question tags, Conditional sentences, câu hỏi đuôi, câu điều kiện, câu điều kiên đảo, tổng hợp ngữ pháp ôn tiếng anh lớp 12 ôn thi đại học bản đầy đủ kèm câu hỏi ôn tập và đáp án chi tiết, dể hiểu. Ôn tập kiến thức đầy đủ dễ hiểu
Trang 1UNIT 4 QUESTION-TAGS: CÂU HỎI ĐUÔI
I Định nghĩa: Câu hỏi đuôi là dạng một câu hỏi ngắn, chỉ gồm 2 từ, nằm đằng sau một câu trần thuật.
Vị trí: Câu hỏi đuôi được thêm vào sau một mệnh đề là câu khẳng định hoặc phủ định, hai vế được ngăn cách nhau
bằng dấu phẩy.
Chức năng: Câu hỏi đuôi được sử dụng khi người nói muốn xác minh xem thông tin là đúng hay không hoặc khi muốn
người nghe hồi đáp về câu trần thuật đó.
Ngữ điệu: Nếu người hỏi xuống giọng ở câu hỏi đuôi thì tức là người nói thực sự không muốn hỏi, mà muốn người
nghe xác nhận điều mình nói.
Nếu người hỏi lên giọng ở câu hỏi đuôi thì tức là người nói muốn hỏi thêm thông tin từ người nghe.
Eg Buy me a paper, will you? You aren’t Mai, are you?
Van is tired, isn’t Van? Sai vì: ở câu hỏi đuôi luôn dùng ĐTNXCN Van - she Van is tired, isn’t she?
Let’s V, shall we? (Let’s = Let us) lời mời
Let us go, will you? Xin phép
II Cấu trúc câu hỏi đuôi - Tag Question
Công thức chung:
Trong đo: Đại tư: Lấy chủ ngữ ở câu đầu đổi thành đại từ.
Trợ động tư: Phụ thuộc vào động từ ở câu trước.
Nếu câu trần thuật là thể khẳng định, thì câu hỏi đuôi sẽ là thể phủ định và ngược lại.
Ví dụ: Your mother likes reading newspaper, doesn’t she? (contracted form – viết tắt)
Your father doesn’t like reading newspaper, does he?
Chú ý: Trong câu hỏi đuôi chúng ta luôn luôn dùng các đại từ chủ ngữ (I, he, it, they, ) để đặt câu hỏi
Nếu là câu hỏi đuôi phủ định chúng ta dùng hình thức tỉnh lược giữa “not” với “to be” hoặc với trợ động từ (isn’t, don’t, doesn’t, haven’t, didn’t, can’t, won’t,…)
Ví dụ: Tom was at home, wasn’t he?
Không nói: wasn’t Tom? hay was not Tom?was not he?
Sum-up:
01 S must V, needn’t….?/ mustn’t… ? (must – suy luận/ suy đoán – động từ chính)
02 Let’s V, shall we? Let O V, will you? Let me V, may I?
03 I think S V, - lấy mệnh đề sau? S1 think S2 V, lấy mệnh đề trước?
04 this/that – it; these/those-they; there – there; one – one/you
05 Mệnh đề danh từ/ ngữ danh từ - it
06 Đại từ bất định chỉ người (one/body) – they
07 Đại từ bất định chỉ vật (thing) - it
08 neither, none, no one, nobody, nothing, scarcely, barely, hardly, hardly ever, seldom (negative)
09 V, won’t you? V, can’t you? Don’t V, will you?
Exercise : Choose the word or phrase A, B, C or D that best completes the sentence:
1 No one is better cook than his mother, ?
2 There are no easy ways to learn a foreign language, _?
3 He seldom goes to the library, ?
4 Let’s go for a long walk, ?
5 The film is good, _?
A is it B are they C isn’t it D aren’t they
6 You are going to the party, ?
A is you B are you C aren’t you D were you
7 He can speak English, _ ?
A can he B can’t he C can’t him D could he
S + V + O, tr đ ng t + ợ ộ ừ đại từ?
