UNIT 1 tenses and Tense

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UNIT 1: TENSES

A Knowledge

I Present

1 Present Simple

a Structure:

Affirmative Subject + Verb/ Verb(s)/ Verb(es) + Object

Negative Subject + don’t / doesn’t + Verb + Object

Interrogativ

e Do/ Does + Subject + Verb + Object

Example:

- I go to work at 9 a.m every day

- I don’t have enough money to buy this bag

- Do we have to get up early every day?

b Use

- Talk about hobbies/ habit

Ex: I go to work by bike every morning

- Talk about facts/ truth

Ex: If you heat water to 100 degree celcius, it boils

- Talk about permanent situations

Ex: My parents own a restaurant

c Signals

2 Present continuous

a Structure:

Affirmative Subject + to be + V-ing + Object

Negative Subject + to be + not + V-ing + Object

Interrogativ

e To be + Subject + V-ing + Object?

Example:

- I am studying now

- I am not watching the TV now

- Are you working at the moment?

b Use

- Talk about actions happening at the moment of speaking

Ex: Look! It is raining

They are doing homework at the moment

c Signals

3 Present Perfect

a Structure

Affirmative Subject + have/ has + Vpp2 + Object

Negative Subject + have/ has + not + Vpp2 + Object

Interrogative Have/ has + Subject + Vpp2 + Object

b Use

- Talk about something that happened in the past and continues in the present Ex: I have worked for this company for 2 years

We have known each other for 5 months

c Signals

II Past

1 Past Simple

a Structure

Affirmative Subject + Verb (ed/ p1) + Object

Negative Subject + did + not + Verb + Object

Interrogative Did + Subject + Verb + Object?

b Use

- Talk about events in the past

Ex: I bought my cell phone 2 years ago

I received this gift last month

c Signals

III Future

1 Future Simple

a Structure

Affirmative Subject + will + Verb + Object

Negative Subject + will + not + Verb + Object

Interrogative Will + Subject + Verb + Object?

b Use

- Talk about predictions, usually based on our opinions or our past experience Ex: I think it will be extremely hot there

- Talk about something we decide to at the time of speaking

Ex:

A: how about going to the cinema this weekend?

B : Okay, I will buy the ticket

c Signals

2 Be going to

a Structure

Affirmative Subject + to be + going to + Verb + Object

Negative Subject + to be + not + going to + Verb + Object

Interrogative To be + Subject + going to + Verb + Object?

b Use

- To talk about events in the future we have already thought about and intend to do

Ex: I am going to have an exam next week

- Make prediction where there is present evidence

Ex: It is going to rain because the sky is cloudy now

c Signals

B Practice Exercise 1: Fill the gap with correct words

1 Harry often …… books from the library

2 My grandfather …… collecting stamps

3 She…… her friends at a bar right now

4 Nguyen Nhat Anh is a writer He… a short story about a dragon

5 I never… home late

6 She usually…… much

A Doesn’t talk B Don’t talk C Isn’t talking

7 You……… a lot since the last time I saw you

8 I……… the report yet

A completed B haven’t completed C have already

completed

9 I ……… three books by the same author since the last month

10 Kate ……… a cup of coffee every morning

Exercise 2: Choose the correct form of verbs

1 When we were seniors in our university, we (do) ……… many presentations that were related to our major

2 Smartphones (be) ………… not popular fifteen years ago

3 Last year, I (go) ……….… on a trip to Ho Chi Minh City in my summer vacation and that trip is the most memorable one that I have ever had

4 He (use) ……….… to be a very famous actor in the 1990s

5 One of the most terrible natural disasters is the earthquake and tsunami that (happen) ……… in Japan in 2011

6 I'm afraid I……… (not/ be) able to come tomorrow

7 Because of the train strike, the meeting ……… (not/ take) place at 9 o'clock

8 A: “Go and tidy your room.”

B: “Okay I ……… (do) it now!”

9 If it rains, we ……… (not/ go) to the beach

10 In my opinion, she ……… (not/ pass) the exam

11 A: “I'm driving to the party, would you like a lift?”

B: “Thank you but I ……… … (take) the bus.”

