Chương V - HYDROCACBON NO (ANKAN, XICLOANKAN, Chương VI - HIDROCACBON KHONG NO (ANKEN, ANKAĐIEN, ANKIN) Chương VII - HIDRO CACBON THOM (BENZEN và đồng đẵng của BENZEN, một số HIDROCACBON THOM) Chương VIII - DAN XUA.T HALOGEN -ANCOL-PHENOL (Dẫn xuất HALOGEN, ANCOL, PHENOL) Chương IX - ANDEHIT -XETON -AXIT CACBOXYLIC (ANDEHIT- XETON, AXIT CACBONXYLIC)
Trang 1I D6ng ding, d6ng phan, danh phap
-Ankan (hay parafin) la nhung hidrocacbon no, mach ho
;i ?
1 Dong dang:
- Ankan don gian nhftt la metan CH4•
Ten g9i Cong thuc Nhi�t d9
+S6 electron h6a tri con l;;ti cua cac nguyen ill C dung d� lien kSt vm H la:
4n - 2.(n - 1) = 2n + 2 bing chinh s6 nguyen ill H
Cong thuc chung cua ankan la C0H2n+2•
+CsH12: c6 3 d6ng phan
H H2
H3C-C-C -CH3
CH3
- B�c cua m9t nguyen ill c la s6 c lien kSt tn,rc tiSp v6i n6:
+ Ankan ma phan ill chi chua C b�c I va C b�c II (khong chua C b�c III va C b�c IV) la ankankhong phan nhanh
Trang 2- Ten g9i cua tit ca cac ankan trong day d6ng dfulg d�u �n cung bfulg an.
- Ten g9i cua g6c hidrocacbon tucmg tµ ten cua ankan tucmg ung, chi d6i duoi an thanh duoi yl
Gdc hidrocacbon c6 dm;rc khi ta bo bat di 1 H trong phan tu ankan
Vi d-1.1: - CH3 (metyl), -C2H5 ( etyl), -C3H7 (propyl)
G6c ankyl nguoi ta thuong d�t la R-
Ten m;;i.ch chinh met et Prop but pent
-Ankan m;;i.ch thing: them tiSn t6
Trang 33.2 Ten qu6c t�:
- Ch9n m�ch C dai nhftt lam m�ch chinh
- Danh s6 thu tg cac nguyen tu C trong m�ch chinh, bilt dAu tit m�ch gAn nhanh hem
Ten ankan = vi tri nhom th� + ten nhom th� + ten m�ch chinh
- Cac bu6c g9i ten:
+Bu6c 1: Chon m�ch dai nhftt chua nhi€u nhanh nhfit lam m�ch chinh
+Bu6c 2: Danh s6 C tren m�ch chinh sao cho t6ng s6 vi tri nhanh la nho nhfit
+Bu6c 3: DQC ten nhanh theo thu tg chit cai, n�u c6 nhi€u nhanh gi6ng nhau ta them ti�p dAungfr di (2), tri (3 ), tetra ( 4 ), pen ta ( 5),
Vi d\l:
H H2 H H H3C-C-C -C-C-CH3
1 21 31 4
5 CH3 C2Hs
3 - etyl -2 - metylpentan
1 Str hinh thanh lien k�t trong phan tfr ankan:
- Cac nguyen tu C ankan d�u & tr�ng thai lai h6a sp3•
- Mdi nguyen tu C n�m tren dinh cua tu di�n d€u ma 4 dinh la cac nguyen tu H ho{lc C
- 06c lien k�t d�u gAn b�ng 109,5°
- H6a t:ri cua C hAu nhu da bao hoa
2, Ciu true kh6ng gian cu.a ankan:
2 1 Mo hlnb pb i o ti i':
- Mo hinh r6n
- Mo hinh d�c:
Trang 4cAu tr�g ban 1ech
- G�ch thfulg nim cung mijt phfulg
- G�ch ndi hu6ng ra xa m�t phfulg
- G�ch net d�m hu6ng vao mitt nguoi
III Tinh chat vat Ii
- 0 dieu kien thuang bdn ankan dfiu tien trong day ddng drtng: CH4 , C2H6, C3H8, C4H1 0 la nhiingchfit khi Cac ankan ti€p theo la chfit long ho�c rrtn:
-Ankan la nhiing chAt khong mau
IV Tinh chit boa hoc:
1 Phan frng th� halogen (uu tien th� H ir nguyen tfr C bac cao):
Trang 5- Kha nang phan ung cua halogen theo thu tµ: F > Cl > Br > I.
-Phan (mg th� halogen uu tien th� a cacbon b�c cao hem, nen chi�m ti 1� 16n 1cm, nen khi yeu cAuvi�t san phdm chinh cAn chu y vdn d� nay
Nh�n xet: S6 luQllg cac san phAm th� ph\l thu(k vao cAu t�o m�ch C cua ankan
2 Phan frng tach H va crackinh:
-Tdng quat:
1S00 ° C, lam lanh nhanh
2CH4 CH=CH + 3H2
Trang 6Gia su: nankan = nH20 - nco2 (1) dung thi ta c6:
Ilankan = (n + l)x - nx = nx + x - nx = x ( dung bfing s6 mol x ban dfiu)
V�y (1) luon dung
4 Phan frng phan buy:
- Phan huy boi nhiet:
1000 ° c, kh6ng c6 kh6ng khf
CnH2n + 2 - nC + (n+ l)H2
- Phan huy boi clo:
t0, anh sang C\lC tim
- Luu y: n�u crackinh m(>t ankan r6i toan b(> san phdm dem d6t chay thi chinh la d6t chay ankanban dfiu
6 Phan frng nitro boa va sunfoclo boa:
Trang 77 Phll'ong phap gifr nguyen mach cacbon:
200 ° c ROH + 2Hld�c -+ RH + H2O + lz
ete khan
C2HsCl + 2Na C2Hs -C2Hs + 2NaX
- Chu y: khi tdng hgp tu hai lo;;ti d�n xudt halogen co gdc ankyl khac nhau se thu dugc h6n hgp 3ankan nhung kho tach khoi nhau vi co nhiet d(> soi khac nhau
9 Phmmg phap giam mach cacbon:
v6i toi, xut, t0
R-COONa + NaOH R-H + Na2CO3.Vidv:
v6i t6i, xut, t0
CH3COONa + NaOH CH4 + Na2CO3
- Trong phan ung nay ch9n voi toi, xut dS lam kho h6n hgp phan ung va ngan khong cho NaOHlam thung dng nghi�m thuy tinh (SiO2) do co phan ung:
SiO2 + 2NaOH -+ Na2SiO3 + H2O
- Co thS giam m;;tch cacbon bfulg phucmg phap crackinh
- D�c bi�t phan ung:
2HCOOK + 2NaOH -+ H2 + Na2CO3 + K2CO3
V Di�u ch�:
1 PhU"ong phap crackinh:
2 To aken, ankin + H6(Ni, t 0):
Trang 8I I)}, d� A
t ,
ong ang, cau rue
BAI 24: XICLOANKAN
- Xicloankan la nhfmg hidrocacbon no, m�ch vong, c6 cong thuc chung C0H20 (n� 3)
- Cac cacbon trong xicloankan deu 6 tr�g thai lai h6a sp3, cac nguyen ill cacbon khong n�mtrong cung mijt ph&ng
II D6ng phan danh phap:
1 Cach vi�t d6ng phan:
- Ve m�ch vong 16n nhfit r6i thu nho dfui, chu y t6 hgp l�i cac nhanh
