Mệnh đề quan hệ tính từ _ Adjective adjectival clause

Mệnh đề quan hệ trong tiếng Anh là mệnh đề phụ được nối với mệnh đề chính bởi các đại từ quan hệ hoặc trạng từ quan hệ, đứng sau danh từđại từ và bổ nghĩa cho danh từđại từ đó. Chức năng của mệnh đề quan hệ giống như một tính từ vì vậy nó còn được gọi là mệnh đề tính ngữ.

CHAPTER X

ADJECTIVES AND ADJECTIVAL CLAUSE IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE

1 Defintion

 The adjective is a part of speech expressing quality, quantity, size, clour, characteristics

 The main fuction of an adjective is as an attribute, a predicative or complement.

 Eg:

 She is a clever girl

 The sky is clear and blue

 My cake has sixteen candles

 He is tall

I ADJECTIVE

 On the ground of their meaning and grammatical

characteristics, adjectives can be classified as:

1, The demonstrative adjectives: used to demonstrate things, objects, people and phenomena

Eg: This chair is broken

That car is expensive

These clothes are wet

2 The interrogative adjective used to form question to

distinguish things, people, object

Eg: What books are you reading?

What ’s your answer?

2 Classification of adjective

3 The possessive adjectives: express the possession

Eg: That is my chair

I borrowed her cat

4 The quantitative adjectives: denote the quanlity

Eg: He has many cherries

I ate some roasted chicken

 On the ground of their complexity of form and structure, adjectives can be classified as:

1 The short adjectives: have just one or two syllables

Eg: short, long, cold, blue, smart, happy, ect

2 The long adjectives:

Eg: interesting, comfortable, expensive, beautiful, careful, ect

3 The special adjectives: have their own form

Eg: good – better – best , many/much – more – the most

bad – worse - wost

3 Adjective formation

1 The derived adjectives: formed by adding affixes

 The prefixes can be added to adjectives: “dis-, h-,

im-, ir-, un-, anti-, ect

Eg: unclean, illegal, impossible, inactive

 The suffixes can be added to noun: “full, less, ly,

-y, -en, -el, -ic, ect

Eg: careful, careless, windy, friendly, historical, ect

 The suffixes can be added to verbs: “-able, -ible, -ive, -ing, -en,

Eg: boring, drinkable, supportive, broken, interested,

ect

2 The compound adjectives

1 N+adj Eg: tax free, waterproof, trouble free, world

famous

2 N+ past participle Eg: middle-age, child-wanted, home-made

3 Adj+ Adj Eg: big-blue, fat-free, dark blue, light-brown

4 Adj+N Eg: long-distance, last-minute, cross-eye

5 Adj+N+ed Eg: narrow-minded, high-spirited, warm

hearted

6 Adj+ present

participle

Eg: good-looking, long-lasting, slow-moving

7 Adj+ past participle Eg: new-built, old-fashioned, short-haired

8 Adv+present

participle

Eg: never-ending, forward-thinking, far-seeing, hard-wearing

9 N+ present participle Eg: saving, record-breaking,

time-consuming

10 Adv+ past participle Eg: Well- behaved, well-educated, well done

 The negative form of the above structure

Not so Adj As

Eg: He is not as smart as his brother.

She is not as beautiful as her older sister.

2 The comparative degree of adjective: used to express the

differences or the dissimilarity

There are 2 different kinds

2.1: The short adjects: Adding –er to the positive form of the

adjective

Short adj+ er+ than

Eg: My essay is longer than yours.

She is smarter than me

3 The superlative degree of adjectives: used to express

what thing or person has the most of a particular quality within a group or of its kind

3.1: The short adjectives: (THE) short adj + est

Eg: The biggest table in the room.

She is the smartest girl in the class

3.2: The long adjectives: (THE) most/least + long

adj

Eg: This is the most beautiful dress I have ever

seen

She is the least worried about the game

5 Adjective functions

 Are mainly used with 2 functions

1 As attribute: used to come before nouns in the NP

Eg: a nice girl, an old house

a rich businessman

2 As complement: used after the link verbs or the ‘be’

Eg: She is nice.