Trang 28 You don’t know him, ?
A do you B don’t you C are you D aren’t you
9 Lan speaks Chinese very well, ?
A does she B doesn’t she C is she D was she
10 John has worked hard, _?
A does he B did he C has he D hasn’t he
11 They invited him to the party, _?
A do they B don’t they C did they D didn’t they
12 They are leaving here tomorrow ?
A do they B are they C aren’t they D did they
13 I’m a bit late, ?
14 Somebody has left these socks on the bathroom floor, ?
15 The ticket to London doesn’t cost a lot, ?
16 Harry was working in Bristol then, ?
17 You’ll be home before midnight, ?
18 David is bringing some wine, ?
19 Don’t leave anything behind, ?
20 Your grandfather was a millionaire, ?
A was he B is he C wasn’t he D isn’t he
21 After working so hard he didn't deserve to fail the exam, ?
A doesn't he B did he C won't he D is he
22 You haven’t seen him this morning, _?
A had you B have you C is it D will you
23 There’s nothing we can do to help the boys, ?
A wasn’t there B isn’t there C was there D is there
24 Mr Smith gave his wife ten pounds for her birthday, ?
25 They are studying pronunciation with Mr Brown, _?
26 Many young people want to work for a humanitarian organization, _ ?
27 Somebody has left these socks on the bathroom floor, ?
28 We had to abandon any further attempt at negotiation, ?
29 A gentle form of exercise will increase your ability to relax, ?
A will you B are you C is it D won’t it
30 We aim to help the less able in society to lead an independent life, ?
31 They finished the year six places above their local rivals, ?
32 We did not receive any news during his long absence, ?
33 Training is absolutely essential in this business, ?
A is it B is there C isn’t it D will there
34 Don't delay for longer than absolutely necessary, ?
Trang 3A will you B can you C did you D do you
35 The students return in October for the beginning of the new academic year, ?
36 I am unable to accept your kind invitation, ?
Trang 4UNIT 5 CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
A TOM TĂT LY THUYÊT CÂU ĐIÊU KI N Ê
I CAC LOAI CÂU ĐIÊU KI N Ê
- Câu điều ki n loại 0 ê
- Câu điều ki n loại 1 ê
- Câu điều ki n loại 2 ê
- Câu điều ki n loại 3 ê
II CÂU TRUC CHUNG CUA CÂU ĐIÊU KI N Ê
1 Câu điều kiện loại 0
- Câu điều kiện loại 0 diễn tả sự việc chắc, hiển nhiên xảy ra
If S + V(o, s/es), S + V(o, s/es)
Eg: If you heat water to 1000C, it boils
2 Câu điều kiện loại 1
- Câu điều kiện loại 1 diễn ta sự việc sẽ xảy ra hoặc có thể xảy ra ở hiện tại hoặc tương lai.
If S + V(o, s/es), S + will/can/may/must/ have to/ should + Vinf.
If S + V(o, s/es), Vinf (please)
Eg: If I become a doctor, I will/can/may take care of the sick
3 Câu điều kiện loại 2
- Câu điều kiện loại 2 diễn tả sự việc không có thật hoặc không có khả năng xảy ra ở hiện tại hoặc tương lai
If S+ Ved/were, S+ would/could/might + Vinf.
Eg: If I were a millionaire, I would move to America.
4 Câu điều kiện loại 3
- Câu điều kiện loại 3 diễn tả sự việc đã không xảy ra ở quá khứ
If S+ had+ PII, S+ would/could/might + have+ PII
Eg: If the weather had been nice yesterday, we could have gone to Quat Lam resort
III BIÊN THÊ CUA CÂU ĐIÊU KI N Ê
CAC LIÊN TƯ ĐƯƠC DUNG TRONG CÂU ĐIÊU KI N Ê
Whether or not in case (that) in the event that
providing/ provided (that)
1 Phân biệt when và if
- Dùng when khi chúng ta chắc chắc sự việc sẽ xảy ra
Ex: When I'm in Paris, I'll visit you.
(It’s sure that I'm going to Paris.)
