigh impossible for him to convince her that he was right | pretty | effectively | literally | apparently, seemingly | theoretically | clearly, obviously | equally Both options are equally impossible | generally | hitherto, previous-

ly With the new equipment we will be able to accomplish

hitherto impossible tasks | ultimately | economically,

financially, logically, logistically, mathematically, politically, physically, scientifically, socially, technically The high cost of childcare made returning to work economically impossible

e@ PREP for The situation is quite impossible for us > It’s impossible for me to say

2 bad-tempered; difficult to talk to/deal with

e VERBS be | become | find sb Jfind her impossible

e ADV bloody (taboo), really | absolutely, completely, quite, totally You can be absolutely impossible at times! | just

impotence noun

e ADJ total | relative | male | political, sexual

e PHRASES a feeling/sense of impotence Violence may result from a sense of impotence

impotent adj

1 without enough power/influence

e VERBS be, feel, prove | remain | leave sb, make sb, render sb Companies are rendered impotent by all the rules and regulations

e ADV completely, quite, totally | virtually | politically

e PREP against They were virtually impotent against the power of the large companies

2 not capable of having sex

e VERBS be | become | leave sb, make sb The operation left him impotent

e ADV sexually

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e ADV highly | completely, quite, totally, utterly impractical adj

1 not sensible or reasonable

e VERBS be, prove Such a solution proved impractical | become | make sth The weight of the machine makes lift- ing it impractical | consider sth, deem sth, find sth, regard sth as They found his ideas impractical

e ADV highly, hopelessly The long flowing dress was highly impractical | completely, downright, entirely, quite, totally, wholly | rather, somewhat | fundamentally a fundamentally impractical design | obviously

2 not good at everyday jobs

e VERBS be,seem

e ADV hopelessly He was hopelessly impractical when it came to planning new projects

imprecise adj

e ADV extremely, very | fairly, rather, somewhat | notoriously ‘Breach of the peace’ is a notoriously imprecise notion

e PREP about She was rather imprecise about the cost of the trip

impress verb

e ADV really His work really impressed me

e VERB + IMPRESS be determined to, be keen to, hope

to, want to | attempt to, seek to, try to | be designed to

| fail to The results failed to impress us

e PREP with She impressed us with both the depth and range of her knowledge

e PHRASES an attempt/effort to impress sb, be easily impressed I was young and easily impressed

impressed adj

e VERBS be, look, seem, sound

e ADV deeply, enormously, especially, extremely, greatly, immensely, mightily, much, overwhelmingly, particularly, profoundly, really, terribly, tremendously, very (much) | less than, not overly J was not overly impressed by the proposals | fairly, mildly, quite | enough, sufficiently The prince was impressed enough to commis- sion a portrait from the artist | genuinely | immediate-

ly, instantly | favourably | duly, suitably He mentioned

a few famous acquaintances, and we were suitably impressed | clearly, obviously

e PREP by The manager was favourably impressed by Jo’s work with He was very impressed with her house

be improved | public | personal, subjective

e VERB + IMPRESSION form, gain, get, have, obtain, receive J got the distinct impression that you disliked her | convey, create, give (sb), leave sb with, provide (sb

wtih) The book leaves you with a distorted impression of politics | maintain She was trying to maintain the impression that she was in control | confirm | heighten, reinforce, strengthen | avoid It was difficult to avoid the impression that he was assisting them for selfish reasons | correct J must correct a false impression that I gave you just now | record She recorded her impressions of the city

2 effect that an experience/person has on sb/sth

e ADJ considerable, deep, powerful, profound, strong, tremendous | superficial | abiding, indelible, lasting | excellent, favourable, good, great| bad, poor, unfavourable | false, misleading, wrong | right If you want to create the right impression, I suggest you wear a suit | first, immediate The new striker failed to make an immediate impression on the team

e VERB + IMPRESSION create, leave, make

e PREP ~on/upon The day’s events left a lasting impression on them

e ADJ good, reasonable

e VERB + IMPRESSION do He does some very good impressions of pop stars

5 mark left on an object

e VERB + IMPRESSION bear The sealing wax bore the impression of a sailing ship

e ADV decidedly, enormously, extremely, highly, hugely, immensely, mightily, most, particularly, really, tremendously, truly, very The new building looks most impressive | far from, hardly, not unduly He was far from impressive in his semi-final against Federer | fairly, pretty, quite, rather | undeniably, undoubtedly | suitably A large portico provides a suitably impressive en- trance to the chapel | equally, similarly The scenery to the north of the lake is equally impressive | consistently | technically, visually The film is technically impressive, but lacks real excitement

imprint noun

e ADJ indelible, permanent | unmistakable

e VERB + IMPRINT bear The ceramics bore the imprint

of Luca della Robbia | leave, make Glaciation has left a permanent imprint on the landscape © (figurative) The sinister atmosphere of the place left an indelible imprint on