- Them cac nguyen ill H vao dam bao h6a ttj C
Vi d\l:
2 Danh phap:
Ten xicloankan = s6 chi vi tri nhanh + ten nhanh + ten mach chinh + an
Chu y: danh s6 sao cho t6ng chi s6 nbanh la nho nhfit
Vi d\l:
I\ ,, CH3
L.-Y' metyl - xicloankan
III Tinh chit boa hoc:
�CH3 H3C
1,2 - dimetylxiclpropan
- Xicloankan vong 3, 4 do c6 g6c len ket nho hem 109,5° nen sue can vong 16n, khong ben, do d6
de tham gia phan ung c<_>ng m6 vong:
H2
hexan
Trang 9PHUONG PH.AP GIAI BAI T4P ANKAN
I T6ng guat:
- CTPT: C0H2n+2- Kh6i luqng phan nr M = 14n + 2
- Danh phap: Phai xet m�ch chinh la m�ch nhi�u C nhfrt, r6i danh s6 thu tµ tir vi tri nhi�u nh6mth� nhfrt
II Bai tap theo phan 1111g:
Ilankan = nH20 -nco2S6 C = nco2 = nco2
nH2o nH2o-nco2
- San phdm chay thu dugc g6m CO2 va H20, n�u:
+Lam l�nh va ngung 1\1 thi th6 tich giam la th6 tich cua H20
+Cho san phdm qua binh d\fllg H2S04 dijc n6ng thi H20 bi gitr l�i, kh6i luqng binh tang lakh6i luqng H20
+Cho san phdm qua binh d\fllg dung dich NaOH/KOH thi kh6i luqng binh tang la kh6i luqngCO2 va H20
+Cho san phdm qua dung dich Ca(OH)2/Ba(OH)2 thi kh6i luqng binh tang la kh6i luqng CO2
va kh6i luqng H20, k�t tua thu dugc la CaC03/BaC03:
Kh6i luqng dung dich tang la: 6m = (mco2 + mH20) - mJ
Kh6i luqng dung dich giam la: 6m = mJ - (mco2 + mH20)
Vi dy.: D6t chay hoan toan m<)t ankan san ph§m chay thu dugc cho vao binh d\fllg nu&c voi trong du thfry kh6i luqng binh tang 20,4 gam va kh6i luqng dung dich giam 9,6 gam Cong thuc phan tu ankan tren la:
Hl.1'6ng din:
D�t CTPT ankan: CnH2n+2•
- mbinh tang = mco2 + mH2o = 44nco2 + 18nH2o = 20,4 (1)
- ffictct giam = mcaC03 - ( mco2 + mH20) = 100 nco2 - ( 44nco2 + l8nH20) = 9,6 (2)
Giai h� (1) va (2) ta c6 nco2 = 0,3; nH20 = 0,4
V�y: n = C = 0,4-0,3 0 ' 3 = 3 + C3Hg
Trang 103 Phan frng crackinh ankan:
3.1 Ly thuy�t cAn nilm:
- Khi crackinh m9t ankan c6 th� thu duqc m9t h6n hqp san phfim nhu: anken, ankan c6 s6cacbo n nh6 hon, ankin, hidro , ankan con du
- Ta c6 th� hinh dung b�ng so d6 nhu sau:
Ankan (X, dx) (Ankan nh6 + H2) + (anken + ankin) + ankan du (hon hqp Y, dy)
T6ng s6 mol khi sau phan ung la: 2a + b
- T6ng kh6i l uQ'llg tru6c va sau crackinh bing nhau theo djnh l u�t bao toan kh6i l uQ'llg Tir d6 tac6 bi�u thuc quan tr9ng sau day:
mx = my
nx = dy <=> nx = My
ny dx ny Mx
- Gia su crackinh hoan toan m9t ankan thu duqc m9t anken va m9t ankan nho nho:
Ankan anken + ankan nho Phan ung: X mol X X
Du: ymol
T6ng s6 mol tru6c phan ung: nx = x + y
T6ng s6 mol sau phan ung: ny = 2x + y
S6 mol ankan phan ung: x = ny- nx hay Vphan IIllg = Vsau - Vd&u·
Rut ra cong thuc tinh hieu su§.t crackinh: H = � = llsau-llci'au = Vsau-Vd'au
_
3.2 Mot s6 bai tap vi du:
Bai 1: Craking n-butan thu duqc 35 mol h6n hqp A g6m H2, CH4, C2H4, C2H6, C3H6, C4H8 va m9t phfin butan chua bi crakinh Gia su chi c6 cac phan ung t;;io ra cac san phfim tren Cho A qua binh nu6c brom du th§.y con l ;;ii 20 mol khi NSu d6t chay hoan toan A thi thu duqc x mol CO2
Hi�u su§.t phan ung t;;io h6n hqp A va gia tri x la:
- Dung bao toan C suy ra mol CO2 = 4( a + b) mol CO2 = 80 mol
Bai 2: Khi crackinh hoan toan m9t th� tich ankan X thu duqc ba th� tich h6n hqp Y ( cac th� tich khi do a cimg dieu ki�n nhi�t d9 va ap su§.t); ti kh6i cua Y so vm H2 bing 12 Cong thuc phan tu cua Xla:
- Dijt nx = 1 mol ny = 3 mol
Ap dµng cong thuc:
C C4H10
Huong din:
nx _ dy ,,_._ nx _ My ,,_._ 1 _ 12.2 M _ 72 ➔ X· C H -� -� - x-ny dx ny Mx 3 Mx · 5 12·
Trang 11Bai 3: Khi crackinh hoan toan m(H ankan X thu duqc h6n hqp Y (cac thS tich khi do 6 cung diSu ki�n nhi�t d<) va ap sufrt); ti kh6i cua Y so vm H2 bing 14,5 Cong thuc phan tu cua X la:
3.3 Bai tap tU' luyen:
Ciu 1: Crackinh 40 lit n-butan thu duqc 56 lit h6n hqp X g6m H2, CH4, C2�, C3H6, C4H8 va m9t phfrn n-butan chua bi crackinh ( cac khi do 6 cimg diSu ki�n vm nhau) Gia sir chi c6 cac san phfim t�o ra ti:r phan ung tren Hi�u sufrt phan ung crackinh la:
Ciu 2: Crackinh m gam n-butan thu duqc h6n hqp A g6m H2, CH4, C2H4, C2H6, C3H6, C4H8 va m<)t phfrn butan chua bi crackinh D6t chay hoan toan A thu dugc 9 gam H20 va 17,6 gam CO2 Gia trim la:
Ciu 3: Crackinh 560 lit C4H10 thu dugc 1010 lit h6n hgp khi X (dktc) ThS tich C4H10 chua bi crackinh la:
Ciu 4: Crackinh 560 lit C5H12 thu dugc 1036 lit h6n hqp C g6m nhiSu khi khac nhau (dktc) ThS tich CsH12 da bi crackinh la:
Trang 12BA.I Tl).P TRAC NGHijJ:M:
Cau 1: Cau nao dung khi n6i vS hidrocacbon no la:
A La h<;Yp chdt hfru ca ma trong phan tu chi c6 lien k�t dan
B La hidrocacbon ma trong phan tu chi chua m9t n6i d6i
C La h<;Yp chdt hfru ca trong phan tu chi c6 hai nguyen t6 C va H
D La hidrocacbon ma trong phan tu chi co lien k�t dan
Cau 2: Ankan c6 CTPT C5H12 c6 bao nhieu d6ng phan?