- Dùng if khi chúng ta không chắc chắn sự việc sẽ xảy ra
Ex: If I'm in Paris, I'll visit you.
(It is not sure that I'm going to Paris.)
Chú ý: Chúng ta có thể sử dụng cả when và if khi chúng ta nói về những sự việc sẽ hiển nhiên xảy ra
If you freeze water, it expands.
When you freeze water, it expands
2 unless = if …not
Note: mệnh đề ngay sau unless không được ở dạng phủ định.
Ex 1: I’ll ask you for help if I can’t solve the problem
-> Unless I can solve the problem, I’ll ask you for help
Ex 2: I will be in all day unless the office phones
3 Whether or not
Eg I’m going to go swimming whether or not it’s cold/ whether it’s cold or not.
Sử dụng whether or not để diễn tả điều ki n “cho dù thế nào chăng nữa” thì kết quả vân không thay đổi ê
4 Suppose/Supposing (giả sư) = if
Eg Supposing it rains, what will you do?
5 Provided (that)/ Providing (that): (miễn là) =if
Trang 5Eg I’ll accept your invitation provided you go with me.
6 Assuming: =if
Eg Assuming we have good weather, we shall be there by dusk.
7 As long as = if
Eg If she doesn’t come, = As long as she doesn’t come,
8 On condition that: (vơi điêu ki n là) =if ê
Eg I shall go on codition that you go with me.
9 Even if = even though: (ngay cả nếu)
Dùng để chỉ sự tương phản ho c nhấn mạnh ă
Eg You must go tomorrow even if you aren’t ready.
10 Otherwise = Or ( Or else) = “If this doesn’t happen / didn’t happen / hadn’t happened”: (nếu không)
Eg We must be back before midnight; otherwise we’ll be locked out.
= We must be back before midnight or we’ll be locked out.
Otherwise dùng để diễn tả y trai vơi sư th t â If we are not back by midnight we’ll be locked out.
Note: otherwise là từ chuyển ý; or (else) là liên từ
11 But for /Without: Nếu không vì
But for/without + N/ Nphrase, main clause of Type 2 or Type 3
= If it were not for + N/ Nphrase, main clause of Type 2
= If it hadn’t been for + N/ Nphrase, main clause of Type 3:
Cũng có thể dùng:
If it were not for the fact that + S + V, main clause of Type 2
If it hadn’t been for the fact that + S + V, main clause of Type 3
Eg1 You help me, so I can speak English very well
But for your help, I couldn’t speak English well.
= If it weren’t for your help, I couldn’t speak English well.
= If it weren’t for the fact that you help me, I couldn’t speak English well.
Eg2: You helped us, so we weren’t in trouble.
If you hadn’t helped us, we would have been in trouble
= But for your help, we would have been in trouble.
= If it hadn’t been for your help, we would have been in trouble.
= If it hadn’t been for the fact that you helped us, we would have been in trouble.
12 In case: phòng khi
I’ll take the umbrella with me in case it rains.
Note:
- Không dùng đ ng từ khuyết thiếu sau ô In case
- Có thể dùng should/ had better/ must/ ought to ở m nh đề chính. ê
Eg You’d better take an umbrella in case it rains.
( Nếu sau In case of là danh từ đếm được số ít, không dùng mạo từ a, an)
Eg In case of accident, what would you do without her?
= If there is an accident, what would you do without her?