12 Look at the sky! It……… …(rain) very heavily!

13 The company (hold) ……….….………a very important meeting next month

14 According to the weather forecast, it ……… …… (not/ snow) tomorrow

15 I think I (go)……….…………study abroad

C Exam focus Exercise 1: Line chart – Writing Task 1

The graph (1) ……… (show) how many people (2) ……… (visit) three London museums in the summer of 2013 Most visitors (3) ……… (go) to the British museum (4) ………… June and September The number (5) ……… (fluctuate) between 500 and 750 By contrast, the Science Museum and the Natural History

Museum (6) ……… (receive) fewer visitors The number of people who visited the Science Museum (7) ……… (drop) gradually from 400 thousand to 300 from June to August then (8) ……… (rise) to 450 thousand (9) ……… September We can (10) ……… (see) that the trend for the Natural History Museum (11)

……… (be) similar There was a sharp drop in visitors from June to July The

number (13) ……… (remain stable) in August and then (14)

……… (increase) steadily in September

Exercise 2:

The happiest country in the world

Children growing up in Costa Rica are surrounded by some of the most beautiful and diverse landscapes in the world Preserving tropical rainforests isn’t Costa Rica’s only success, because the government also makes sure everyone has access to health-care and education So when the New Economics Foundation released its second Happy Planet Index, Costa Rica came out number one The index is a ranking of countries

based on their impact on the environment and the health and happiness of their citizens

According to Mariano Rojas, a Costa Rican economics professor, Costa Rica is a mid-income country where citizens have plenty of time for themselves and for their relationships with others ‘A mid-income level allows most citizens to satisfy their basic needs The government makes sure that all Costa Ricans have access to education, health and nutrition services.’ Costa Ricans, he believes, are not interested

in status or spending money to show how successful they are

Created in 2008, the Happy Planet Index examines happiness on a national level and ranks 143 countries according to three measurements: their citizens’ happiness, how long they live (which reflects their health), and how much of the planet’s resources each country consumes According to researcher Saamah Abdallah, the Index also measures the outcomes that are most important, and those are happy, healthy lives for everyone

Questions 1-6

Choose ONE WORD OR ONE NUMBER from the passage for each answer.

The Happy Planet Index

Year started: 1 ………

Number of countries it lists: 2 ………….

Measures each country's happiness according to:

■ its effect on the 3 ………… (i.e the quantity of the Earth's 4 ………… that it

uses);

■ the 5 ………… of the population (i.e how long people live);

■ how happy its 6 ……… are

Exercise 3:

The world’s friendliest city

A team of social psychologists from California has spent six years studying the reactions of people in cities around the world to different situations The results show

that cities where people have less money generally have friendlier populations Rio de Janeiro in Brazil, which is often known for its crime, comes out top, and the capital of

Malawi, Lilongwe, comes third

But what makes one city friendlier than another? The psychologists from California State University say it has got more to do with environment than culture or nationality

They carried out a study into the way locals treated strangers in 23 cities around the world The team conducted their research through a series of tests, where they dropped pens or pretended they were blind and needed help crossing the street

The study concludes that people are more helpful in cities with a more relaxed way of

life such as Rio While they were there, researchers received help in 93 percent of

cases, and the percentage in Lilong we was only a little lower However, richer cities such as Amsterdam and New York are considered the least friendly Inhabitants of Amsterdam helped the researchers in 53 percent of cases and in New York just 44

percent The psychologists found that, in these cities, people tend to be short of time,

so they hurry and often ignore strangers.

Questions 1-5

Complete the table below.

Choose ONE WORD from the passage for each answer.

City Positive aspects Negative aspects % of help

received

Rio de

Janeiro

• friendly inhabitants

• more 1 ………… lifestyle

• People don’t have

so much 2 …………

• Has reputation for crime

(3)…………

Amsterdam

and New

York

• richer

People

• have little time

• don’t pay attention

to (4)………

Amsterdam: (5)

…………

New York: 44%

HOMEWORK Exercise 1:

1 I ……… a great film yesterday (see)

2 ……… a cheap laptop? (you ever buy)

3 Sue ……… the flu last winter (have)

4 A few days ago, we ……… to his uncle (drive)

5 Bob……… well last night (sleep)

6 I ……… a letter from her two days ago (get)

7 The ……… in Germany (already arrive)

8 I ……… him last Monday (meet)

9 She ……… yet (not wake up)

10 I ………… her since last Thursday (not meet)

Exercise 2: Simple present – present progressive – simple past? Fill in the correct

tense

Every summer our class………… (go) on a short trip Last year we ………… (go)

to a zoo Our teacher ………… (be) very nervous Teachers ……… (be) often nervous on a school trip But why? We ……… (not understand) that

I ………… (take) lots of photos of a baby elephant with my cell phone

"Why you ………… (not take) photos of other animals, too?" my

friend ………… (ask) me But I ……… (not want) to take photos of other animals I ………… (want) to take photos of all my friends They ………… (have) some bananas and ……… (show) them to the gorillas

"What ………… you ………… (do) there? Come to me!" our teacher …… (shout)

We …………(find) a nice place for a picnic But nobody ……… (eat) a banana, but the gorillas …… (have) a nice lunch that day It ……… (be) a great day at the zoo, and we ………… (have) a lot of fun