Cau 3: Cho ankan c6 CTCT la CH3 -CH(C2H5) -CH2 -CH(CH3) -CH3 Ten gQi cua A theo IUPAC la:
A 2-etyl-4-metylpentan C 3,5 -dimetylhexan
B 4 -etyl -2 -metylpentan D 2,4 -dimetylhexan
Cau 4: Cho ankan A c6 ten g9i: 3 -etyl -2,4 -dimetylhexan CTPT cua A la:
Cau 5: Nguyen nhan nao lam cho cac ankan tuang d6i tra vS m�t h6a h9c:
A Do phan tu kh6ng phan cgc B Do c6 cac lien k€t sigma bSn vfrng
C Do phan tu kh6ng chua lien k€t pi D Tdc ca cac Ii do tren
Cau 6: Phan ung d�c tnmg cua ankan la:
A Phan ung c9ng B Phan ung tach C Phan ung th€ D Phan ung chay
Cau 9: Trong phong thi nghi�m, metan c6 th€ duqc diSu ch€ bing each nao:
A Nung CH3COONa voi v6i t6i xut B Thuy phan CaC2
C Cho Al4C3 tac d1,mg vm nuoc D Ava B dSu duqc
Cau 10: Cho phan ung sau: Al4C3 + H2O-+ A+ B Cac chdt A, B lAn luqt la:
A C�, A}iO3 B C2H2, Al(OH)3 C C2H6, Al(OH)3 D CH4, Al(OH)3
Cau 11: E>6t chay hoan toan m gam h6n h<;Yp g6m CH4, C2H6 va C4H10 thu duqc 3,3g CO2 va 4,5 g H2O Gia tri cua m la:
Trang 13Cau 15: Ankan haa tan t6t trong dung m6i nao:
A Benzen B nu6c C dung dich axit HCl D dung dich NaOH.Cau 16: Khi thvc hi�n phan ung dehidro h6a hgp chftt X c6 CTPT la C5H12 thu duqc h6n hgp 2 anken d6ng phan cftu t�o cua nhau Ten g9i cua X la:
A 2,2- dimetylpentan B 2,2- dimetylpropan C 2- metylbutan D Pentan
Cau 17: Khi clo h6a m9t ankan thu duqc h6n hgp 2 dftn xuftt monoclo va ba dftn xuftt diclo Cong thuc cftu t�o cua ankan la:
Cau 22: Ten gQi cua chftt c6 CTCT sau la: CH3 - C(CH3)2 - CH2 - CH(C2H5) -CH2 - CH3
A 2 -metyl - 4 - etylhexan C 4 - etyl - 2-metylhexan
Trang 14A 68,95g B 59,lg C 49,25g D 39,4g
Cau 27: £>6t chay hoan toan 0,15 mol h6n hgp X g6m hai hidrocacbin no San phfrm thu duqc cho hfrp thv h�t vao dung dich Ca(OH)2 du thu duqc 3,75 gam k�t ma va kh6i luqng dung dich tang 23,25 gam CTPT hai hidrocacbon tren la:
A 1,12 lit B 2,24 lit C 3,36 lit D 4,52 lit
Cau 31: M9t h6n hgp g6m hai d6ng ding k� ti�p nhau c6 kh6i luqng 24,8 gam chi�m th� tich 11,2 lit ( dktc ) Thanh phfrn % th� tich cua 2 ankan la:
Cau 33: Clo h6a m9t ankan theo ti 1� mol 1: 1 thu duqc m9t ddn xudt mono clo c6 ti kh6i d6i v&i NO
la 4,95 Ten ankan la:
A 2,3,3-trimetylpentan B 2,2,3,3-tetrametylbutan
C 2,3,4-trimetylpentan D octan
Cau 34: Ti kh6i cua h6n hgp g6m metan va oxi d6i v&i H2 la 40 : 3 Khi khi b�t tia Ilia di�n d� d6t hoan toan h6n hgp tren, h6n hgp thu duqc la:
Cau 35: £>6t chay x mol ankan A thu duqc 3,36 lit CO2 (dktc) va 3,6 gam nu&c Gia tri cua x la:
Cau 36: Crackinh 560 (lit) C4H10 sau moat thm gian thu duqc 1010 (lit) h6n hgp C4H10, CH4, C3H6, C2�, C2H6 ( cac chdt cung di�u ki�n) Th� tich C4H10 chua phan ung la:
A 100 (lit) B 110 (lit) C 55 (lit) D 85 (lit)
Cau 37: £>6t chay hoa toan m9t hidrocacbon A thu duqc CO2 va H2O vm ti 1� v� kh6i luqng la 0,44 : 0,21 A t�o duqc 2 ddn xudt monoclo Ten A la:
A 2-metyl pentan B 2,4-dimetyl pentan
Cau 38: £>6t h6n hgp X g6m CH4, C2H2 va C4H6 thu duqc th� tich CO2 bing thS tich hoi nu&c cimg di�u ki�n) Thanh ph!n ph!n tram th� tich cua metan trong h6n hgp X la:
Trang 15CHUONG VI: HIDROCACBON KHONG NO
Hidrocacbon kh6ng no la nhfrng hidrocacbon c6 chua lien kSt rr trong phan ill, nguyen ill C c6 chua lien kSt rr thuong c6 trc;1ng thai lai h6a sp2 ( anken, ) hoij.c sp ( ankin, )
BA.I 25: ANKEN
La hidrocacbon kh6ng vong c6 m(>t n6i d6i trong c6ng thuc phan ill ( con duqc g9i la olefin c6 nghia la cac chftt khi sinh ra dfru vi cac anken phan ill luQ'llg thftp & th� khi khi tac dl,ll1g v&i clo hoij.c brom cho san ph�m & d(ililg dfru)
I.Cong thuc chung:
- Cac ch§t C2H4, C3H6, C4H8, • l�p thanh m(>t day d6ng ding duqc d9i la day d6ng ding cuaanken, c6 c6ng thuc chung la: CnH2n ( n � 2, n E N)
Chung minh:
+G9i n la s6 nguyen ill C trong phan ill anken -+ c6 (n-1) lien kSt don C - C trong phan ill
+Mdi C c6 4 electron h6a tri-+ n C c6 4n electron h6a tri, ma mdi lien kSt C - C su d�mg hSt 2electron h6a ttj -+ s6 electron su d1,mg vao lien kSt C - C la 2.(n - 1) electron
+Mdi lien kSt rrc=c ciing su d1,mg 2 electron, ma trong 1 phan tu anken c6 1 lien kSt rr se su d1,mg
2 electron h6a tri
+S6 electron h6a ttj con lc;1i cua cac nguyen ill C dung d� lien kSt v&i H la:
CH3-CHz-CHz-CH=CH2 CHrCHz-CH=CH-CH3 CHryH-CH=CH2
CH3
Trang 16Trong d6 pent-2-en c6 hai d6ng phan cis-trans:
- Xu�t phat tu ten cua hidrocacbon no m�ch h& (ankan) tuang img, thay duoi "an" b�ng duoi
"en" c6 kem theo chi s6 vi tri cua tung n6i doi hilt d§u tu nguyen tu cacbon cua m�ch chinh sao cho t6ng chi s6 vi tri cua lien kSt doi la nho nh�t
- M�ch chinh la m�ch cacbon dai nh§t c6 chua nhiSu n6i doi nh§t va duqc danh s6 bit d§u tuphia nao sao cho tdng chi s6 vi tri cua lien kSt la nho nhdt
- Theo quy dinh m6i cua IUP AC, s6 chi chi vi tri cua n6i doi dugc d�t tru6c tiSp vi ngfr ( do th6iquen c6 th� d�t chi s6 vi tri cua n6i doi sau tiSp vi ngfr, nSu c6 mach nhanh thi d�t sau m�ch chinh dugc dung phd biSn han)
CH3-CHr CH=CH2 But-1-en ho�c buten-1 ho�c 1-buten
- Luu y: cac ten khong h� th6ng vdn dugc TTJPAC su d\lllg:
CH2=CH2 Etilen
Cach gQi ten nken :
Ten anken = s6 chi vi tri nhanh + ten nhanh + ten m�ch chinh + s6 chi vi tri n6i tloi + en
IV Tinh chit vat ly:
- Tuang tµ ankan, nhiSu tinh ch§t v�t ly cua anken biSn d6i tuang tµ ankan theo dQ dai cua m�chcacbon cfing nhu sg phan nhanh
- 0 cac d6ng phan hinh h9c, d�ng trans c6 diSm n6ng chay cao han va di�m soi thdp han d�ngcis tuang img
V Tinh chit hoa hoc
- Tinh chat d�c trung nhdt cua anken la khuynh hu6ng di vao phan img c9ng, 6 cac phan img naylien k€t 1t dut ra d� hai nh6m m6i gin vao va cho m9t hgp chdt no:
R - C = C - R1 + X - Y ► R - r = r- R1
X y
- D6i vm ankan thi kha nang nay rdt kh6 xay ra vi lien k€t a la lien k€t rdt bSn so v6i lien k€t 1t
- M(>t d�c di�m n6i b�t cua anken la m�t d(> electron t�p trung tuang d6i cao gifra hai nguyen tucacbon cua n6i doi C=C va trai r(>ng ra theo hai phia cua lien k€t a Vi v�y cac tac nhan mang di�n duang tac dl,lng d�c bi�t d� dang vao n6i doi C=C Phan img c9ng vao n6i doi chu y€u la tac nhan mang di�n duang va sau nfra la c9ng theo co ch€ g6c