| briefly, temporarily

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401

e PREP for He was imprisoned for debt in He was im-

prisoned ina local castle

imprisonment noun

e ADJ six months’, ten years’, etc | life | indefinite |

immediate | false, unlawful, wrongful

e VERB + IMPRISONMENT be liable to, face The Act

states that anyone committing the offence is liable to im-

prisonment © The coup leaders could face life imprison-

ment | receive, suffer Those who were captured suffered

imprisonment | be released from | sentence sb to

e IMPRISONMENT + VERB be suspended for sth The

judge sentenced her to 6 months imprisonment suspended

for 15 months

e PREP ~ for imprisonment for illegal possession of

weapons

e PHRASES (carry) a penalty of imprisonment The

offence carries a penalty of 2 years’ imprisonment impris-

onment without trial, a period/sentence/term of impris-

onment, punishable by imprisonment a felony punish-

able by imprisonment

improbable adj

e VERBS appear, be, look, seem, sound | become |

make sth These new facts make the theory improbable

e ADV extremely, highly, very, wildly a wildly improb-

able idea | completely, quite | not altogether | fairly,

rather, slightly | inherently, intrinsically There is noth-

ing inherently improbable in the idea

improper adj

e VERBS be, seem’ | consider sth, regard sth as, think

sth She thought it quite improper for a woman to ride a

e VERB + IMPROPRIETY commit Several employees

were suspended amid allegations that financial impropri-

eties had been committed | accuse sb of Parliament was

was accused of constitutional impropriety

e PHRASES asuggestion of impropriety There is no sug-

gestion of impropriety by the minister

improve verb

e ADV considerably, dramatically, greatly, immeasur-

ably, materially, radically, significantly, substantially,

vastly | markedly, noticeably | marginally, slightly |

rapidly | steadily

e VERB + IMPROVE continue to The weather should

continue to improve over the weekend | strive to, try to

trying to improve their working conditions | help to | be

designed to

e PHRASES aimed at improving sth measures aimed at

improving government efficiency an attempt/effort to im-

prove sth, an incentive to improve sth Workers need to be

given an incentive to improve their performance much

improved We now offer a much improved service to our

customers

improvement noun

e ADJ big, considerable, enormous, great, huge,

marked, massive, material, radical, remarkable, signifi-

cant, substantial, vast | marginal, minor, modest,

slight, small | noticeable, obvious, visible | actual,

definite, distinct, genuine, real, tangible | measurable |

dramatic, rapid, sharp | gradual, incremental, steady |

constant, continued, continuing, continuous, progres-

sive, sustained | long-term | short-term | temporary |

impulse

further | all-round, general, overall | important, not-

able | much-needed, necessary | welcome | useful |

positive | recent | immediate | desired, expected | sug-

gested If suggested improvements are not carried out, we

have the right to suspend the insurance cover | intended |

possible, potential | underlying Their policies have re-

sulted in a definite underlying improvement in the economy | moral | economic, educational, environmental, health, safety, social | organizational, productivity, quality, service, technical, technological | agricultural, land | ground, home, housing, rail, road, school The club will spend £300 000 on ground improvements

e VERB + IMPROVEMENT be, constitute, reflect, repre- sent The country’s economic record since 1945 represents

an improvement on the period between the world wars | show Exports have showed some improvement | need, require | carry out, effect, make He made a steady improvement and was released within 10 days of admission

| lead to, produce, provide, result in, yield The drug produced an improvement in all but one case | achieve, bring (about), secure steps taken to secure improvement

e IMPROVEMENT + VERB take place | result from sth

e IMPROVEMENT + NOUN programme, scheme The proposed road improvement scheme involves bypassing several villages | work The improvement work to houses will create jobs

e@ PREP ~in The new factory brought a huge improvement in working conditions ~on/over/upon These results are a distinct improvement on last year’s ~to Several improvements were made to the design during its production run

e PHRASES an area for/of improvement The new assess- ment system could pinpoint areas for improvement within the company room/scope for improvement Their average marks have risen, but there is still room for improvement signs of improvement The economy is showing signs of improvement

1 sudden strong wish

natural | repressed | conflicting, contradictory, con-

trary | aggressive, violent | creative | sexual

e VERB + IMPULSE feel, have She felt a sudden impulse

to look to her left | be subject to We are all subject to aggressive impulses | be driven by | check, control, deny, fight (back/down), resist, restrain, stifle, suppress He

fought down an impulse to scream | give in to, obey,

yield to She gave in to an impulse and took the money | act on Acting on impulse, he picked up the keys and slipped them into his pocket | buy sth on Some people will buy a puppy on impulse without any idea of what is involved

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2 movement of energy

e ADJ electrical, nerve/nervous

e VERB + IMPULSE transmit Nerve impulses are trans- mitted to the brain | convert sth into, transform sth into Radio waves are converted into electrical impulses

3 sth that causes sb/sth to do sth

e ADJ positive | political, social

e IMPULSE + VERB lead (sb/sth) to sth, prompt (sb/sth

to sth) the impulse that prompted economic change

e PREP ~ behind the impulse behind a concept ~ for the impulse for social reform ~ toward the political impulses towards joining a trade union

inaccessible adj

e VERBS be, prove, seem The mouth of the river proved inaccessible | become | remain | make sth, render sth

A high wall made the building inaccessible

e ADV very | completely, entirely, quite, totally, utterly

e@ PREP by areas inaccessible by road to The hall is inaccessible to wheelchair users

inaccuracy noun

e ADJ major, material, significant | factual, historical

e VERB + INACCURACY contain | be fraught with, be full of Reference works on that country, when available, are full of inaccuracies | correct I am writing to correct factual inaccuracies contained in your article of June 3rd

e PREP ~in inaccuracies in reporting inaccurate adj

e VERBS be, prove | become

e ADV extremely, grossly, hopelessly, seriously, terribly, very, wildly a wildly inaccurate account of events | quite, totally, wholly | a bit, rather, slightly, somewhat These figures are somewhat inaccurate | notoriously Maps of the region are notoriously inaccurate | historically It was good drama, but historically inaccurate

inactive adj

e VERBS be | become | remain

e ADV totally He had been totally inactive for two weeks

| fairly, relatively | physically, sexually | economical-

ly, politically

inactivity noun

e ADJ relative Her most brilliant work was done during several months of relative inactivity | economic, political | enforced Jt was good to be home again after the enforced inactivity of the hospital bed

e PHRASES a period of inactivity The job entailed long periods of inactivity

e INADEQUACY + VERB arise from sth, stem from sth

e PREP ~in inadequacies in educational facilities

e PHRASES a feeling/sense of inadequacy

inadequate adj

1 not good enough

e VERBS appear, be, look, prove, seem | become | consider sth, find sth, judge sth, regard sth as, think sth These precautions have been judged inadequate

e ADV deeply, grossly, hopelessly, ludicrously, pitifully, ridiculously, seriously, very, woefully His wages were pitifully inadequate for the needs of his growing family | completely, entirely, quite, totally, utterly, wholly | increasingly | somewhat | clearly, manifestly, obviously, patently, plainly | curiously | notoriously

e PREP at People, despite their intelligence, are curiously inadequate at communicating with horses for This computer is clearly inadequate for my needs

2 not able to deal with a situation

e VERBS be, feel, seem J felt dreadfully inadequate

e ADV deeply, dreadfully, hopelessly, very | quite, totally, wholly | rather | generally | personally, professionally, sexually The staff at the consulate seemed not only insensitive, but professionally inadequate

e PREP to She was inadequate to the demands that were made on her

as, think sth Jt was felt inappropriate by some that such a serious occasion should include dancing

e PREP for Your bright red coat would be quite inappropriate for a funeral to The existing library is totally inappropriate to our needs

inattention noun

e ADJ momentary

e PREP ~to He was dismissed for inattention to his duty

e PHRASES a moment of inattention One moment of inattention when driving could be fatal

