Tài liệu An inventory of VietNam marine and coastal economic and environment pptx

AN INVENTORY OF VIETNAM MARINE AND COASTAL ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENT Le Anh Tuan 1 , Le Hoang Viet 1 , Do Ngoc Quynh 2 1 Center for Environmental and Water Resources Engineering - Colle

AN INVENTORY OF VIETNAM MARINE AND COASTAL

ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENT

Le Anh Tuan 1 , Le Hoang Viet 1 , Do Ngoc Quynh 2

1

Center for Environmental and Water Resources Engineering - College of Technology

2

International relation office

CanTho University, CanTho City, Vietnam

- oOo -

SUMMARY

Located in the South-East Asian region, thanks to an over 3400 km of coastline and 3000 islands in the Pacific Ocean, Vietnam is considered as a country has a great potential on marine and coastal economic development From the North to the South of the country's coastal line, there are hundreds of aquaculture bases, many transshipment ports, fishing ports, tourist beaches, seaside resorts, petro- industrial plants, that are contributed considerably to the Gross National Product Beside its benefit on the country one million square kilometers of exclusive economic sea zone, Vietnam's seawater contains a lot of coral reefs, sea weeds, many valuable and rare creatures in out of nearly 11,000 marine species

Along with rapid economic growth, maritime shipping development and petro-industrization, Vietnam marine and coastal is being threatened by water pollution due to the over-exploitation of the natural resources This report will inventory some data figures on marine and coastal economic activities and discussion the environmental problems that may be concerned

Key words: marine and coastal, economic, environment, development, pollution

I INTRODUCTION

Vietnam, an independent country located in the SouthEast Asian region (figure 1), has a total area of 329,560 km2, bordering China to the North, Laos and Cambodia to the West, the Gulf of Thailand to the South and the Pacific Ocean to the East The country stretches from latitudes 830' to 2330'N and has an 3,444

km long of coastline, over 3,000 islands and more than 1,000,000 km2 of exclusive economic sea zone, including approximately 700,000 km2 of shelf area (to 200 m depth under the sea level) In average, each 1 kilometer of coastline, Vietnam has

100 km2 of inland area and each 1 km2 of inland area, Vietnam has nearly 4 km2 of exclusive economic sea zone Coastal zone is divided into natural areas as follow: Mong Cai - Do Son, Do Son - Lach Truong, Lach Truong - Mui Ron, Mui Ron - Hai Van, Hai Van - Dai Lanh, Dai Lanh - Vung Tau, Vung Tau - Ca Mau, Tay Nam Bo, and off-shore islands Almost Vietnam coastal and beaches are interesting tourism points

Vietnam has a subtropical to tropical climate from the North to the South The mean annual temperature at sea level is about 27C in the south, falling steadily northwards to about 21C in the extreme north Most of the country receives about 2,000 mm of rainfall per year, but the mountains of the narrow central region of the country are considerably more humid, with an annual rainfall of up to 3,000 mm Each year, there are more or less 10 sea-typoons from the Philippines and the East Sea attacking the coastal provinces, special the Central region

Sea-Figure 1: Vietnam location map

typhoons are considered as one of the natural risks for fishing, shipping, tourist and aquaculture that may be one of the limitation factors to the national developments

Historically, Vietnamese has gone along the sea coastal for expending, defending and building the country Therefore, the marine and coastal is really an important strategic objective on the currently nation's socio-economic long-term development targets, especially the big role has such sea economics as mining, oil exploitation, sea transportation, fishing, planning, sea food processing and tourism etc

Being an agricultural country with a high population (more than 80 million habitants) and limited cultivated land, Vietnam's economy has experienced almost exponential growth in total output production especially in the last 10 years despite the global economic crisis during the period 2001 - 2002 Vietnam's Gross National Product (GDP) was 7.2% in 2003, and is projected at 7.0% for 2004 and

2005, counted mainly on the oil and gas exploitation, fishery and aquaculture production and tourist activities