Trang 171 Cac phan ung cong:
C=C va tac nhan c9ng vao c6 tinh am di�n cao
Kha nang phang ung cua anken vm m9t s6 tac nhan tdn cong sau:
Trang 18Tuy nhien n€u thvc hien phan ung trong di€u kien nhiet d(> thi phan ung se xay ra t�i vi tri a (phan ung th€ khong phai phan ung c(>ng):
+Phan ung c(>ng iot: phan ung c(>ng iot xay ra tuong dB kh6 khan Nhung dd xudt cua n6 thituong ddi thu�n lgi
1.3 Cong tac nhan bit d6i xung:
- N€u anken dBi xung R-CH=CH-R thi khi c(>ng tac nhan bdt dBi xung cung cho m(>t san phdmduy nhfit
R -CH = CH -R + X -Y -1 ►► R-fH-?H-R
X y
- N�u anken bAt ddi xung R1 - CH = CH - R2 thi khi c9ng tac nhan bAt ddi xung vao anken bAtddi xung thi theo quy tic Maccopnhicop:"Khi c9ng tac nhan bAt ddi xung vao anken bAt ddi xung thi phdn mang dien tich duong uu tien c(>ng vao cac bon b�c thdp (nhi€u H hon), con tac nhan mang dien tich am uu tien c(>ng vao cacbon b�c cao (it H hon)
Trang 19+O)ng axit sunfuric: H2S04 loang (70%, t0=65°C) thu duqc san phfrm la ancol:
Trang 20C9ng cac hQ'P chfit X-Y:
Vi dv: I - Cl; Cl - Br:
CH 3 - CH= CH 2 + I (c1
M(,t s6 trtr011g hQ'P trai quy tile Maccopnhicop:
- Khi co nhom th� hut electron m;;inh lien k�t v6i cacbon chua n6i doi ho�c thµc hi�n trong dungmoi khong phan cµc va co tac nhan t;;io g6c ( co peoxit RCOOOH)
1.4 Cong hop oxo {hidrofocmyl boa anken):
- V 6i sµ co m�t cua cac hgp chfit cacbonyl cac anken tac dl)llg v6i hgp chfit cacbonmono oxit vahidro de cho cac andehit co m9t nguyen tu cacbon nhi�u hon hgp chfit dfru:
xuc tac, 115°c �0 CH2 = CH2 + CO + H2 -!► CH3 -CH2 - C
'H
2 Cac phan wg khfr va oxi boa:
2.1 Hidro boa anken:
- V 6i sµ co m�t cua cac xuc tac nhu: Ni, Pt, Pd, cac anken co the c9ng hQ'P H2 thanh ankan:
, c==c / + H xuc tac., H-c-c- HI I
Phan ung nay co nhi�u ung dl)llg trong thµc t�
2.2 Phan wg oxi boa:
- Co the bi oxi hoa theo nhi�u muc dQ khac nhau tuy thu9c tac nhan co the dut lien k�t:
Phan wg t�o thanh anken oxit (phan wg epoxyl boa) :
Oxi khong khi, xuc tac Ag:
Phan ung v6i dung dich KMn04 loang t;;io thanh diol:
3R1 - CH= CH -R2 + 2KMnO4 + 4H2O , 3R1 - 1 H - 1 H -R2 + 2MnO2 + 2KOH
OH OH Phan ung nay dung de nh�n bi�t sµ co m�t anken, dung dich tnr6c phan i:mg co mau h6ng, sau phan ung dung dich mfit mau, co k�t tua den sinh ra
Trang 21Vi d\l:
3CH2 = CH2 + 2KMn04 + 4H20 -1•- 3yH2 - yH2 + 2Mn02 + 2KOH
Phan ung lam dm: lien k�t doi :
OH OH Etilen glicol
Phan ung v6i dung djch KMn04 n6ng: san phftm ph\l thu9c vao anken (mire d9 th� anken) ma t�o axit, xeton hay CO2:
Phan ung v6i ozon: phan ung lam dirt lien k�t doi, di qua hai giai do�n:
- Giai do�n 1: t�o thanh ozonit:
- Giai do�n 2: thuy phan ozonit hoijc khir h6a cho san phftm cacbonin (andehit hoijc xetone)
Trang 223 Phan ll'llg trimg hop:
-Dinh nghia: Phan ung trimg hqp la qua trinh c(>ng hqp nhi�u phan ti'r nho, rieng le l�i v6i nhau t�o thanh cac phan ti'r c6 phan tu luqng 16n ma cong thuc phan ti'r v�n duqc gifr nguyen.
Chdt ddu duqc gQi la monome hay mic xich ca ban
San phdm duqc gQi la polime
Trang 23Ancol b�c ba phan ung thfip hon ancol cac ancol b�c m(>t, hai va ding tuan theo quy t�c Maccopnhicop Nhi€u truong hqp d€ hidrat kem theo SlJ chuy€n vi (thay d6i khung cacbon)
CI H3 H2S04 (t 0 ) CI H3
C H3 -r -1H - C H3 - C H3 -r -C H = C H2 + C H3 -r =
'fH - C H3 + H20
0€ tranh sv chuy€n vi:
Trang 24�chho
⇒ Ankadien
C6 21ien k€t doi CTTQ: C0H20.2 (n � 3)
Danhphap
Ten tuong tg nhu anken tha y duoi "EN"= "DIEN"
2 Phan lo�i
Co 2 lk doi canh nhau
Ankadien C6 2 1k doi each nhau 1 lk don ( ankad1en
lien hQJ>)
C6 2 1k doi each nhau tir 2 1k don tro len
II Tinh chit hoa hoc
Phan ung c(>ng
Ankadien Phan ung trung hQJ>
Phan ung oxi h6a
1 Phan frng cong
1.1 Cong H2�
H2C==CH-CH=CH2 + 2H2Buta-1,3-dien
H2C=C-CH==CH2 + 2H2
I CH3
isopentan
Trang 25('ff' Chu y: d nhiet de) th§p c<)ng vao vi tri 1,2
0 nhiet de) cao c<)ng vao vi tri 1,4
2 Phan frng trimg hop
Chu y€u la trung hqp theo ki�u 1,4 khi c6 xuc tac ho�c Na
poliisopren (cao su isopren)
3.1 Phan U"Dg oxi boa hoan toan ( phan U"Dg chay)
3.2 Phan U"Dg oxi boa kh6ng hoan toan
Tuang 1\f nhu anken, ankadien cfing lam mAtmau dung djch thu6c tim ⇒ nh�n bi�t ankadien
Trang 26PHUONG PH.AP GIAI BA.I T 4P:
1 Phan frng dfit chay: C!!.H& + 1,5 n 06 ➔ n CO2: � n H_&
DH20 = Dco2 va mx = me + mH Khi l�p cong thuc can thong qua mx ho�c D02
Vi dy 1: u6t chay hoan toan agam h6n hqp eten, propen, but-1-en thu duqc 52,8g CO2 va 21,6g nu6c Gia ttj cua a la:
A C2� va C3H6 B C3H6 va C4Hs C C4Hs va CsH10 D,CsH10 va C6H12
-Hll'6ng din:
nH20 = Ilco2 - 44x- 18x = 6,76 - X = 0,26 ➔ii = 2,6 - C2H4 va C3H6
Vi dy 5: Udt chay hoan toan h6n hqp g6m 1 ankan va 1 anken Cho san phdm chay ldn luQ't di qua
binh 1 d\ffig P205 du va binh 2 d\ffig KOH rin, du thdy binh I tang 4,14g, binh II tang 6,16g Sd mol ankan c6 trong h6n hqp la:
Hmrng din:
Vm anken nH20 = Ilco2 - �n la do ankan gay ra nH20 = 0,23 va Ilco2 = 0,14 - a= 0,09
Vi di} 6: H6n hqp A g6m 1 ankan va 1 anken s6 nguyen ru H trong ankan bing s6 nguyen ru C trong anken Udt chay 3 g h6n hqp A thu duqc 5,4g H20 CTPT va % khdi Im.mg cac chdt trong A la:
Vi d\l 7: Chia h6n hqp 3 anken: C2H4, C3H6, C4H8 thanh 2 phdn bing nhau:
- U6t chay phdn 1 sinh ra 5,4g H20
Trang 27- Phfui 2 cho tac dl)Ilg vm hidro ( c6 Ni xuc tac), d6t chay san phfrm sau phan (mg r6i dfrn sanphfrm chay vao binh d\fllg nu6c voi trong du thi kh6i lm;mg ket ma thu dvac la:
Hll'6ng din:
V 6i anken IlttzO = Ilco2 = 0,3 Khi d6t thanh phfin CO2 khong d6i mt= 30g
2 Phan ung voi dung dich Br;= C !! H l!! + Br6 � C !! !hu_Br6 Kh6i IU'ong tang ctia binh bing kh6i IU'ong ctia anken hoac hon hop anken:
Vi d\11: Cho h6n hqp 2 anken lien ti�p trong day d6ng ding di qua dung dich Br2, thfry c6 80g Br2
phan (mg va kh6i luQ'llg binh Br2 tang 19,6g
a Hai anken d6 la:
A C3H6 va C4Hs B C2H4 va C3H6 C C4Hs va CsH10 D CsH10 va C6H12
HU'6ng din:
V giam ½ nAnken = nAnkan = 5•1;t s = 0,1 MAnken = 35 n = 2,5 C2H4 va C3H6