inaudible adj

e VERBS be | become

Trang 15

408 incident

e ADV quite, totally | almost, practically, virtually His

voice was almost inaudible | largely

@ PREP to The sound is inaudible to the human ear

inaugurate verb

e ADV formally, officially The assembly was formally in-

augurated on December 13

inauguration noun

e ADJ formal | presidential

@ VERB + INAUGURATION attend | mark a ceremony to

mark the inauguration of the president’s third term in

office

e INAUGURATION + VERB beheld, take place

e INAUGURATION + NOUN ceremony | speech

incapable adj

e VERBS appear, be, feel, prove, seem | become |

make sb, render sb The wine had made him incapable of

thinking clearly | adjudge sb, deem sb

e ADV absolutely, completely, quite, totally, utterly,

stitutionally, temperamentally She was constitutionally

incapable of bad temper | physically He was apparently

physically incapable of lowering his voice | mentally

This type of arrangement remains valid even if you become

mentally incapable

e PREP of Computers are incapable of creative thought

incapacitate verbbe incapacitated

e ADV severely | totally By this time my father was tot-

ally incapacitated by his illness | temporarily | mental-

ly, physically

incarnation noun

e ADJ current, latest, modern, new, present (figura-

tive) In its new incarnation, the car has a more rounded

body shape | last | earlier, previous | future

e PREP ~as her previous incarnation as a Norse explorer

incense noun

e ADJ fragrant

e VERB + INCENSE burn

e INCENSE + NOUN stick | burner

e PHRASES ascent/smell of incense

incentive noun

e ADJ big, considerable, great, massive | powerful,

strong | adequate, sufficient | main, major | added,

additional, extra, more | less | real | direct The most

direct financial incentive to prevent rubbish is to charge

people by the amount of rubbish they put out | important

| positive | special | commercial, economic, financial,

government

e VERB + INCENTIVE act as, be He argues that the free

supply of skilled labour will act as an incentive for employ-

ees to be more diligent | have She had the added incentive

of being within reach of the world record | need | give

(sb/sth), offer (sb/sth), provide (sb/sth with) | create

The government has created tax incentives to encourage

investment | increase | reduce | undermine High tax-

ation rates have undermined work incentives | remove

e INCENTIVE + NOUN programme, scheme, system

The company operates a share incentive scheme for its

workers | payment

e PREP ~toan incentive to investment

e PHRASES have every incentive The absence of pen-

alties for anti-competitive behaviour means that firms

have every incentive to engage in price-fixing a lack of in-

centive Low levels of profitability mean there is a lack of incentive to undertake new investment

incest noun

e ADJ brother-sister, father-daughter, etc

e VERB + INCEST criminalize, forbid, prohibit taboos forbidding incest

e INCEST + NOUN survivor, victim | taboo

e PREP ~between incest between brother and sister

=> Note at CRIME (for more verbs)

inch noun

= Note at MEASURE incidence noun

e ADJ great, high There is a greater incidence of cancer

e VERB + INCIDENCE have, show The country had the lowest incidence of Aids cases proportional to its population © The medical histories of our patients show a high incidence of past diseases | increase, raise | reduce | find They found an increased incidence of childhood leukaemia in some areas | measure | compare We com- pared the incidence of coronary heart disease and total mortality | analyse, consider, investigate | explain The lack of vitamins may explain the higher incidence of heart disease

e INCIDENCE + VERB increase | decrease, fall

e INCIDENCE + NOUN rate an incidence rate of 4or 5per

10 000 of the population

e PREP ~ among The report analyses the incidence of cancer among people aged 0-24 ~in The study noted an increased incidence of heart disease in women

e PHRASES a decrease/an increase/a variation in the incidence of sth

incident noun

e VERB + INCIDENT cause, provoke | be responsible for The group is believed to have been responsible for several terrorist incidents | be involved in The hot-headed tennis star became involved in an incident with the um- pire | deal with, handle The incident was extremely well handled | avoid, prevent | regret | see, witness | re- call, remember He recalled a similar incident 14 months earlier | forget | describe, recount She described the incident as outrageous © They all laughed as he recounted the amusing incident | discuss, talk about | play down the government’s desire to play down the incident | report

Trang 16

incidental

The pedestrian who had nearly been run over reported the

incident to the police | investigate | be hurt in, be in- jured in, be killed in | pass (off) without, proceed with-

out, take place without The demonstration passed without incident

e INCIDENT + VERB happen, occur, take place | arise

(from/out of sth) incidents arising out of an industrial dispute | involve sb/sth a minor incident involving a pet- roltanker | cause sth, lead to sth, spark sth (off) The incident sparked off a riot which lasted three days

e INCIDENT + NOUN room An incident room was set up

at a police station near the site of the crash

e@ PREP following an/the~ He was asked to leave the club following an incident at a training camp in an/the~ Three soldiers were wounded in the incident over an/the ~ She was never disciplined over the incident without~ The pa- trol had covered 200 miles without incident

incidental adj

e VERBS be | become | consider sth, declare sth, deem sth The fact that the concert made a profit was considered incidental

e ADV completely, entirely, purely Any resemblance of a character in this book to a living person is purely incidental | merely Information skills are not merely incidental

to the curriculum but central to it | almost | seemingly

e PREP toJt’s just a risk incidental to the job

incision noun

e ADJ deep | small, tiny | abdominal, etc | surgical

e VERB + INCISION make The surgeon made a small incision in the patient's cornea

incite verb

e ADV deliberately e@ PREP todeliberately inciting the crowd to violence

inclination noun

e ADJ strong | slight J did not feel the slightest inclination tohurry | true | natural, own, personal The king’s own inclination was always towards a pro-French policy

| homosexual, sexual | artistic, political

e VERB + INCLINATION feel, have | show | lack | curb Hopes of advancement in the company may curb any inclination to deviate from the requirements of superiors | follow In matters of dress she followed her personal inclin- ations rather than fashion

e@.PREP by~ He is a teacher by occupation but a philoso- pher by inclination | ~ for an inclination for war ~ towards She has no inclination towards mysticism

e PHRASES the time nor/or the inclination J have neither the time nor the inclination to play stupid games!

e ADV gently, steeply

e PREP towards The land inclined gently towards the shore

inclined adj

1 wanting to do sth

e VERBS be, feel, seem J only write when I feel inclined

to © There’s time for a swim if you feel so inclined

e ADV strongly, very | rather ’m rather inclined to wait afew days before deciding | favourably

e PREP towards Advertising aims to make people aware

of a product and favourably inclined towards it

2 tending/likely to do sth

e VERBS appear, be, seem | become, grow

e ADV strongly, very | increasingly | a bit, half, a little,

rather, slightly 7m half inclined to believe you © She’s ra-

ther inclined to become impatient | naturally | criminal-

ly, liberally, mystically, romantically, suicidally The club was a notorious hang-out for the criminally inclined

@ PREP to (formal) people who are naturally inclined to melancholy

e PHRASES that way inclined (informal) What's that? The ‘Model Railway Journal’? I didn’t know you were that way inclined (= interested in model railways)