- In the event = In case
- In the event of = In case of
In case (that) + clause = in the event (that) + clause
In case of + N/ Nphrase = In the event of + N/ Nphrase
V ĐAO NGƯ TRONG CÂU ĐIÊU KI N Ê
1-CÂU ĐIÊU KIỆN LOAI 1:
IF + S + V …… -> SHOULD + S + V ………
- If you hear the fire alarm, leave the building at once
> Should you hear the fire alarm, leave the building at once
Trang 6- If anybody phones me, please tell them I’m busy
> Should anybody phone me, please tell them I’m busy
2-CÂU ĐIÊU KIỆN LOAI 2:
a-CÓ ĐỘNG TỪ TO BE:
IF + S + WERE ……… -> WERE + S ………
- If I were you, I wouldn’t do that > Were I you, I wouldn’t do that
b-CÓ ĐỘNG TỪ THƯỜNG:
IF + S + V-ed/ V2……… -> WERE + S + TO + V ………
- If he worked more slowly, he wouldn’t make many mistakes
> Were he to work more slowly, he wouldn’t make many mistakes
3-CÂU ĐIÊU KIỆN LOAI 3:
IF + S + HAD + PII ( V-ed/V3) ……… -> HAD + S + PII …………
-If they had realized the danger, they would have done it differently
> Had they realized the danger, they would have done it differently
Note: Đối với cả ba loại câu điều kiện, nếu mệnh đề IF là phủ định thì ta đặt NOT sau chủ ngữ
- If you don’t believe what I said, ask your mother > Should you not believe what I said, ask your mother
- If she were not shy, she would have a good time at the party
> Were she not shy, she would have a good time at the party
- If I hadn’t seen it, I wouldn’t have believed it > Had I not seen it, I wouldn’t have believed it
VI AP DUNG CÂU ĐIÊU KI N Ê
1 Chia động từ trong ngoặc
- Xác định loại câu điều kiện
- Chia động từ theo cấu trúc của loại câu đó
Eg 1: What you (do) if you won the lottery -> What would you do
Eg 2: Nam (work) harder, he (pass) the final exam last year
= had worked = would have passed
2 Viết lại câu
- Nếu câu gốc ở thì hiện tại thì viết lại câu ở câu điều kiện loại 2 và thêm hoặc bớt not ở cả hai vế
Eg: We don’t go out very often because we are busy
-> If we were not busy, we would go out very often
- Nếu câu gốc ở thì quá khứ thì viết lại câu ở câu điều kiện loại 3 và thêm hoặc bớt not ở cả hai vế
Eg: I failed the exam because I was lazy
-> If I hadn’t been lazy, I wouldn’t have failed the exam
- Nếu bản thân câu gốc đã là câu điều kiện (có unless (trừ khi…nếu không), or = otherwise (bằng không) hoặc without (nếu không) = if not …) thì vẫn giữ nguyên loại CĐK ở câu gốc (chỉ chuyển đổi từ lien từ này sang lien từ khác, không thay đổi loại câu điều kiện.
Eg 1: These plants will die unless you water them regularly
You water these plants regularly or they will die
These plants will die without watering them regularly
If you don’t water these plants regularly, they will die
If you water these plants regularly, they will not die
Eg 2: The weather is cold today, so we can’t go swimming
Unless the weather were cold today, we could go swimming
(If the weather were not cold today, we could go swimming)
PRACTICE
Exercise 1: Mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.