Currently, Vietnam territorial waters contain a great wealth of fauna and flora species It is surveyed and indicated that there are about 10,837 marine and coastal plants and animals species exist They are living in more than 20 typical ecological systems and distributed in 9 different marine and coastal biodiversity regions The higher levels of biodiversity sea zones are recognized as Mong Cai -

Do Son, Hai Van - Dai Lanh and Dai Lanh - Vung Tau Coral reefs exist on rocky islands of Halong Bay, the Paracel Island (Hoang Sa) and Spratly Islands (Truong Sa), both rocky promontories of the central coastline, and around Con Dao Island and Phu Quoc Islands Vietnam coastal is evaluated as a place having a high

bio-productivity and it is estimated that each year marine and coastal capture fishery have brought about a net profit of 60 - 80 million USD for the nation

Vietnam has about 252,000 hectares of the mangrove swamp forests and tidal mudflats, including estuary and delta systems, numerous small offshore islands, large coastal brackish and saline lagoons, large areas of salt pans and aquaculture ponds, many freshwater lakes and water storage reservoirs, and numerous rivers and streams The biggest wetland forest is in the Mekong River Delta (191,800 ha) (figure 2) There are about 1,600 fauna and flora species living under the canopyes these mangrove forests Although Vietnam could be a very valuable renewable resource and there are many sea protected species areas, however, it seems difficulty to control the threat of sea pollution and over-exploitation

Table 1: Vietnam national profiles

Land boundaries 4 639 km

Continental shelf area approx 700 000 km2 (to 200 m)

Length of coastline 3 444 km (excludes islands)

Number of islands approx 3 000

Population (July 2004) 82,689,518

Age structure (July 2004)

0-14 years

15-64 years

65 years and over

29.4% (male 12,524,098; female 11,807,763) 65% (male 26,475,156; female 27,239,543) 5.6% (male 1,928,568; female 2,714,390) Population growth rate (2004) 1.3%

Administrative divisions

provinces

Municipalities

59 provinces and 5 municipalities

An Giang, Bac Giang, Bac Kan, Bac Lieu, Bac Ninh,

Ba Ria-Vung Tau, Ben Tre, Binh Dinh, Binh Duong, Binh Phuoc, Binh Thuan, Ca Mau, Cao Bang, Dac Lak, Dac Nong, Dien Bien, Dong Nai, Dong Thap, Gia Lai, Ha Giang, Hai Duong, Ha Nam, Ha Tay, Ha Tinh, Hau Giang, Hoa Binh, Hung Yen, Khanh Hoa, Kien Giang, Kon Tum, Lai Chau, Lam Dong, Lang Son, Lao Cai, Long An, Nam Dinh, Nghe An, Ninh Binh, Ninh Thuan, Phu Tho, Phu Yen, Quang Binh, Quang Nam, Quang Ngai, Quang Ninh, Quang Tri, Soc Trang, Son La, Tay Ninh, Thai Binh, Thai Nguyen, Thanh Hoa, Thua Thien-Hue, Tien Giang, Tra Vinh, Tuyen Quang, Vinh Long, Vinh Phuc, Yen Bai

Can Tho, Da Nang, Hai Phong, Ha Noi, Ho Chi Minh GDP (2003) purchasing power parity - $203.7 billion

GDP - real growth rate (2003) 7.2%

GDP - per capita (2003) purchasing power parity - $2,500

GDP - distribution (2003)

agriculture

industry

services

21.8%

39.7%

38.5%

Investment (gross fixed 2003) 33% of GDP

Figure 2: Vietnam water map

(Source: World Conservation Monitoring Center (WCMC), 1994)

II VIETNAM MARINE AND COASTAL ECONOMIC

II.1 OIL AND GAS

Since the early of 1970s, oil and gas in the offshore and continental shelf of the Southern Vietnam (the Cuu Long and South Con Son Basin) have been allowed to survey After 1990, the activities of oil exploration have really expanded parallel with the economical development of the country Vietnam has been identified as a medium priority market for the oil and gas sector (Table 2) Annually Vietnam oil and gas production rapidly increased and reached 16.8 millions tons and 1.6 billions cubic meters respectively Total petroleum production is over 98 millions tones of oil and 5.6 billions cubic meters of gas