3 having a natural ability for sth

e VERBS appear, be, seem

e ADV academically, artistically, musically children who are academically inclined

inclusion noun

e ADJ possible We welcome readers’ letters for possible inclusion on this page

e VERB + INCLUSION be worthy of, justify, merit, war-

rant Some words are too infrequent to be worthy of inclusion in the dictionary | be eligible for, be suitable for, qualify for All work by current students is eligible for inclusion in the journal | be unsuitable for | be available for | consider sth for, welcome sth for | welcome, accept The rebels refused to accept the inclusion of represen- tatives of the existing regime in the negotiations | prevent They tried to prevent the inclusion of any wording in the statement that would cause offence

e PREP for~ an article for inclusion in the newsletter

e PHRASES criteria for inclusion There are strict criteria for inclusion in the competition

inclusive adj

e VERBS be

e ADV fully a fully inclusive price

e PREP of The charge is inclusive of food

e PHRASES allinclusive The price is all inclusive

income noun

charities | total | future | permanent, secure | regu-

lar, steady | annual, monthly, weekly | national | per capita the average per capita income | personal, private

He has a large private income on top of what he earns asa

teacher | family, household | gross, pre-tax | taxable |

e VERB + INCOME have | receive She received an income for life as a result of her father’s will | earn, generate, provide (sb with) Financial assets have the advan- tage of earning income © The return on your investment can provide you with regular income | boost, increase, supplement ways of boosting your retirement income © She supplements her income by doing an evening job | reduce | exceed For 2001, expenditure exceeded income by

£10 000 | depend on | live on A large number of families

in the area are living on below-average incomes | redistribute They aim to redistribute income from the rich to the poor | treat sth as Interest is treated as income for tax purposes

e INCOME + VERB arise (from sth), come from sth, de- rive from sth Jf a person’s income arises in the UK it is subject to UK income tax © A lot of our income comes from

bank interest | grow, increase, rise | drop, fall | ex-

ceed sth

e INCOME + NOUN bracket, group, level E/derly people

Trang 17

405

often belong to a low income group | distribution, redis-

tribution | incomes policy There are internal disputes

over the party’s incomes policy | support A single mother

of three, she relies on income support | statement a com-

pany’s income statement | tax

e PREP on an~ Many families on a low income are de-

pendent on state support | ~from income from tourism

e PHRASES the distribution/redistribution of income, a

drop in income, income and expenditure Every company

must keep control of its income and expenditure income

per capita/head Real income per head of population was

ata low point five years ago a source of income

= Note at PER CENT (for more verbs)

= Special page at BUSINESS

incompatibility noun

e ADJ basic | inherent | mutual the mutual incompati-

bility of socialist and capitalist economic systems

® VERB + INCOMPATIBILITY demonstrate The disas-

trous merger demonstrated the incompatibility of the two

companies

e PREP ~between Jncompatibility between systems has

been a major problem for video users ~ with Critics of the

new machine point to its incompatibility with other prod-

ucts on the market

® PHRASES grounds of incompatibility A divorce was

sought and granted on grounds of incompatibility

incompatible adj

e VERBS appear, be, prove, seem | become | consider

sth, see sth as

e ADV completely, entirely, quite, totally, wholly | in-

creasingly | by no means, not entirely, not necessarily

Scepticism and trust are not necessarily incompatible |

largely | somewhat | apparently, seemingly | poten-

tially | simply | basically, fundamentally | clearly |

mutually The two systems are mutually incompatible

e@ PREP with This behaviour is completely incompatible

with his role as a teacher

incompetence noun

e ADJ gross, monumental | sheer | alleged | econom-

ic, professional, technical | government, managerial,

police

e VERB + INCOMPETENCE display He displayed his in-

competence by turning in a report that was full of errors |

tolerate J will not tolerate your incompetence any longer! |

accuse sb/sth of, allege | be dismissed for

e PREP ~at/in incompetence in writing ~ on the part of

Several officers had alleged incompetence on the part of the

general

incompetent adj

e VERBS appear, be | adjudge sb/sth, consider sb/sth

I know my boss considers me incompetent

e ADV grossly, hopelessly, singularly a grossly incom-

petent piece of reporting | completely, totally, utterly |

managerially, socially, technically | mentally

@ PREP at He is utterly incompetent at his job

incomplete adj

e VERBS be | remain Her collection remained incom-

plete | leave sth The building was left incomplete

e ADV seriously, very, woefully Any view of

Shostakovich is seriously incomplete without knowledge

of these recordings | somewhat | inevitably, necessar-

ily We begin with a brief and necessarily incomplete review

of UK statistics | unfortunately

inconvenience incomprehensible adj

e VERBS be, seem | remain | find sth She found his ac- cent virtually incomprehensible

e ADV completely, quite, totally, utterly | almost, near-

ly, virtually | largely | pretty

@ PREP to Latin verse remained completely incomprehensible to me

e VERBS be, prove | remain

e ADV largely | fairly, rather, somewhat | apparently

| ultimately | curiously the curiously inconclusive finish

to the symphony

incongruous adj

e VERBS be,look, seem | find sth

e ADV entirely, utterly | doubly | a little, rather, somewhat [found the scene somewhat incongruous

inconsistency noun

e ADJ serious | glaring | apparent | internal Research- ers have found that internal inconsistencies in hospital case notes are common | logical

e VERB + INCONSISTENCY contain | be filled with The script is filled with logical inconsistencies | lead to, result in The lack of a clear set of competition rules resulted

in inconsistency in the awarding of prizes | find, see, spot The program has found an inconsistency in the database files © She was quick to spot the inconsistencies between his two reports | point out, reveal Commentators have pointed out the inconsistencies in the government’s financial policy | remove, resolve The amendment will remove the inconsistency between the two laws

® INCONSISTENCY + VERB emerge | creep in, creep into sth Inconsistencies began to creep into his testimony e@ PREP ~in inconsistencies in the evidence

inconsistent adj

@ VERBS appear, be, seem

ly | internally, logically Her argument is internally inconsistent | mutually The two accounts are mutually inconsistent

® PREP in The company is inconsistent in the way it dis- ciplines staff with His statement was inconsistent with other accounts of the events

incontinence noun

e ADJ faecal, urinary | stress

e VERB + INCONTINENCE suffer from

e INCONTINENCE + NOUN pad

inconvenience noun

e ADJ considerable, great, serious | minor | public The rail strike is likely to cause considerable public inconvenience | administrative

e VERB + INCONVENIENCE have, suffer | avoid J chose

a different route to avoid the inconvenience of going through the town centre | cause (sb), put sb to J don’t want to put you to any inconvenience | minimize, save (sb) You could have fetched me from the airport and saved

Trang 18

inconvenience 406

me the inconvenience of having to take the bus! | apolo- gize for, regret This shop is closed today for staff training

We regret any inconvenience caused

e INCONVENIENCE + VERB arise from sth inconvenience arising from errors in the timetable

e@ PREP ~to Every effort will be made to minimize inconvenience to customers while work is in progress

e PHRASES witha minimum of inconvenience The club - management will try to ensure that the building work is carried out with the minimum of inconvenience to guests

inconvenience verb

e ADV greatly The general public has been greatly incon- venienced by this strike

inconvenient adj

e VERBS be, prove | become | find sth

e ADV extremely, highly, most, terribly, very She called

at a most inconvenient time | a bit, rather, somewhat | politically Further environmental legislation could be politically inconvenient for the government

e PREP for Would this afternoon be inconvenient for you?