1 have enough apples, she’ll make an apple pie this afternoon
2 If you don’t know how to spell a word, you look it up in the dictionary
3 If the sun , we for a walk
A shines / will go B shone / will go C shone / would go D had shone / would go
4 The campfire if it last night
Trang 7A wouldn’t be cancelled / hadn’t rained
B wouldn’t have been cancelled / hadn’t rained
C would have been cancelled / hadn’t rained
D will be cancelled / rains
5 But for our parents, we successful in life
A will never be B would never be C wouldn’t have D would have never been
6 If I my wallet at home this morning, I money for lunch now
A leave / will have B didn’t leave / would have
C hadn’t left / would have D hadn’t left / would have had
7 If we the plans carefully, we would not have had so many serious mistakes
8 I will never talk to you again you apologize me your being rude
9 you work harder, you will be sacked
10 I think you should stop smoking
A If I am you, I will stop smoking B If I were you, I will stop smoking
C If I were you, I would stop smoking D If I had been you, I would stop smoking
11 If you take the ice out of the fridge, it
12 Unless we more snow, we can’t go skiing
13 You’ll fail the exam you start revising
14 Unless you wash the car, you not drive it at the weekend
15 If Peter his car before the drive, he the problem of out of petrol
A checked / will not get B had checked / would not have got
C checks / will not have got D would be checking / will not have got
16 Most people you meet will be polite to you
A if you are polite to them B if you will be polite to them
C unless you are polite to them D if you were polite to them
17 If you do so, it the matter worse
A makes only B would only make C will only make D had only made
18 Hurry up you will miss the bus and be late for school
19 You will get a good seat if you _ first
20 If Margaret hadn’t been wearing a seat belt, she injured
A has been B would has been C would be D would have been
21 If I the rain yesterday, I ill
A had not caught / would have been B had not caught / would not have been
C have not caught / were not D have not caught / would have been
22 What if there a serious nuclear accident
C would happen / were D would happen / had been
23 If I hadn't stayed up so late last night, I so tired this morning
24 I in terrible trouble right now if you hadn't helped me
25 If I had a computer, I the assignment last night
A finished B have finished C would have finished D had finished
26 If you harder, you'd have passed the exam
Trang 8A had studied B have studied C studied D study
27 If you had lots of money, what ?
A do you do B will you do C would you do D have you done
28 I'd out with you if I weren't so tired
29 I'm sure your parents would have been happier if you harder before that important exam
A work B worked C have worked D had worked
30 Tom so careless if he'd known what would happen
A would have been B wouldn't have been C would be D wouldn't be
31 If she on time, I would have been surprised
A arrived B have arrived C had arrived D would arrive
32 We wouldn't the bus if we'd left home earlier
A have missed B had missed C will miss D would miss
33 If John had studied more, he better marks
34 If he had tried harder, he might
A succeed B have succeeded C be success D will succeed
35 If you had saved some money, you so hard up now
36 Why didn't you tell me? If you me, I would have helped
37 If he the money, he wouldn't be in prison now
A hadn't stolen B didn't steal C had stolen D stole
38 If Tim so fast, his car wouldn't have crashed into a tree
A didn't drive B hadn't driven C haven't driven D drives
39 What a bad luck! If Nam over, he would have won the race
A doesn't fall B didn't fall C hasn't fallen D hadn't fallen
40 If you me last week, I would have been able to come
A invited B had invited C would invite D would have invited
41 I'm sure your letter hasn't arrived yet If it had come, I'm sure I it
A will notice B noticed C would have noticed D would notice
42 Why didn't you phone? If I had known you were coming, I you at the airport
A would have met B would meet C met D had met
43 It's a pity you missed the party If you , you would have met my teacher from Australia
44 I wouldn't have resat the exam if I harder
45 If Jane , I wouldn't have been able to move the table
A didn't help B hadn't helped C hasn't helped D wouldn't help
46 Unless you me about Sue's hair, I wouldn't have noticed
47 “If I and my life depended on the solution, I would spend the first 55 minutes determining the proper
question to ask, for once I know the proper question, I could solve the problem in less than five minutes." Albert Einstein
A have an hour to solve a problem B had an hour solving a problem
C had had an hour to solve a problem D had an hour to solve a problem
48 If he had spent his youth learning anything, he himself for his lack of knowledge now
A will not blame B would not blame C would not have blamed D would blame
49 If he this homework to do, he would have gone out with his friends
50 Were my grandfather alive, he learning something new He was really a studious
Exercise 2: Mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.
Trang 91 Students will not be allowed into the exam room if they their student cards
A don’t produce B didn’t produce C produced D hadn’t produced
2 Without your help, I the technical problem with my computer the other day
A wouldn’t solve B couldn’t have solved C could solve D can’t solve
3 If Martin were here now, he us to solve this difficult problem
A would help B helps C will help D has helped
4 If he didn’t have to work today, he his children to the zoo
A will take B takes C would take D has taken
5 If you didn’t have to leave today, I you around the city
6 If our teacher were here now, he us with this difficult exercise
A has helped B helps C will help D would help
7 If he were younger, he a professional running competition now
A will join B had joined C would have joined D would join
8 If you watch this film, you about the cultures of Southeast Asian countries
A learned B were learning C will learn D would learn
9 If he were better qualified, he get the job
10 If life predictable it would cease to be life, and be without flavor
11 That sounds like a good offer I it if I you
12 If he improved his IT skills, he a job
A will easily get B would easily get
C will easily have got D would easily have got
13 If it had not rained last night, the roads in the city so slippery now
C could not have been D would not have been
14 ten minutes earlier, you would have got a better seat
15 If it their encouragement, he could have given it up
A hadn’t been for B wouldn’t have been for C had been for D hadn’t been
16 But for his kind support, I
A would not have succeeded B did not succeed
17 - Jean: “Why didn’t you tell me about the plans for the merge?” - Jack: “I would have told you .”