Exercise 3:

The line graph ……… (demonstrate) the percentage of visitors to four sights in Scotland capital, Edinburgh between 1980 and 2010 The four attractions are Aquarium, Castle, Zoo, and Festival

Overall, the Festival and the Aquarium had downward trends while the Castle and the Zoo………… (see) more visitors at the end of the 30-year period than at the beginning The slightest changes occurred in the Festival figures while the most significant fluctuations were seen in the numbers of people visiting the Aquarium

The Aquarium and the Zoo saw similar developments until 2000, starting at 20% and 10% respectively and experiencing a series of rises and falls From 2000 to 2010, the proportion of visitors to the Aquarium …………(go down)dramatically to about 8%, resulting in the lowest number among the four sights Meanwhile, the Zoo figures

…………(rise) sharply ending the interval at 10%

Although having a downward trend, the Festival’s numbers ………… (decrease) slightly by only about 5%, which made it the second most popular place among tourists in 2010 In contrast, Castle rose in popularity reaching a peak of almost 45%

in 1995 and becoming number one attraction with just over 30% of visitors at the end

of the period

Exercise 4:

Reducing the Effects of Climate Change

B

Geo-engineering; has been shown to work, at least on a small localised scale For decades, MayDay parades in Moscow have taken place under clear blue skies, aircraft having deposited dry ice, silver iodide and cement powder to disperse clouds Many of the schemes now suggested look to do the opposite, and reduce the amount of sunlight reaching the planet The most eye-catching idea of all is suggested by Professor Roger Angel of the University of Arizona His scheme would employ up to 16 trillion minute spacecraft, each weighing about one gram, to form a transparent, sunlight-refracting

sunshade in an orbit 1.5 million km above the Earth This could, argues Angel, reduce the amount of light reaching the Earth by two per cent

C

The majority of geo-engineering projects so far carried out — which include planting forests in deserts and depositing iron in the ocean to stimulate the growth of algae -have focused on achieving a general cooling of the Earth But some look specifically

at reversing the melting at the poles, particularly the Arctic The reasoning is that if you replenish the ice sheets and frozen waters of the high latitudes, more light will be reflected back into space, so reducing the warming of the oceans and atmosphere

D

The concept of releasing aerosol sprays into the stratosphere above the Arctic has been proposed by several scientists This would involve using sulphur or hydrogen sulphide aerosols so that sulphur dioxide would form clouds, which would, in turn, lead to a global dimming The idea is modelled on historic volcanic explosions, such

as that of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines in 1991, which led to a short-term cooling of global temperatures by 0.5 °C Scientists have also scrutinised whether it's possible to preserve the ice sheets of Greenland with reinforced high-tension cables, preventing icebergs from moving into the sea Meanwhile in the Russian Arctic, geo-engineering plans include the planting of millions of birch trees Whereas the -regions native evergreen pines shade the snow an absorb radiation, birches would shed their leaves in winter, thus enabling radiation to be reflected by the snow Re-routing Russian rivers to increase cold water flow to ice-forming areas could also be used to slow down warming, say some climate scientists

Questions 4-10

Complete the table below.

Choose ONE WORD from the passage for each answer Write your answers in

boxes 4-10 on your answer sheet.

GEO-ENGINEERING PROJECTS

Procedure Aim

put a large number of tiny

spacecraft into orbit far above

Earth

to create a 4 ……… that would

reduce the amount of light reaching Earth

place 5 ……… in the sea to encourage 6 ……… to form

release aerosol sprays

into the stratosphere

to create 7 ……… that would reduce

the amount of light reaching Earth

fix strong 8 ………

to Greenland ice sheets to prevent icebergs moving into the sea

plant trees in Russian Arctic

that would lose their leaves

in winter

to allow the 9 ……… to reflect

radiation

change the direction of

10 ……… to bring more cold water into ice-forming areas

Exercise 5:

The story of silk

The history of the world’s most luxurious fabric, from ancient China to the present day

Silk is a fine, smooth material produced from the cocoons - soft protective shells - that are made by mulberry silkworms (insect larvae) Legend has it that it was Lei Tzu, wife of the Yellow Emperor, ruler of China in about 3000 BC, who discovered silkworms One account of the story goes that as she was taking a walk in her husband’s gardens, she discovered that silkworms were responsible for the destruction

of several mulberry trees She collected a number of cocoons and sat down to have a rest It just so happened that while she was sipping some tea, one of the cocoons that she had collected landed in the hot tea and started to unravel into a fine thread Lei Tzu found that she could wind this thread around her fingers Subsequently, she