to This is a time of the evening that is inconvenient to many viewers

incorporate verb

e PREP as Jn 1940 the area was incorporated as part of the city of London in The data is now incorporated in the total figures into We can incorporate this information into our report within Results are incorporated within person- alized medical records

incorrect adj

e VERBS be, prove | consider sth e@ ADV quite, totally | clearly, obviously | simply That statement is simply incorrect | factually, grammatically, politically, technically a factually incorrect statement

increase noun

e ADJ big, considerable, dramatic, enormous, expo- nential, huge, large, major, marked, massive, significant, substantial, vast | moderate, modest, small | apparent | rapid, sharp | gradual, steady | fivefold, ten- fold, etc | 10%, etc | net, overall | across-the-board The pay rise represented an across-the-board increase of between 9% for the highest paid and 32% for the lowest paid worker | annual, monthly, etc | dividend, fare, pay, price, rent, salary, tax, temperature, wage

e VERB + INCREASE experience, see, show Many parts of the country have experienced an increase in unemployment © This year saw an increase in the number of job applicants © Profits show a steady increase | enjoy The country is enjoying the biggest increase in business confidence for years | achieve We achieved a small increase in profits of £3 257 | bring (about), cause, lead to, result in Intensive farming has brought about an increase

in outbreaks of food poisoning © The war resulted in a massive increase in government spending | reflect, rep- resent | entail, involve, mean The measures to improve the health service will involve an increase in government spending | announce, report The company reported a 9.5% increase in third quarter losses

e INCREASE + VERB occur

e PREP on the~ Burglaries in the area are on the in-

crease | ~in There has been an increase in demand for two-bedroom flats ~ on/over The figures show a sharp increase on last year’s turnover ~ to a dividend increase to 11.4 pence

e PHRASES arate of increase increase verb

e ADV considerably, dramatically, enormously, great-

e VERB + INCREASE be expected to, be likely to De- mand is expected to increase over the next decade

e PREP by The budget has increased by more than a third

in the last year from, in to increase in amount/number/price/size to Last month the reward was increased from £20 000 to £40 000 with Disability increases with age

2 extremely good/extremely large

e VERBS be, look, smell,taste | find sth

e ADV really, truly | absolutely, quite | just, simply | pretty You’re pretty incredible, Belinda

indebted adj

1 feeling grateful to sb

e VERBS be, feel | remain

e ADV deeply, greatly, much, profoundly

e PREP to I am deeply indebted to all the doctors and nurses who treated me

e ADJ gross | public

e PHRASES anactof indecency

<> Note at CRIME (for verbs) indecent adj

1 involving naked people, sex, etc

e VERBS be | class sth as, consider sth, regard sth as, think sth photographs that are classed as indecent

e ADV grossly, positively That skirt of hers is positively indecent

2not morally right

e VERBS be,seem

e ADV positively The rush to get hold of their father’s money seemed positively indecent | almost She started a new relationship with almost indecent haste

indefensible adj

e@ VERBS be | find sth find such behaviour indefensible

e ADV totally | morally, politically Zt would be morally indefensible for her to desert her father now

independence noun

e ADJ considerable, great | complete, full, total | relative The council’s relative independence of the government means it can negotiate its own agreements | nomin-

Trang 19

407

al | genuine, real, true | de facto Aquitaine’s de facto in-

dependence from the king of France | continued/continu-

ing, growing | hard-won | local, national | academic,

economic, editorial, financial, judicial, personal, polit-

ical, professional

e QUANT degree, measure

e@ VERB + INDEPENDENCE have Young people have

more independence these days |-lack | enjoy, value J

value my independence too much to get married | dis-

play, show She displayed independence of judgement in

choosing a career quite different from that of her parents |

assert Edward III tried to assert his independence of the

regime at court | achieve, gain, win Mexico achieved in-

dependence from Spain in 1821 | bring (about) the need to

brought about independence | declare, proclaim | en-

sure, maintain, preserve, retain, sustain The army is

committed to ensuring the independence of the country |

give up, lose She doesn’t want to lose her hard-won inde-

pendence | regain, restore | encourage, promote Par-

ents should encourage independence in their children |

undermine Economic aid tends to undermine the national

independence of third world countries | seek | call for,

demand | vote for | give sb/sth, grant sb/sth | recog-

nize They have agreed to recognize the breakaway repub-

lic’s independence

e INDEPENDENCE + VERB come Independence came to

the British colonial territories in Africa in the late fifties

and early sixties

e INDEPENDENCE + NOUN day | celebrations |

movement | struggle

e@ PREP at~ Namibia became a full member of the UN at

independence | ~ from independence from Spain ~ of the

e PHRASES adeclaration of independence, a lack of in-

dependence, the loss of independence, a sign/symbol

of independence The car became a symbol of independ-

ence the struggle for independence, a war of independ-

ence the American War of Independence

independent adj

1 not needing other people

e VERBS be, feel, seem | become | remain | make sb

Travelling in Asia has made her a lot more independent

e ADV fiercely, sturdily, very Many disabled people are

fiercely independent | completely | fairly, pretty, quite |

economically, financially

e PREP of By the age of eighteen he was completely inde-

pendent of his parents

2 not influenced or controlled by anyone else

e VERBS be | become | remain | make sth | declare

sth In 1961 the country was declared independent

e ADV completely, entirely, fully, genuinely, quite, tot-

ally, truly, wholly | almost, fairly, largely, virtually | in-

creasingly | effectively, essentially The country has

pursued an effectively independent line on military issues

| nominally, supposedly | newly newly independent

countries | politically

e@ PREP from The country became fully independent from

France in 1960 of an organization that is independent of

the government

indestructible adj

e VERBS be, prove, seem

e ADV completely | almost, virtually Their shells are so

hard they are virtually indestructible | seemingly

index noun

1 list of names/topics in a book

e ADJ comprehensive, complete | detailed | general

you look up her name in the index? | compile

e INDEX + VERB give sth, list sth The index only gives

the main towns

e PREP ina/the~ Is there any reference to it in the index? |

~to It’s a general index to the whole work

2 ordered record of books/files

e ADJ subject, title | card | computer, computerized

e VERB + INDEX have, keep We keep a card index of all the titles on the shelves | compile, create | consult, look (sth up) in, search Look up ‘The Waste Land’ in the index

e INDEX + NOUN card

e PREP ina/the~ cards in acard index

3 system showing the level of sth; measure of sth

e ADJ good, reliable, sensitive | high | low | weight-

e VERB + INDEX have Those who lived in the inner cities had a high index of deprivation | use (sth as) The test results were used as an index of language proficiency | compile, construct, create | calculate, compute The index was calculated with a computer | publish The retail price index is published monthly | drag, drive, push, take A wave of frenzied buying pushed the index up 136.2 points