Vi di} 3: H6n hqp A g6m 2 anken d6ng ding lien tiep £>6t chay hoan toan V lit A thu duqc 13,44 lit
CO2 a di�u ki�n chuAn M�t khac A lam mfrt mau vira het 40g nu6c Br2,
a CTPT cua 2 anken la:
A C�, C2� B CH4, C3H6 C CH4, C4Hs D C2H6, C3H6
Vi dt 5: Cho 1 0g h6n hqp khi X g6m etilen va etan qua dung dich Br2 25% c6 160g dung dich Br2phan ung Phdn tram kh6i luQ'llg cua etilen trong h6n hqp la:
Vi dt 6: M9t h6n hqp g6m m9t ankan X va m9t anken Y c6 cung s6 nguyen nr cacbon trong phan
nr va s6 mol H6n hqp nay lam mfrt mau vira du 80g dung dich brom 20% £>6t chay hoan toan m gam h6n hqp tren thu duqc 0,6 mol CO2 X va Y c6 cong thuc phan tu la:
A C2H4, C2H6 B C3H6, C3Hs C C5H10, C5H12 D C4Hs, C4H10
Trang 283 Phan ung c(>ng H2: CnH2n + H2 ➔ CnH2n+2 ➔ nanken = nankan
V' kh" d"' d1 nz A
1 m ong 01 - = -+ Lln = n1 - n2 = Iltt2 hi , = Ilanken phan t'rng
Trong d6:
d2 n 1 p n ung
d1, d2 la ti kh6i hcri h6n hqp khi hie ddu va hie sau
n1, n2 la s6 mol khi hie ddu va hie sau
Vi d\l 1: H6n hqp khi X g6m H2 va m(h anken c6 kha nang c<)ng HBr cho san ph�m hfru ca duy nhfit Ti kh6i cua X so vm H2 bfing 9,1 Dun n6ng X c6 xuc tac Ni, sau khi phan ung xay ra hoan toan, thu duqc h6n hqp khi Y khong lam mfit mau nu&c brom; ti kh6i cua Y so v&i H2 bfing 13 Cong thuc cdu t"1o cua anken la:
Anken c<)ng HBr cho 1 san ph�m nen phai d6i xung
Vi d1_l 2: H6n hqp khi X g6m H2 va C2H4 c6 ti kh6i so v&i He la 3,75 Ddn X qua Ni nung n6ng, thu duqc h6n hqp khi Y c6 ti kh6i so vm He la 5 Hi�u sudt cua phan ung hidro hoa la
Vi d1_l 3: H6n hqp khi A chua eilen va H2 Ti kh6i cua A d6i v&i hidro la 7,5 Ddn A di qua chdt xuc tac Ni nung n6ng thu duqc hh khi B c6 ti kh6i d6i v&i hidro la 9,0 Hi�u sudt phan ung c<)ng hidro cua etilen la:
4 Phan ung v6i KMnO4 : (phan ung tao diol)
Vi d\l 1: D� khu hoan toan 200 ml dung dich K.MnO4 0,2M �o thanh chdt rin mau nau den cdn V lit khi C2� (& dktc) Gia tri t6i thi�u cua V la
Vi dv 2: Anken A phan ung hoan toan v&i dung djch K.MnO4 duqc chdt hfru ca B c6 M8= 1,8 lMACTPT cua A la:
Trang 29BAI TAP AP DUNG
Cau 1: Anlcen X c6 cong thuc cfiu ti;io: CHr CH2 -C(CH3)=CH-CH3 Ten cua X la
Cau 8: Hidrat h6a 2 anlcen chi ti;io thanh 2 ancol Hai anlcen d6 la
A 2-metylpropen va but-1-en B propen va but-2-en
Cau 9: Anlcen thich hqp dS diSu chS ancol sau day (CH3 CH2)3C-OH la
A 2-brom-2-metylbutan B 2-metylbutan -2- ol
C 3-metylbutan-2- ol D Tfit ca dSu dung
Cau 12: Oxi hoa etilen bing dung dich K MnO4 thu dugc san phfim la:
A MnO2, C2H4(OH)2, KOH C K2CO3, H2O, MnO2
B C2H5OH, MnO2, KOH. D C2H4(OH)2, K2CO3, MnO2
Cau 13: Ba hidrocacbon X, Y, Z la ddng drtng kS tiSp, khdi luc;mg phan tu cua Z bing 2 ldn khdi luc;mg phan tu cua X Cac chfit X, Y, Z thu9c day d6ng dflng:
Cau 14: Cho 3,36 lit h6n hqp etan va etilen (dktc) di ch�m qua qua dung dich brom du Sau phan ung khdi luc;mg binh brom tang them 2,8g Sd mol etan va etilen trong h6n hqp ldn lugt la:
A 0,05 va 0,1 B 0,1 va 0,05 C 0,12 va 0,03 D 0,03 va 0,12
Trang 30Cau 15: M<)t h6n hqp X c6 thS tich 11,2 lit ( dktc) g6m 2 anken d6ng drtng kS tiSp nhau Khi cho X qua nu&c Br2 du thfty kh6i luqng binh Br2 tang 15,4g Xac dinh CTPT va s6 mol m6i anken trong h6n hqpX
A 0,2 mol C2!¼ va 0,3 mol C3H6 B 0,2 mol C3H6 va 0,2 mol C4H8
C 0,4 mol C2!¼ va 0,1 mol C3H6 D 0,3 mol C2H4 va 0,2 mol C3H6
Cau 16: M<)t h6n hqp X g6m ankan A va anken B, A c6 nhi�u hon B m<)t nguyen tu cacbon, A va B d�u a thS khi ( a dktc ) Khi cho 6, 72 lit khi X ( dktc) di qua nu&c Brom du, kh6i luqng binh brom tang len 2,8g; thS tich khi con l�i chi brtng 2/3 thS tich h6n hqp X ban dftu CTPT cua A, B va kh6i luqng cua h6n hqp X la
A C4H10 , C3H6; 5,8g B C3Hs , C2H4 ; 5,8g
C C4H10, C3H6 ; 12,8g D C3Hs , C2H4; 11,6g
Cau 17: M<)t h6n hqp X g6m ankan Ava m<)t anken B c6 cung s6 nguyen tu C va d�u a thS khi (a
dktc) Cho h6n hqp X di qua nu&c Br2 du thi thS tich khi Y con l�i brtng mia thS tich X, con kh6i luqng Y brtng 15/29 khdi luqng X CTPT A, B va thanh phAn % theo thS tich cua h6n hqp X la
A 40% C2H6 va 60% C2H4 B 50% C3Hs va 50% C3H6
C 50% C4H10 va 50% C4Hs D 50% C2H6 va 50% C21¼
Cau 18: Cho h6n hqp X g6m etilen va H2 c6 ti khdi so v&i H2 brtng 4,25 Ddn X qua b<)t niken nung n6ng (hi�u suftt phan ung 75%) thu duqc h6n hqp Y Ti khdi cua Y so v&i H2 (cac thS tich do a cung di�u ki�n) la:
Cau 19: Cho H2 va 1 olefin c6 th6 tich brtng nhau qua Niken dun n6ng ta duqc h6n hqp A BiSt ti khdi hoi cua A ddi v&i H2 la 23,2 Hi�u suftt phan ung hidro hoa la 75% Cong thuc phan tu olefin la:
Cau 20: Cho h6n hqp X g6m anken va hidro c6 ti khdi so v&i heli brtng 3,33 Cho X di qua b<)t niken nung n6ng dSn khi phan ung xay ra hoan toan, thu duqc h6n hqp Y c6 ti khdi so v&i heli la 4 CTPT cua X la:
A 92,4 lit B 94,2 lit C 80,64 lit D 24,9 lit
Cau 23: Ddt chay hoan toan V lit (dktc) h6n hqp X g6m CH4, C2H4 thu duqc 0,15 mol CO2 va 0,2 mol H20 Gia tri cua V la
Cau 24: Ddt chay hoan toan 0,1 mol h6m hqp g6m CH4, C4H10 va C2H4 thu duqc 0,14 mol CO2 va 0,23mol H20 Sd mol cua ankan va anken trong h6n hqp lAn luqt la
A 0,09 va 0,01 B 0,01 va 0,09 C 0,08 va 0,02 D 0,02 va 0,08
Cau 25: M<)t h6n hqp khi g6m 1 ankan va 1 anken c6 cung sd nguyen tu C trong phan tu va c6 cung
sd mol Lfty m gam h6n hqp nay thi lam mftt mau vira du 80 gam dung dich 20% Br2 trong dung moi
CC4 Ddt chay hoan toan m gam h6n hqp d6 thu duqc 0,6 mol CO2 Ankan va anken d6 c6 cong thuc phan tu la
A C2H6 va C2H4 B C4H10 va C4Hs C C3Hs va C3H6 D CsH12 va CsH10
Trang 31Cau 26: Cho 0,2 mol h6n hqp X g6m etan, propan va propen qua dung dich brom du, thdy kh6i luQ'Ilg binh brom tang 4,2g LuQ'Ilg khi con l�i dem d6t chay hoan toan thu dugc 6,48g nu6-c V�y % th6 tich etan, propan va propen lAn lugt la
A 30%, 20%, 50%
C 50%, 20%, 30% B 20%, 50%, 30%.D 20%, 30%, 50%
Cau 27: M(H h6n hqp X g6m 2 hidrocacbon A, B c6 cimg s6 nguyen ill cacbon A, B chi c6 th6 la ankan hay anken B6t chay 4,48 lit (dktc) h6n hqp X thu dugc 26,4g CO2 va 12,6g H2O Xac dinh CTPT va s6 mol cua A, B trong h6n hqp X
A 0,1 mol C3H8 va 0,1 mol C3H6 B 0,2 mol C2H6 va 0,2 mol C2fLi.