He looked upset

NOTE:

 Adjectives beginning with “A” such as: ( afraid, afloat, alive, asleep,ect,) are used predicately

 Many adjective are used like nouns

Eg: a native, two natives

The rich, the poor, the young

Quality size Age Shape colour material origin participle

6 The order of adjectives in the sentences

Eg: A lovely large antique round black Spanish wooden mixing bowl 

1 DEFINTION

 An adjective clause is a dependent clause that

contains a subject and verb

 As an adjective, modifies a noun or pronoun

  An adjective clause begin with words such

as  that, when, where, who, whom, whose, which , and  why

II.ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

 There are 7 types of adjective clause

2 Classification of adjective

clause

1 Who People (subject) Eg: She is the teacher who helped

me with my math problems.

2 Whom People (object) Eg: My sister is the people to whom

I am closest.

3 Whose People/things

(possessive)

Eg: I have a friend whose daughter

lives in China

is not very healthy.

5 That People/thing Eg: The books that were borrowed

from class  must be returned.

6 Where Place (adj) Eg: This is the park where we can

walk the dogs.

my doctor’s appointment.

2 Based on function of adjective clauses

There are 2 types:

a, Definite clause

Eg: The used car which my dad bought last week broke down yesterday

The man who is standing there is a teacher

b Infinite clause

Eg:The used car, which my dad bought last week, broke down yesterday

The man, who is standing there, is a teacher

III REDUCED ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

1 Defintion

The reduced adjective clause becomes a phrase, which does not have a subject

 A phrase does not have a subject and a verb

2 Classification of reduced adjective clause?

There are 5 types of reduced adjective clause:

1 Active voice Eg: The girl who attends my school lives at the end

of the street. 

The girl attending my school lives at the end of the street.

Eg: The dog that is lying on the floor won't get up. 

The dog lying on the floor won't get up.

2 Passive voice Eg: The boy who was pleased by his grades went out

with his friends to celebrate. 

The boy, pleased by his grades, went out with his friends to celebrate.

Eg: I like ice-cream that is made in Japan

 I like ice-cream made in Japan

3 S + to be +

adj

Eg:The house, which was beautiful, was sold

 The beautiful house was sold

4 S + to be + N Eg: Her name, which is Emmy, contains easy sounds

to pronounce

 Her name, Emmy, contains easy sounds to pronounce

5 S + to be +

prepositional

phrase

Eg: Did you see the book that is on the table?

 Did you see the book on the table?

IV OMISSION OF THE RELATIVE PRONOUN

 Can be omitted the relative pronoun from the adjective clause when it is the object

 When the relative pronoun is the subject of the adj clause, it

cannot be omitted

 The relative pronoun ( which, that, who, whom) can be ommited

 The relative pronoun ( whose, where, whereby) cannot be

ommited

 Eg: I will talk to a consultant whom I met at the party.

I will talk to a consultant I met at the party

The train which she was about to take was late.

 The train she was about to take was late

 There are two ways:

1 Formal:  the preposition at the BEGINNING of the adjective clause

Eg: The address to which you sent the package

was wrong!

2 Informal: the preposition at the END of the adjective clause

Eg: The address which you sent the

package to was wrong !

V PREPOSITIONS THAT COME BEFORE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

1 “That” is not allowed to use in the follows

After prepositions

Eg: Derek is the sibling to whom I am closest.

In indefinite adj clause

Eg: Broccoli, which people often leave uneaten, is very

nutritious

My brother, who claimed to have a limp, sprinted after

the bus. 

VI “THAT”, “WHICH”, “WHO” IN

ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

2 “That” is compulsory

 After combined subjects

Eg: The old man and his dog that walk in the park

 After superlative:

Eg: This is the most beautiful house that Jack stays at

This is the most hard question that I face in the competition

 After words: all, very, only

Eg: You are the only person that can help us.

 After words: first, last

Eg: She is the first girl that I fall in love

 After words: much, little, some, any, no

Eg: Much of work I did for you that you have never attented.

 In the structure “ It+be+that ”

Eg: It was the first time that I hear of it

 After interrogative pronouns

Eg: Who is she that you miss