e INDEX + VERB measure sth an index designed to measure monthly changes in the volume of industrial production | be based on sth an index based on incidents causing a loss of production | be linked to sth The increase in our standard rates will be linked to the retail price index | cover sth an index covering some 1 700 companies | open | close, end The hundred shares index closed down 15 points

e PREP in an/the ~ dividends on shares in the index on an/the ~ people dealing in options on the FT-SE 100 index e@ PHRASES adrop/fall in an index a 28.2 point drop in the FT-SE 100 index changes in an index, an increase in an index, as measured by an index Inflation, as measured

by the retail price index, is expected to drop

> Note at PER CENT (for more verbs)

indicate verb

e ADV clearly | not necessarily Expense does not neces-

sarily indicate worth

e VERB + INDICATE appear to, seem to These facts would seem to indicate that the family was wealthy | be used to Symbols are used to indicate the facilities available at each hotel

e PREP to These figures indicate to me that the company

is in serious trouble

indication noun

an outward indication of the change in government attitude to economic controls Some car alarms have no visual indication that they are in operation

e VERB + INDICATION be, constitute, serve as The

popularity of the government building project served as an indication of public support | have A government spokes- person said they had no indication who was responsible for the attack | give (sb), provide (sb with) His early suc- cesses gave some indication of his ability | get, receive | find, see The researchers say they can find no indication that television has harmful physical effects on children |

Trang 20

indicative 408

regard sth as, see sth as, take sth as The comments made

by management may be taken as an indication of how they felt about their workers

e INDICATION + VERB show sth, suggest sth Jndica- tions show that at least 2 000 more businesses will go bank- rupt before the end of the year

e PREP amid~sof Amid indications of growing disorder

in the capital, the president is to make a speech on television tonight | ~as to He gave us no indication as to what was the matter ~to This is an indication to drivers who break the law that they will be punished

e PHRASES (all) the indications are that All the indications are that she will make a full recovery there is every indication that There’s every indication that the operation has been a success

indicative adj

e@ VERBS be | consider sth, interpret sth as, regard sth

as, see sth as, take sth as The rise in unemployment is seen as indicative of a new economic recession

e ADV clearly | (not) necessarily Recurrent dreams are

not necessarily indicative of psychological problems

indicator noun

1 sign showing what sth is like

e@ ADJ good, reliable, sure | poor, unreliable Level of

education is actually quite a poor indicator of ability to

run a business well | sensitive | crude, partial, rough |

simple | key, leading, main, major | important, signifi-

cant | useful, valuable | economic, financial, perform-

ance, social, socio-economic performance indicators

such as language and numeracy skills

e VERB + INDICATOR be, serve as These warts can

serve as an indicator of other infections | provide (sb

with) | regard sth as, see sth as, take sth as Gold prices

are often seen as an indicator of inflation | use (sth as) |

develop It is still difficult to develop indicators for many

concepts used in social science

e INDICATOR + VERB show sth, suggest sth Economic

indicators suggest that a recovery is on the way

e PREP ~foran indicator for the presence of minerals

indictment noun

1 sign that sth is bad/wrong

e ADJ powerful | damning, scathing, terrible Her

speech was a scathing indictment of the government's re-

cord oncrime | sad

2 accusing sb of acrime

e ADJ criminal | fresh

e VERB + INDICTMENT issue, bring A New York jury

brought criminal indictments against the founder of the

organization | be charged on, be convicted on, be tried

on | plead (not) guilty to

e INDICTMENT + VERB charge (sb/sth with sth) an in-

dictment charging theft

e@ PREP ina/the~ Two men were named in the indictment

on~ a trial on indictment | ~against They issued an in-

dictment against them ~ for She was convicted on an in-

dictment for conspiracy

indifference noun

e ADJ complete, supreme, total | a certain | growing

| studied | apparent, feigned, pretended, seeming |

bland, casual | callous, cold, cool, cruel | public

e VERB + INDIFFERENCE feel | express, show She

showed total indifference to his fate | affect, assume,

feign, pretend He feigned indifference to criticism of his

work | regard sb/sth with The more recent members of

staff regard the change in corporate culture with a certain

indifference | treat sb/sth with | be met with Con-

stable’s landscapes met with indifference when they were first exhibited | be resigned to The president is resigned

to public indifference to his latest initiative

e PREP with an~ Ellis spoke with a casual indifference that he did not feel | ~ to/towards his indifference towards art

e PHRASES an attitude of indifference She adopted an attitude of supreme indifference a matter of indifference It’s a matter of indifference to me whether he goes or not

e ADJ serious, severe | acute, chronic | slight

e VERB + INDIGESTION get, have, suffer from | give

sb Rich food always gives me indigestion

e INDIGESTION + NOUN tablet

= Special page at ILLNESS

indignant adj

e VERBS be, feel, look, seem, sound | become, grow, wax She waxes righteously indignant if anyone tries to contradict her | make sb

e ADV extremely, fiercely, highly, very ‘He deserves to be thrashed,’ she protested, fiercely indignant | almost, mildly, quite, rather | justly, righteously

e PREP about/over She became rather indignant over suggestions that she had lied at They were quite indignant

at his remarks

indignation noun

e ADJ considerable, great, high His response was one of high indignation | widespread | public | moral, righteous | mock

e VERB + INDIGNATION be filled with, be full of, feel They were full of righteous indignation at the thought of being cheated | express, show | blush/burn/flush with, quiver/shudder/tremble with His plump face flushed with indignation © Bertha’s voice quivered with indignation | arouse, cause, provoke

@ PREP in~ She turned to him in indignation with~ He refused it with some indignation | ~ about/at/over The government expressed its indignation over the way the incident had been handled ~ against public indignation against the government