Currently, there are six largest operating oil fields (figure 3), of which Bach Ho (White Tiger), Rang Dong (Dawn), Hong Ngoc (Rubi), and Dai Hung (Big Bear) are the largest Crude oil production averaged 352,507 barrels per day (bbl/d) in

2003 (figure 4) Almost a large portion of its oil production is exported mainly to Japan, Singapore, the United States, South Korea due to there is no operating oil refineries The 140,000 bbl/d Dung Quat Oil Refinery Plant in Quang Ngai province is under construction with the estimation cost of $1.3 billion A new largest oil storage facility with the capacity of 2.68 million barrels is being planed to build in Khanh Hoa province Oil and natural gas exploration and production industries in Vietnam is now conducted foreign investors and Vietnam Oil and Gas Corporation (PetroVietnam), a government-owned company

Figure 3: Vietnam Oil and gas exploitaion map

(Source: PetroVietnam, 2004)

Table 2: Oil and Gas data figures Proven Oil Reserves (2004) 600 million barrels

Oil Production (2003) 352,507 barrels per day (bbl/d)

Oil Consumption (2003) 202,000 bbl/d

Net Oil Exports (2003) 150,507 bbl/d

Natural Gas Reserves (2004) 6.8 trillion cubic feet (Tcf)

Natural Gas Production (2002) 79.8 billion cubic feet (Bcf)

Natural Gas Consumption (2002) 79.8 Bcf

(Source: PetroVietnam, 2004)

In Vietnam, natural gas production and consumption are rising quickly It is estimated that about 70% of urban households using liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) for cooking and other purposes In 2004, PetroVietnam has taken 202 billion cubic feet from the oil fields as Bach Ho, Hong Ngoc and Rang Dong, Lan Tay (Western Orchid), Lan Do (Red Orchid), Ca Ngu Vang (Golden Tuna) and Voi Trang (White Elephant) wells Natural gas is exploited and transported from offshore oil fields to Dinh Co Gas Terminal in Ba Ria - Vung Tau onshore for consuming use partly in Phu My electricity power plant Another gas-power-nitrogenous fertilizer plant complex projection southernmost Ca Mau was

Figure 4: Vietnam Crude Oil Production

(Source: PetroVietnam, 2004)

approved with the investigation cost of $230 million and the capacity of approximately 70 billion cubic feet per year and the electricity generation of 720 megawatt

The oil and petroleum products such as DO, FO for domestic and industrial uses were imported fully 2003 was to see 2,410 ton of petroleum products shipments transferred and the amount of oil to be transshipped there will be increase gradually in the years to come

During the period 1970 - 1990, there were no record concerning the oil spill events The oil spill events have been officially recorded in Vietnam since 1994 (Table 3) From 1994 to 2002, port authorities have counted at least 35 oil spill events It is estimated that about 92,000 ton of oil have been poured into the Vietnam sea and coastlines Ho Chi Minh port is considered as a biggest black spot on the oil spill pointed map of Vietnam

Table 3: Numbers of oil spills from ships in Vietnam (1995 - 2002)

Year Number of cases Oil Spill Amount (ton)

(Sources: Department of Environmental Protection,

Environmental Status Report, 2002)

II.2 FISHERY AND AQUACULTURE

The Vietnamese marine capture fisheries can be divided into coastal fishery, inshore fishery (at a depth of less than 20 m), shallow water offshore fishery (up to approx 50 m depth) and deep-sea fishery (more than 50 m depth) It

is found that in Vietnam's marine and coastal there are 10,837 species of plants and animals exist classified as below :

 Flora: 537 species of algae, 662 species of macrophytes, 15 species of

seagrass Mangrove flora has 94 species

 Zooplankton: 468 species

 Benthic fauna: 6,337 species of benthos, 225 species of marine shrimps,

298 species of hard corals (Scleractinia)