C you had asked to me D you were asking me
18 We on the beach now if we hadn't missed the plane
A will lie B could be lying C will be lying D might have lain
19 anyone call, just say I'll be back in the office at four o'clock
20 me twice my current salary, I wouldn't work for them
C Were they not to pay D Had they not paid
21 If we , the work would have been completed, I’m sure
A hadn’t been disturbed B weren’t disturbed
22 The palace is so heavy and massive that no redecoration can make it look like a little gracious villa Even if we
it pink, which, of course, is out of the question
A would paint B had painted C were to paint D paint
Trang 1023 Well, you see, if I up in a neighborhood where drink problems were endemic, I might find these jokes really
funny
A wouldn’t be brought B weren’t brought C didn’t bring D hadn’t been brought
24 If, as Mark says, the landlord so surprised seeing the group, he must have forgotten the arrangement
25 I’m glad I managed to talk Sandra out of buying a dog If I , we would now be looking for a pet-friendly
hotel
26 she to call you immediately, what would you do?
27 If Karol Wojtyia elected Pope, there wouldn’t be so many Poles visiting Rome every year now
A wasn’t to be B weren’t C hadn’t been D wouldn’t have been
28 Who will pay for the coach if almost two fifths of the passengers a free ride?
A will receive B are to be given C were to give D would receive
29 Don’t tell me I acted too quickly I’m sure nobody in my place a minute longer
A would have to wait B would wait
C would be able to wait D would have waited
30 The company’s situation is hopeless and I can’t see what the new president might do to improve it; even if he
a genius, which he is not
Exercise 3: Mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the sentence that is closest in meaning to each of the following questions.
1 I didn't have an umbrella with me, so I got wet
A Since I got wet, I didn't have an umbrella with me B My umbrella helped me to get wet
C I wouldn’t have got wet if I had had an umbrella with me D I got wet, so I didn't have an umbrella
2 Unless you leave me alone, I'll call the police
A I'll call the police because you leave me alone B I'll call the police if you don't leave me alone
C If you leave me alone, I'll call the police D You leave me alone, so I'll call the police
3 If you hadn't told me about the changes in the timetable, I wouldn't have noticed
A You hadn't told me about the changes in the timetable, so I didn't notice
B Unless you had told me about the changes in the timetable, I wouldn't have noticed
C If you had told me about the changes in the timetable, I would have noticed
D Unless you tell me about the changes in the timetable, I won't notice
4 If I had known the reason why she was absent from class, I would have told you
A I knew the reason why she was absent from class, but I didn't tell you
B Unless I knew the reason why she was absent from class, I wouldn't tell you
C I didn't know the reason why she was absent from class, so I didn't tell
D Although I knew the reason why she was absent from class, I didn't tell you
5 But for your carelessness, you could have been a partner in the firm
A If it hadn't been your carelessness, you could have been a partner in the firm
B Your carelessness was only thing to prevent being a partner in the firm
C It was your carelessness that made you impossible to be a partner in the firm
D You could have been a partner in the firm, but you were so careless
6 Without skillful surgery, he would not have survived the operation
A With skillful surgery, he would have survived the operation
B Had it not been for skillful surgery, he would have survived the operation
C But for skillful surgery, he would not have survived the operation
D He wouldn't have survived the operation if he hadn't skillful surgery
7 We could not handle the situation without you
A You didn't help us handle the situation
B If you had not helped us, we could not have handled the situation
C If you did not help us, we could not handle the situation