indiscretion noun

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409

e@ VERB + INDISCRETION commit He had committed a

minor sexual indiscretion | regret I instantly regretted

my indiscretion and asked her to keep the news to herself |

report He had never forgiven her for reporting his indis-

cretion in front of his friends

indispensable adj

e VERBS be, prove | become | make sb/sth He had

soon made himself indispensable | consider sb/sth

e ADV absolutely | almost, virtually

e PREP for Written sources are considered virtually indis-

pensable for today’s history teaching in These drugs are

almost indispensable in the fight against the disease to

skills which turned out to be indispensable to her career

individual noun

e ADJ outstanding, talented | key | powerful | creative

| average, ordinary Their research shows that the average

individual watches around three and a half hours of tele-

vision per day | private He was carrying out his functions

as a trustee in the course of his business, rather than as a

private individual | single | particular, certain The mo-

tives influencing a particular individual may change from

time to time | autonomous, independent His philosophy

is about becoming aware of oneself as an autonomous indi-

vidual | isolated Society does not consist of isolated indi-

viduals, but people in a network of relationships | unique

She saw the artist as a unique individual, possessing a

heightened awareness of reality | like-minded a group of

like-minded individuals | named The book recommends

that you sign ‘Yours sincerely’ if you are sending the letter

to a named individual | qualified We welcome applica-

tions from suitably qualified individuals | human We

know that all human individuals are unique

e VERB + INDIVIDUAL treat sb as The teacher should

treat each pupil as an individual

e INDIVIDUAL + VERB vary Although individuals vary

widely, the bones of the average female skeleton are small-

er and lighter than the male

e INDIVIDUAL + NOUN level His writings are concerned

with religious phenomena at the individual level

e PHRASES any/no/one individual No single individual

had done so much for the development of the motor vehicle

concern for the individual, the freedom of the individ-

ual the issue of the freedom of the individual versus the

intervention of the state a group of individuals She had

taken a group of individuals and made them into a superb

team the individual concerned It’s up to the individual

concerned to contact the police the needs of the individ-

ual Each course has to be tailored to the needs of the indi-

vidual respect for the individual, vary from individual

to individual Eating habits are bound to vary from indi-

vidual to individual

individuality noun

e ADJ human

@ VERB + INDIVIDUALITY have Each song has its own

individuality | express, reflect, show clothes that reflect

your individuality | give sth The small items of hand-

crafted furniture give individuality to the room | recog-

nize This book will help you recognize your individuality

| retain | lose

e PHRASES a feeling/sense of individuality, the sup-

pression of individuality Becoming part of a team should

not mean the suppression of individuality

inducement noun

e ADJ big, massive, powerful, strong | sufficient |

extra, further | positive | cash, financial

e VERB + INDUCEMENT offer (sb/sth as), provide

(sb/sth as) The higher payments were offered as an in-

e VERB + INDULGE beable to, be free to, can

e PREP in She was free to indulge ina little romantic day- dreaming with For a special treat indulge yourself with one of these luxury flavours of ice cream

indulgence noun

1 having whatever you want

e ADJ excessive | personal,

indulgence | sexual

e PREP ~in She allowed herself only a few moments’ indulgence in self-pity

e PHRASES alife of indulgence

2sth you allow yourself

e ADJ expensive, private, small

e VERB + INDULGENCE allow yourself As a relief from work she allowed herself a few small indulgences

3 acceptance of change to the normal way of doing sth

e VERB + INDULGENCE ask, beg, request He begged the audience’s indulgence to read some passages from his latest book | grant (law), show (sb) He attacked the indulgence shown to religious dissenters

self- guilty of self-

industrial action noun

e ADJ continuing | unlawful

e VERB + INDUSTRIAL ACTION take | threaten | call

for | vote for | start | step up The union is considering

stepping up its industrial action | suspend | stop |

take part in, be/become involved in His research indi- cates an increase in the number of women involved in in-

dustrial action | support

e PREP ~against The union is threatening industrial action against the company ~ by industrial action by railway workers ~in support of industrial action in support

of demands for a ten per cent salary adjustment ~ over to take industrial action over pay

e VERB + INDUSTRY assist, develop, encourage, help, stimulate The government decided to encourage indus-

stimulate new industry | rundown Running down the nu- clear industry will result in heavy job losses | damage They claim that a commercial port would damage the local

tourist industry | cripple, destroy, ruin | nationalize |

privatize | regulate | protect trade barriers erected to

protect domestic industry | subsidize The state’s timber

industry is heavily subsidized | interfere in/with The

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inedible 410

government has interfered in industry, with disastrous re-

sults, by attempting to alter economic trends | be in-

volved in/with More than 140 000 people are directly in-

volved in the industry | enter, go into students training

ing and go into industry

e INDUSTRY + VERB develop, grow up, spring up Jn

the favourable economic environment, new light indus-

tries are constantly springing up | boom, expand, grow

The tourist industry is still expanding rapidly | decline,

shrink | close down, disappear When the railway disap-

peared, other industries associated with it closed down |

compete | produce sth

e INDUSTRY + NOUN leader | standard They hope that

the disk drive will become an industry standard

e PREP in/within ~ In the computer industry, change

comes about very rapidly

e@ PHRASES a captain of industry, commerce and in-

dustry The banks lend money to commerce and industry

regulation of (an) industry proposals for regulation of

the water industry the revival of (an) industry the revival

of the British film industry a sector of industry, trade

and industry the Department of Trade and Industry

inedible adj

e VERBS be, look | become | make sth These chem-

icals make the fruit inedible

e ADV totally The food was totally inedible | almost

ineffective adj

e VERBS be, prove, seem These policies have proved in-

effective | become | make sth, render sth The contract

was rendered ineffective by this careless wording

e ADV highly, singularly, very | completely, entirely,

totally, wholly | largely | pretty, rather, relatively,

somewhat | apparently | politically

@ PREP against These weapons are totally ineffective

against tanks in chemicals that are very ineffective in kill-

ing weeds

inefficiency noun

e ADJ gross | inherent | bureaucratic, economic,

managerial

e VERB + INEFFICIENCY cause, create, lead to, make

for Conflict between management and workers makes for

inefficiency in the workplace | minimize, reduce | over-

come, root out We need to root out inefficiencies in the pro-

duction process

e INEFFICIENCY + VERB arise This type of inefficiency

arises because workers and management are ill-equipped

inefficient adj

e ADV extremely, grossly, highly, hopelessly, terribly,

very | quite, rather, relatively, somewhat | generally |

potentially | inherently | notoriously | economically

an economically inefficient system

ineligible adj

e VERBS be | become | make sb/sth | consider sb/sth,

declare sb/sth, deem sb/sth The country had been de-

clared ineligible for World Bank lending

e@ PREP for The new rules have made thousands more

people ineligible for legal aid

inept adj

e VERBS be, prove | become

e ADV very | quite | rather | politically, socially 7

would be politically inept to cut these training pro-

ic, educational, gender, income, pay, racial, sex/sexual, social, socio-economic, structural

e VERB + INEQUALITY cause, create, lead to The intro- duction of school fees would create inequality between schools | maintain, perpetuate Many sociologists have regarded education as central in perpetuating inequality

| reinforce Sex inequality in pay reinforces class inequality | increase | reduce | remove They can build

a more harmonious society once inequality and exploit- ation are removed | rectify, redress The country has had some success in redressing racial inequalities

e INEQUALITY + VERB exist inequalities that exist in wealth and income | arise from sth, be based on sth inequalities based on racism and social class | persist, remain Even in the age of compulsory school, inequalities have remained | increase | decline

e PREP ~between economic inequality between men and women ~in gender inequality in education

e PHRASES inequalities of opportunity/power/wealth,

a pattern of inequality inert adj

e VERBS be, lie, remain | become

e ADV completely She lay completely inert on her bed | relatively | chemically chemically inert radioactive waste

e PREP out of~ He stayed where he was, not because he really wanted to, but out of inertia through ~ Projects were frequently abandoned through sheer inertia

e PHRASES asState of inertia

inevitability noun

e ADJ terrible, tragic | acertain | historical e@ VERB + INEVITABILITY have | accept She was learning to accept the inevitability of death