 53 species of cephalopods have been identified

 2,038 fish species belonging to 717 genera, 178 families have been recorded

 Various animals: 50 species of marine snakes, 4 species of tortoise, and 16

marine mammal species have been identified

(Source: Environmental Database Division, 2002)

Out of 1260 marine fish species, Vietnam's water contains approximately 100 commercially viable marine fish species of which 1.3 million tons of the approximately 3.5 million tons are considered renewable Marine capture fishery

and brackish water aquaculture production have developed strongly in Vietnam after economic reform, special since 1990s and towards Fishery have been regarded as one the most important sectors in the Vietnamese economy In 2000, the fishery and aquaculture export value up by 35% to $1.3 billion and total output production up by 20% to 1,827,310 tons According the Vietnam Ministry of Fishery (1997), the potential area for aquaculture development is estimated at 1.82 million hectares as distributed as figure 5

Figure 5: Potential fisheries development

(Sources: Ministry of Fisheries, 1997)

Each year, Vietnam sea area can supply nearly 4.2 million tons of marine fishes (table 4), 45,000 tons of shrimp (table 5), 64,000 tons of cuttlefish (table 6) and 59,000 tons of squid (table 7) Beside marine animals, there are also many high

valued natural resources such as Gracilaria verrucosa, Sargassum can be

exploited with a volume of 45,000 - 50,000 tons In addition, there are also many precious species such as abalones, sea turtles, sea birds Fish fin, fish bladder, mother pearl can also be exploited

Vietnamese fishers still have used traditional inshore fishing with small and medium wooden boats, simple fishnets and own-experiences applied direct nearby the beaches, estuaries, shallow river mouths They have captured all kinds and sizes of fish and shellfish species for their daily protein possible Over-fishing capture situation becomes one of the serious pressures on the coastal and seabed animal resources in present About 8% of fishers have investigated new big vessels equipped with 400-500 horse-power (HP) engines for deep-sea fishing

There are an additional 1.4 million ha of freshwater, brackishwater and marine water-surface available for aquaculture purposes, mainly shrimp, smaller mud crab, lobster, oyster and seaweed However, the productivity of aquaculture is rather low (250-300 kg/ha) compared to other countries in the region It is estimated that there are 3.4 million labourers working in the fishery sector as fishing, processing and services, of which more than 700,000 are involved in aquaculture

Up to now, Viet Nam’s fisheries products has punched in 80 countries and territories It is expected that the fisheries production will score 3.3 million MT (including 1.94 million MT of capture and 1.36 million MT of aquaculture) and the export will amount to US$2.6 billion in 2005 (Ministry of Fishery, 2002) There is a high requirement for upgrading the seafood processing technique according to international standards as coveted EU, Japanese and the USA export licenses

Table 4 Vietnam marine fish stock and fishing capacity

Fish stock Fishing capacity Sea

area Kind of fish Depth Ton (%) Ton (%)

% entire sea area Small pelagic fish 390,000 57.3 156,000 57.3

< 50m 39,200 5.7 15,700 5.7 Dermersal fish

> 50m 252,000 37 100,800 37

Tonkin

Gulf

16.3

Small pelagic fish 500,000 82.5 200,000 82.5

< 50m 18,500 3.0 7,400 3.0 Dermersal fish

> 50m 87,900 14.5 35,200 14.5

Central

region

14.5

Small pelagic fish 524,000 25.2 209,600 25.2

< 50m 349,200 16.8 139,800 16.8 Dermersal fish

> 50m 1,202,700 58.0 481,100 58.0

South

Eatern

region

49.7

Small pelagic fish 316,000 62.0 126,000 62.0

Dermersal fish < 50m 190,700 38.0 76,300 38.0

South

Western

12.1 Floating

knoll Small pelagic fish 10,000 100 2,500 100 0.2 Whole

sea

area

Deep sea pelagic

Small pelagic fish 1,740,000 694,100

Demersal fish 2,140,000 855,900

Deep sea pelagic

fish (*) (300,000) (120,000)