C 0,08 mol C3H8 va 0,12 mol C3H6 D 0,1 mol C2H6 va 0,2 mol C2Jii
Cau 28: Ddn 1,68 lit h6n hqp khi X g6m hai hidrocacbon vao binh dl,tllg dung djch brom (du) Sau khi phan ung xay ra hoan toan, c6 4 gam brom da phan ung va con l�i 1,12 lit khi NSu d6t chay hoan toan 1,68 lit X thi sinh ra 2,8 lit khi CO2 Cong thuc phan ill cua hai hidrocacbon la (biSt cac th6 tich khi dSu do o dktc)
Cau 31: 06 khir hoan toan 200 ml dung dich KMnO4 0,2M �o thanh chdt rim mau nau den cdn V lit khi C2H4 (o dktc) Gia trj tdi thi6u cua V la
Cau 32: X la h6n hqp g6m 2 hidrocacbon m�ch ho B6t chay X dugc nco2 = nH2o, X c6 th6 g6m
A 1 ankan + 1 anken B 1 ankan + 1 ankin C 2 anken D B ho�c C
Cau 33: Hi�n nay PVC dugc diSu chS theo so d6 sau: C2H4 � CH2Cl-CH2Cl � C2H3Cl � PVC NSu hi�u sudt toan b9 qua trinh d�t 80% thi luQ'Ilg C2H4 cdn dung d6 san xudt 5000kg PVC la
Cau 34: Th6i 0,25 mol khi etilen qua 125ml dung djch KMnO4 IM trong moi trucmg trung tinh (hi�u sudt 100%) khdi luQ'Ilg etylenglicol thu dugc bing
Trang 32BAI 27: ANKIN Ankin la nhfrng hidrocacbon m�ch hir c6 m9t n6i ba trong phan tu
I D6ng ding, d6ng phan, danh phap:" .,
+M6i lien ket rrc-c cung su d\lilg 2 electron, ma trong 1 phan tu ankin c6 2 lien ket rr se sud1,mg 2.2 = 4 electron h6a tfi.
+S6 electron h6a tri con l�i cua cac nguyen tu C dung d6 lien kSt v&i H la:
4n - 2.(n - 1) - 4 = 2n - 2 bing chinh s6 nguyen tu H
Cong thuc chung cua anken la C0H2n-2•
- Ch9n m�ch cacbon dai nhdt chua n6i ba lam m�ch chinh
- Danh s6 thu tµ cac nguyen tu cacbon trong m�ch chinh, bflt dAu tir m�ch gAn n6i ba hon
Ten ankin = s6 chi vi tri nhanh + ten nhanh + ten m,ch chinh + vi tri n6i ha
Trang 33II Tinh chit vat ly:
- B6n ankin dAu tien trong day d6ng dfulg: C2H2, C3H4, C4H6 la nh-rtng ch�t khi a di�u kien
thuong Cac ankin ti�p theo la ch�t long ho�c dln
-Cac ankin khong mau
-Tftt ca cac ankin d�u hAu nhu khong tan trong nu&c
III Tinh chit boa hoc:
1 Phan frng cong:
1.1 Phan ll'Ilg cong hidro:
- Phan ung xay ra qua 2 giai do;;in:
Ankin ➔ Anken (1) ➔ Ankin (2)
Mu6n dirng phan ung o giai do;;tn (1) ngoai di�u kien ti 1e s6 mol 1:1 cAil chu y dung Pb/PbCO3, xuc tac:
Pb ho�c PbC0 3
CH2 = CH2 + H2 CH2 = CH2
Ni, t 0
CH2 = CH2 + 2H2 � CH3 -CH3
1.2 Phan ll'Ilg cong Br 2 , Cl2
-Phan ung ti�n hanh theo-2 giai do;;tn:
CH2 =CH2 + Br2 ➔ Br-CH = CH- Br
Br -CH= CH -Br+ Br2 ➔ Br2CH -CH Br2
-Phan ung mAt mau da cam cua dung dich brom
-Clo phan ung tuemg tµ brom
1.3 Phan ll'Ilg con2 axit: HX (X: CI, Br, I), HCN, CH 3 COOH:
-Tuan theo quy ffi.c Maccopnhicop:
1.4 Phan ll'Ilg cong H60 (hidrat boa):
-Axetilen + H2O ➔ andehit axetic
II
0 axeton
xeton
Trang 342 Phan frng trimg hcrp:
-Nhi hqp:
xt t0 2CH =CH� CH2=CH-C = CH (vinyl axetilen)
4 Phan frng th� kim Ioai nang (Ag+, Cu):
-Chi c6 axetilen va cac ank -1 -in (R -C = CH: cac ankin c6 n6i ba dfiu m�ch) m&i phan ungduqc vm dung dich AgNOiNH3 cho kth tua vang, tac d\lilg v&i dung dich CuCl/NH3 cho k6t tua mau do + day la phan ung d�c tnmg d� nh�n bi�t cac ank -1 -in va cac ankin khac
-Phan ung vm AgN03/NH3:
+Axetilen:
to
CH = CH+ 2AgN03 + 2NH3 ➔ Ag -C = C -Ag! + 2NH4N03
B�c axetilenua (vang nh�t) +Cac ank -1 -in:
CH= CH+ 2CuCl + 2NH3 ➔ Cu-C = C-Cu! + 2NH4Cl
Ddng axetilenua (mau do)
Trang 35+Cac ank - 1 -in:
-Tu canxicacbua: quy trinh san xudt thgc hi�n theo so d6:
Than da, da voi ➔ CaC2 ( ddt den) � C2H2
CaO + 3C CaC2 + COf
-Tu mu6i axetilennua:
Ag-C = C-Ag+ 2HC1 ➔ CH= CH+ 2AgCU
-De hutro hoa ankan: CnH2n-2 - CnH2n-2 + 2H2
-Di tu d�n xuat chua Ag cua cac ankin va d�n xudt halogen cua ankan:
xt, t 0
R -C = C -Ag+ R'Cl -+ R -C = C -R' + AgCU
Vidv:
Trang 36BA.I T�P TRAC NGH1¢M TONG H(}P:
Cau 1: Cho ankin X c6 cong thuc d.u t�o sau: CH3C:::::C CH CH3
Cau 3: H6n hqp X g6m C3H4 va H2 c6 t6ng thS tich 11,2 lit (dktc) c6 ti kh6i hoi so voi H2 la 8,6 Nung n6ng hdn hqp X vm xuc tac Ni dS phan ung hoan toan thu duqc hdn hqp khi Y c6 ti kh6i hoi
so vm H2 la 21,5 Cho Y di qua binh d\lllg dung dich brom du, kh6i luqng brom phan ung bao nhieu gam:
Cau 4: H6n hqp A g6m C2H2 va H2 c6 dA/Hz = 5,8 Ddn 1,792 lit A (dktc) qua b9t Ni nung n6ng cho den khi cac phan ung xay ra hoan toan ta duqc hdn hqp Y Phin tram th� tich mdi khi trong hdn hqp Ava dv;H2 la:
A 40% H2; 60% C2H2 ; 29 B 40% H2; 60% C2H2 ; 14,5
C 60% H2; 40% C2H2 ; 29 D 60% H2; 40% C2H2 ; 14,5
Cau 5: Cho 10 lit hdn hqp khi CH4 va C2H2 tac d1,mg voi 10 lit H2 Sau khi phan ung xay ra hoan toan thu duqc 16 lit hdn hqp khi ( cac khi cung di�u ki�n) ThS tich cua CH4 va C2H2 truoc phan ung la:
A 2 lit va 8 lit B 3 lit va 7 lit C.4 lit va 6 lit D 2,5 lit va 7,5 lit
Cau 6: Chit huu co X c6 cong thuc phan nr C6H6 m(;lch thing Bi�t 1 mol X tac d1,mg voi AgNO3 du trong NH3 t(;lo ra 292g k�t tua CTCT cua X c6 thS la:
Cau 9: Hdn hqp X g6m C2H2 va H2 liy cung s6 mol Liy m9t luqng hdn hqp X cho di qua chit xuc tac thich hqp, dun n6ng duqc hdn hqp Y g6m 4 chit Ddn Y qua binh d\lllg nuoc brom thiy kh6i luqng binh tang 10,8g va thoat ra 4,48 lit khi Z (dkc) c6 ti kh6i so voi H2 la 8 ThS tich 02 (dkc) cin
dS d6t chay hoan toan hdn hqp Y la:
Cau 10: DS lam s�ch etilen c6 ldn axetilen ta cho hdn hqp di qua dung dich nao sau day?