@ PREP ~about The tragedy had a certain inevitability about it

e PHRASES a feeling/sense of inevitability

inevitable adj

e VERBS appear, be, look, seem | become | make sth The scandal made her resignation inevitable | regard sth as, see sth as They came to see defeat as inevitable

e ADV absolutely, quite | almost, virtually | apparent-

ly, seemingly | probably | historically, politically

@ PHRASES bowto the inevitable She bowed to the inevitable (= accepted a situation in which she had no choice) and resigned

inexhaustible adj

e VERBS be, seem Her energy seemed inexhaustible

e ADV virtually | apparently, seemingly

inexpensive adj

e ADV very | comparatively, fairly, quite, reasonably, relatively Paper is relatively inexpensive here

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411 inferiority

inexperience noun

e ADJ relative | youthful | political

e VERB + INEXPERIENCE reveal, show She showed her

inexperience by asking lots of trivial questions | be down

to The team’s defensive errors were down to (= a result of

their) inexperience | put sth down to He put his mis-

takes down to (= believed they were caused by his)

inexperience

e INEXPERIENCE + VERB show Her inexperience in pol-

itics did not show as she debated with the other candidates

e PREP because of/from/through~ They made mistakes

through inexperience | ~in inexperience in teaching

inexperienced adj

e VERBS be, feel, seem

e ADV hopelessly, very | totally He was unqualified

and totally inexperienced | relatively She was still a

relatively inexperienced pilot | politically, sexually

e@ PREP in She was inexperienced in teaching art with

men who are inexperienced with children

e PHRASES young and inexperienced

inexplicable adj

e VERBS be,seem | remain | find sth

e ADV completely, quite, totally Their actions are com-

pletely inexplicable | apparently | otherwise This the-

ory makes sense of an otherwise inexplicable phenomenon

infancy noun

e ADJ early The vaccination is given in early infancy

e VERB + INFANCY survive (beyond) Their first child

did not survive infancy | die in She died in infancy

e PREP during/in~ Deaths during infancy have fallen

new company is still in its infancy from ~ from infancy to

late childhood since (sb’s) ~ Since her infancy she has

been a healthy baby throughout (sb’s) ~ He was ill many

times throughout his infancy

infant noun

e ADJ young He is studying hearing in very young in-

fants | newborn | unborn | stillborn | pre-term, pre-

mature jaundice in premature infants | full-term |

healthy, normal | low birthweight | humana book on in-

tellectual development in the human infant | female,

male | screaming, sleeping Marjorie looked down at the

sleeping infant in her arms l

e INFANT + NOUN death, mortality countries with high

infant mortality | child, daughter, son

e PHRASES sudden infant death syndrome

infected adj

e VERBS be | become, get

e ADV badly, heavily | chronically

e PREP with patients who are infected with this virus

infection noun

mary, secondary /f the primary infection is not treated

further outbreaks may occur | new Over 90% of all new

infections occur in the developing world | rare | bacter-

ial, fungal, viral | chest, ear, etc | respiratory, urinary,

etc | herpes, HIV, etc

e VERB + INFECTION have, suffer (from) He’s suffering

from an acute infection of the lower respiratory tract | be

at risk from/of, be prone/susceptible/vulnerable to

Goats appear to be more susceptible to the infection than

sheep | be exposed to Vaccination is essential to protect

people exposed to hepatitis B infection | acquire, catch,

contract, develop, get She’s always getting chest infections | pass (on), spread, transmit The infection is

passed on through the horse feed | carry Almost all the

sheep on the farm carried the infection | guard against, protect sb/sth from to protect the body from infection | avoid, prevent | combat, fight The virus affects the body’s immune system so that it cannot fight infection | fight off, kill Normally, white blood cells fight off and kill infections | recover from | leave/make sb susceptible

to, leave/make sb vulnerable to | die from/of | diag-

nose (sb with) | treat (sb for)

e INFECTION + VERB develop, occur an infection that occurs in swans | spread They want to prevent the infec-

tion spreading to other parts of the body | cause sth, re-

sult in sth Heavy lung infections may result in pneumonia e@ PREP in~ In acute infections of the urinary tract the patient may suffer severe pain | ~ by infection of people by the virus ~ from infection from sewage water ~ through infection through unsafe sex ~ with infection with bacteria

e PHRASES a cause of infection, the onset of infection The drug must be taken from the onset of the infection re- sistance to infection Taking vitamin C builds up your re- sistance to infection a risk of infection, a site of infection (medical) The urethra was the primary site of infection a source of infection We are trying to trace the source of infection the spread of infection

= Special page at ILLNESS

infectious adj

e VERBS be, remain

e ADV highly, very | potentially

infer verb

e ADV reasonably

e@ VERB + INFER can/could | be possible to | be diffi-

cult to, be hard to /¢ is difficult to infer anything from such scanty evidence | be reasonable to | be wrong to

e PREP from From this study we can reasonably infer that this behaviour is inherited

inference noun

e ADJ fair, logical, reasonable | obvious

e VERB + INFERENCE draw, make

e INFERENCE + VERB be based on sth inferences based

on their answers to a number of set questions

e PREP ~about In the absence of detailed documentary evidence, we can only make inferences about Minoan reli- gion ~ from The value of data depends on our skill in drawing inferences from it

inferior noun

e ADJ intellectual, social

e VERB + INFERIOR consider sb She considered every- one her intellectual inferior

inferior adj

e@ VERBS be, feel, seem Her obvious popularity made me feel inferior | consider sb/sth, regard sb/sth as, see sb/sth as Women are often regarded as inferior

e ADV decidedly, distinctly, greatly, markedly, significantly, vastly, very | slightly, somewhat | demon- strably | instrinsically | intellectually, morally, social-

ly, technically e@ PREP in These later paintings are slightly inferior in value to His later work was vastly inferior to his early work

inferiority noun

e ADJ moral, racial, social the myth of racial inferiority

| numerical The invading force, conscious of their numerical inferiority at sea, decided on an airborne attack

Tiêu đề	Tài liệu Oxford Collocations Dictionary for students of English_ Chương 2.9 ppt
Trường học	Oxford University
Chuyên ngành	English Language and Literature
Thể loại	Tài liệu hướng dẫn
Thành phố	Oxford

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