Total

Total 4,180,000 1,700,000

100

(*) Data presumed according to total catch of the countries in this sea area

Source : Research Institute of Marine Products (RIMP)

Compiler : Fisheries Information Centre (FICen)

Table 5: Reserve and capable to exploitation of shrimp (ton) in Vietnam sea area

< 50m 50 - 100m 100 - 200m > 200m Total Sea

area Fish

stock

Fishing capacity

Fish stock

Fishing capacity

Fish stock

Fishing capacity

Fish stock

Fishing capacity

Fish stock

Fishing capacity Tonkin

Central

region 7 3 2,462 899 13,482 4,488 34 12 15,985 5,402 South

Eastern

region

8,160 2,475 2,539 927 6,092 2,224 1,852 676 18,641 6,300 South

Western

region

Total 17.664 5.945 5.281 1.929 19.574 6.712 1.886 688 44.402 15.272

Source : Research Institute of Marine Products (RIMP)

Compiler : Fisheries Information Centre (FICen)

Table 6: Reserve and capable to exploitation of cuttlefish in Vietnam sea area Region Reserve & fishing

capacity (ton) < 50m 50 - 100 m 100 - 200 m > 200 m Total

Tonkin Gulf

Fishing capacity 600 160 760 Reserve 3,900 3,840 4,500 1,300 13,540 Central region

Fishing capacity 1,560 1,530 1,800 520 5,410 Reserve 24,900 10,800 7,400 5,600 48,700 South Eastern

region Fishing capacity 9,970 4,300 2,960 2,250 19,480

Reserve 30,300 14,990 11,900 6,910 64,100 Fishing capacity 12,130 5,990 4,760 2,770 25,650

Total

Percentage (%) 47.3 23.3 18.6 10.8 100

Source : Research Institute of Marine Products (RIMP)

Compiler : Fisheries Information Centre (FICen)

Table 7: Reserve and capable to exploitation of squid in Vietnam sea area Region Reserve & fishing

capacity (ton) < 50m 50 - 100 m 100 - 200 m > 200 m Total Reserve 9,240 2,520 11,760 Fishing capacity 3,700 1,000 4,700 Tonkin Gulf

Reserve 320 140 2,000 3,000 5,760 Fishing capacity 130 180 810 1,190 2,310 Central region

Percentage % 5.5 7.5 35.3 51.7 10 Reserve 21,300 12,800 2,600 4,900 41,500 Fishing capacity 8,500 5,100 1,000 2,000 16,600

South Eastern

region Percentage % 51.3 30.9 6.1 11.7 10

Reserve 30,900 15,700 1,600 7,900 59,100 Fishing capacity 12,400 6,300 1,800 3,100 23,600 Total

Percentage (%) 52.2 26.7 7.8 13.3 100

Source : Research Institute of Marine Products (RIMP)

Compiler : Fisheries Information Centre (FICen)

II.3 TOURISM

Vietnam is considered as one of the favourable geographical position for tourism development in the South East Asian Region The tourism potential of Vietnam is very rich with beautiful natural beaches, islands, caves, water and forest resources and historical-cultural humanity Currently, each year Vietnam Tourism has received more than 2 million international visitors and overseas Vietnamese

Tourism have contributed considerable for national budget, approximately 10% GDP of the whole country Vietnam Tourism has indicated 7 areas which are given priority to investment in tourism development, 5 of them are coastal and sea areas (figure 6)

1 Ha Noi Capital and the surrounding areas

2 Ha Long Bay-Cat Ba Island-Do Son Peninsula, which belong to Quang Ninh and Hai Phong

3 The area of Hue-Da Nang-Lao Bao

4 The areas of Van Phong bay-Nha Trang-Ninh Chu-Da lat

5 The Vung Tau-Long Hai coastal areas

6 Ho Chi Minh City and the surrounding areas

7 Ha Tien-Phu Quoc marine areas