C dung dich AgNO3/NH3 du D cac each tren d�u dung
Trang 37Cau 11: Chfit nao sau day kh6ng di�u ch� tn,rc ti�p duqc axetilen?
Cau 14: H6n hqp X g6m hidro va cac hidrocacbon no, chua no Cho X vao binh c6 niken xuc tac,
dun n6ng binh m9t thm gian ta thu duqc h6n hqp Y Phat bi�u nao sau day sai?
A D6t chay hoan toan h6n hqp X cho s6 mol CO2 va s6 mol nu6c lu6n bing s6 mol CO2 va s6 mol nu6c khi d6t chay hoan toan h6n hqp Y
B S6 mol oxi tieu t6n d� d6t hoan toan h6n hqp X lu6n bing s6 mol oxi tieu t6n khi d6t hoantoan h6n hqp Y
C S6 mol X - S6 mol Y = S6 mol H2 tham gia phan ung
D Khi d6t h6n hqp X hay Y neu s6 mol CO2= s6 mol H2O thi khAng dinh X, Y chi chua cac anken hay xicloankan
Cau 15: D6t chay hoan toan h6n hqp M gdm m9t ankan X va m9t ankin Y, thu duqc s6 mol CO2
bAng s6 mol H2O Thanh phAn phAn tram v@ s6 mol cua X va Y trong h6n hqp M lAn luqt la
A 50% va 50% B 75% va 25% C 20% va 80% D 35% va 65%
Cau 16: Cho h6n hqp gdm Ba, Al4C3, CaC2 tac d1,mg het v6i nu6c du thu duqc 3,36 lit h6n hqp khi
X c6 dx1H2 = 10 Cho X vao binh kin c6 chua it b9t Ni, rdi dun n6ng Sau m9t thoi gian phan ung
thu duqc h6n hqp khi Y Cho Y l9i tu tir qua binh dl,lllg nu6c Br2 du thu duqc 0,56 lit hdn hqp khi Z
thoat ra khoi binh c6 dz; = 1 Hoi kh6i luqng binh brom da tang bao nhieu gam? C2H2
Cau 17 (A-2007): Ddn V lit ( 6 dktc) hh X gdm axetilen va hidro di qua 6ng su dl,lllg b9t niken nung
n6ng, thu duqc khi Y Ddn Y vao luqng du AgNO3 trong dung dich NH3 thu duqc 12 gam ket tua Khi di ra khoi dung dich phan ung vira du vm 16 gam brom va con l�i khi Z D6t chay hoan toan khi
Z duqc 2,24 lit khi CO2 (dktc) va 4,5g H2O Gia tri cua V bing:
Cau 18 (A-2007): M9t hidrocacbon X c9ng axit HCl theo ti 1� mol 1: 1 t�o san ph!m c6 thanh phin
kh6i luqng clo la 45,223% CTPT cua X la:
Cau 19 (B-2007): Oxi hoa 4,48 lit C2H4 (dktc) bAng 02 (xuc tac: PdC}i, CuC}i) thu duqc chdt X don chuc Toan b9 luqng chdt X tren cho tac dl,lng v6i HCN (du) duqc 7,1 gam CH3CH(CN)OH (xianohidrin) Hi�u sudt qua trinh t�o CH3CH(CN)OH tir C2H4 la:
Trang 38Cau 21 (A-2007): Ba hidrocacbon X, Y, Z ke tiep nhau trong day d6ng drtng, Mz = 2Mx 06t chay
0,1 mol chftt Y, san phftm khi hftp thl) hoan toan vao dung dich Ca(OH)2 (du), thu dugc s6 gam ket tua la:
Cau 22 (A-2007): 06t chay hoan toan m(h th� tich khi thien nhien g6m metan, etan, propan bfulg
oxi khong khi, thu dugc 7,84 lit khi CO2 (dktc) va 9,9 gam nu6c V khong khi (dktc) nho nhftt cftn d� d6t chay hoan toan lugng khi thien nhien tren la:
Cau 23 (A-2007): Cho 4,48 lit hh X ( dktc) g6m 2 hidrocacbon m�ch ho l9i tir tir qua binh chua 1,4
lit dung dich Br2 0,5M Sau khi phan ung hoan toan, s6 mol Br2 giam di m9t nua va m binh tang them 6, 7 gam CTPT cua 2 hidrocacbon la:
A C3Hi va C4Hs B C2H2 va C3Hs C C2H2 va C4Hs D C2H2 va C4H6
Cau 24 (A-2007): H6n hgp g6m hidrocacbon X va oxi co ti 1� s6 mol tucmg ung la 1: 10 06t chay
hoan toan hh tren thu dugc h6n hgp khi Y Cho Y qua dd H2S04 d�c, thu dugc hh khi Z co ti kh6i d6i v6i hidro bAng 19 CTPT cua X la:
Cau 27 (A-2008): Bun nong h6n hgp khi g6m 0,06 mol C2H2 va 0,04 mol H2 v6i xuc tac Ni, sau m9t thoi gian thu dugc h6n hgp khi Y D�n toan bQ h6n hgp Y lQi tir tir qua binh d\lllg dung dich brom (du) thi con l�i 0,448 lit h6n hgp khi Z (o dktc) co ti kh6i so vm 02 la 0,5 Kh6i lm;mg binh dung dich brom tang la
A 1,20 gam B 1,04 gam C 1,64 gam D 1,32 gam
Cau 28 (A-2008): 06t chay hoan toan hh M g6m m9t ankan X va m9t ankin Y, thu dugc s6 mol
CO2 bAng s6 mol H20 Thanh phftn % vS s6 mol cua X va Y trong h6n hgp M lftn lugt la
A 35% va 65% B 75% va 25% C 20% va 80% D 50% va 50%
Cau 29 (A-2008): 06t chay hoan toan 20,0 ml h6n hgp X g6m C3H6, CH4, CO (th� tich CO gftp hai lftn th� tich CH4), thu dugc 24,0 ml CO2 ( cac khi do o cung diSu ki�n) Ti kh6i cua X so v6i khi hidro la:
Cau 30 (B-2008): D�n 1,68 lit hh khi X g6m hai hidrocacbon vao binh d\lllg dung dich brom (du)
Sau khi phan ung hoan toan, co 4 gam brom da phan ung va con l�i 1,12 lit khi Neu d6t chay hoan toan 1,68 lit X thi sinh ra 2,8 lit khi CO2 (dktc) CTPT cua hai hidrocacbon la:
A CI!i va C2Hi- B CH4 va C3H4 C CH4 va C3H6 D C2H6 va C3H6
Cau 31 (B-2008): 06t chay hoan toan 1 lit h6n hgp khi g6m C2H2 va hidrocacbon X sinh ra 2 lit khi CO2 va 2 lit hoi H20 (cac th� tich khi va hoi do trong cung diSu ki�n nhi�t d9 va ap suftt) Cong thuc phan nr cua X la:
Trang 39A Czl!i B CH4 C C2H6 D C3Hs
Cau 32 (A-2009): H6n hqp khi X g6m anken M va ankin N c6 cung s6 nguyen tu cacbon trong phan tu H6n hqp X c6 kh6i luqng 12,4 gam va the tich 6,72 lit (& dktc) S6 mol, cong thuc phan tu
cua M va N ldn luQ't la:
A 0, 1 mol C2Hi va 0,2 mol C2Hz.
C 0,2 mol C2Hi va 0, 1 mol C2Hz B 0,1 mol CD 0,2 mol C33H6 H6 va 0,2 mol C3H4.va 0,1 mol C3H4
Cau 33 (B-2009): H6n hqp khi X g6m H2 va m9t anken c6 kha nang c9ng HBr cho san phAm hfru
ca duy nhftt Ti kh6i cua X so v&i H2 brtng 9,1 Bun n6ng X c6 xuc tac Ni, sau khi phan ung xay ra hoan toan, thu duqc h6n hqp khi Y khong lam mdt mau nuoc brom; ti kh6i cua Y so voi H2 brtng 13 Cong thuc cdu t�o cua anken la
A CH3-CH=CH-CH3
Cau 34 (B-2009): Cho h6n hqp X g6m CH4, C2H4 va C2H2 Ldy 8,6 gam X tac d1,mg hSt v&i dung dich brom (du) thi kh6i luqng brom phan ung la 48 gam M�t khac, nSu cho 13,44 lit (& dktc) h6n hqp khi X tac d1,mg v&i luqng du dung dich AgNO3 trong NH3 , thu duqc 36 gam kSt tua Phdn tram the tich cua CH4 c6 trong X la:
Cau 35 (B-2009): Cho hidrocacbon X phan ung v&i brom (trong dung dich) theo ti 1� mol 1 : 1, thu
duqc chfit hfru ca Y (chua 74,08% Br vS kh6i luqng) Khi X phan ung v&i HBr thi thu duqc hai san phfim hfru ca khac nhau Ten g9i cua X la :
A but-1-en B but-2-en C propilen D Xiclopropan
Cau 36 (A-2010): Bun n6ng h6n hqp khi X g6m 0,02 mol C2H2 va 0,03 mol H2 trong m9t binh kin (xuc tac Ni), thu duqc h6n hqp khi Y Cho Y l(>i tir tir vao binh nuoc brom (du), sau khi kSt thuc cac phan ung, kh6i luqng binh tang m gam va c6 280 ml h6n hqp khi Z (dktc) thoat ra Ti kh6i cua Z so v&i H2 la 10,08 Gia tri cua m la
Cau 37 (B-2010): H6n hqp khi X g6m m(>t ankan va m9t anken Ti kh6i cua X so v&i H2 brtng 11,25 B6t chay hoan toan 4,48 lit X, thu duqc 6,72 lit CO2 (cac the tich khi do a dktc) Cong thuc cua ankan va anken ldn luQ't la:
A Cl!i va C2Hi- B C2H6 va C2H4 C CH4 va C3H6 D CH4 va C4Hs
Cau 38 (A-2011): H6n hqp X g6m C2H2 va H2 c6 cung s6 mol Lfty m9t luqng h6n hqp X cho qua chfit xuc tac nung n6ng, thu duqc h6n hqp Y g6m C2H4, C2H6, C2H2 va H2 S\lc Y vao dung dich brom (du) thi kh6i luqng binh brom tang 10,8 gam va thoat ra 4,48 lit hh khi (dktc) c6 ti kh6i so voi H2 la 8 The tich 02 (dktc) cdn de d6t chay hoan toan h6n hqp Y la:
A 22,4 lit B 44,8 lit C 26,88 lit D 33,6 lit
Cau 39 (A-2011): B6t chay hoan toan h6n hqp X g6m C2H2, C3H4 va C4H4 (s6 mol m6i chdt brtng nhau) thu duqc 0,09 mol CO2 NSu ldy cung m(>t luqng h6n hqp X nhu tren tac d\lllg v&i m(>t luqng
du dung dich AgNO3 trong NH3, thi kh6i luqng kSt tua thu duqc Ion han 4 gam Cong thi:rc cftu t�o cua C3H4 va C4H4 trong X ldn luQ't la:
A CH=C-CH3, CH2=CH-C=CH B CH=C-CH3, CH2=C=C=CH2
Trang 40C CH2=C=CH2, CH2=C =C=CH2 D CH2=C=CH2, CH2=CH-C=CH.
Cau 40 (B-2011): H6n hqp khi X g6m etilen, metan, propin va vinylaxetilen c6 ti khdi so voi H2 la
17 Ddt chay hoan toan 0,05 mol h6n hqp X r6i hfip th1,1 toan b<) san phfim chay vao binh dung djchCa(OH)2 (du) thi khdi luqng binh tang them m gam Gia tri cua m la:
Cau 42 (B-2011): Cho butan qua xuc tac ( a nhi�t d<) cao) thu duqc h6n hqp X g6m C4H10, C4H8,
C4H6, H2 Ti khdi cua X so voi butan la 0,4 N�u cho 0,6 mol X vao dung djch brom (du) thi sd mol brom tdi da phan ung la
A 0,48 mol B 0,36 mol C 0,60 mol D 0,24 mol
Cau 42 (A-2012): Ddt chay hoan toan 3 lit h6n hqp X g6m 2 anken k6t ti6p nhau trong day d6ng
di\ng cfin vi:ra du 10,5 lit 02 ( cac thS tich khi do trong cimg di�u ki�n nhi�t d<), ap sufit) Hidrat h6a hoan toan X trong di�u ki�n thich hqp thu duqc hein hqp ancol Y, trong d6 khdi luqng ancol b�c hai bing 6/13 lfin t6ng khdi luqng cac ancol b�c m<)t Phfin tram khdi luqng cua ancol b�c m<)t ( c6 s6 nguyen nr cacbon Ian hon) trong Y la
Ten gQi cua X va Z lfin luqt la
A axetilen va ancol etylic B axetilen va etylen glicol
Cau 45 (B-2012): Hein hqp X g6m 0, 15 mol vinylaxetilen va 0,6 mol H2 Nung n6ng hein hqp X
(xuc tac Ni) m<)t thoi gian, thu duqc hein hqp Y c6 ti khdi so vai H2 bing 10 Dfin hein hqp Y qua dung djch Brom du, sau khi phan ung xay ra hoan toan, khdi lm;mg brom tham gia phan ung la
Cau 46 (B-2012): Ddt chay hoan toan hein hqp X g6m hai hidrocacbon (ti 1� sd mol 1 : 1) c6 cong
thuc don gian nhfit khac nhau, thu duqc 2,2 gam CO2 va 0,9 gam H2O Cac chfit trong X la
A m<)t ankan va m<)t ankin B hai ankadien
Cau 47 (A-2013): Trong m<)t binh kin chua 0,35 mol C2H2; 0,65 mol H2 va m<)t it b<)t Ni Nung n6ng binh m<)t thm gian, thu duqc h6n hqp khi X c6 ti khdi so vai H2 bing 8 S1,1c X vao luqng du dung dich AgNO3 trong NH3 d�n phan ung hoan toan, thu duqc hein hqp khi Y va 24 gam k�t tua Hein hqp khi Y phan 1mg vira du vai bao nhieu mol Br2 trong dung dich:
A 0,20 mol B 0,10 mol C 0,25 mol D 0,15 mol
Cau 48 (A-2013): Khi duqc chi�u sang, hidrocacbon nao sau day tham gia phan ung th�voi clo theo
ti 1� mol 1 : 1, thu duqc ba dfin xufit monoclo la d6ng phan cfiu t�o cua nhau:
A neopentan B pentan C butan D isopentan