Tiểu luận môn Phân Tích Diễn Ngôn The Old Man and the Sea

He saw the phosphorescence of the Gulf weed in the water as he rowed over the part of the ocean that the fishermen called the great well because there was a sudden deep of seven hundred

HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITYFACULTY OF ENGLISH -

ASSIGNMENT ON DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

Hanoi, 2021

0HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITYFACULTY OF ENGLISH

Hà Nội, 2021

TABLE OF CONTENT

I INTRODUCTION……….3

II PROVE THE TEXT IS WRITTEN LANGUAGE……… 8

III GRAMMATICAL AND LEXICAL COHESIVE DEVICES………9

3.1 Grammatical Cohesive Devices……….9

3.2 Lexical Cohesive Devices………13

IV TRANSLATE INTO VIETNAMESE……… 14

V REFERENCES……… 24

I INTRODUCTION

The Old Man and the Sea is a short novel written by the American author Ernest Hemingway in 1951 in Cayo Blanco (Cuba) and published in 1952 It was the last major work of fiction written by Hemingway that was published during his lifetime One of his most famous works, it tells the story of Santiago, an aging Cuban fisherman who struggles with a giant marlin far out in the Gulf Stream off the coast of Cuba

The central character is an old Cuban fisherman named Santiago, who has not caught a fish for 84 days The family of his apprentice, Manolin, has forced the boy

to leave the old fisherman, though Manolin continues to support him with food andbait Santiago is a mentor to the boy, who cherishes the old man and the life lessons

he imparts Convinced that his luck must change, Santiago takes his skiff far out into the deep waters of the Gulf Stream, where he soon hooks a giant marlin With all his great experience and strength, he struggles with the fish for three days, admiring its strength, dignity, and faithfulness to its identity; its destiny is as true asSantiago’s as a fisherman He finally reels the marlin in and lashes it to his boat However, Santiago’s exhausting effort goes for naught Sharks are drawn to the tethered marlin, and, although Santiago manages to kill a few, the sharks eat the fish, leaving behind only its skeleton

The following passage in this assignment is at the beginning of the novel when Santiago says goodbye to Manolin and decided to start fishing alone in the Gulf Stream

THE OLD MAN AND THE SEA

(Ernest Hemingway)

The boy was back now with the sardines and the two baits wrapped in a

newspaper and they went down the trail to the skiff, feeling the pebbled sand under their feet, and lifted the skiff and slid her into the water

“Good luck old man.” (5)

“Good luck,” the old man said He fitted the rope lashings of the onto the thole pins and, leaning forward against the thrust of the blades in the water, he began to row out of the harbour in the dark There were other boats from the other beaches going out to sea and the old man heard the dip and push of their oars even

though he could not see them now the moon was below the hills (10)

Sometimes someone would speak in a boat But most of the boats were silent except for the dip of the oars

They spread apart after they were out of the mouth of the harbour and each one

headed for the part of the ocean where he hoped to find fish The old man knew

he was going far out and he left the smell of the land behind and rowed out (15) into the clean early morning smell of the ocean He saw the phosphorescence of the Gulf weed in the water as he rowed over the part of the ocean that the

fishermen called the great well because there was a sudden deep of seven hundred fathoms where all sorts of fish congregated because of the swirl the current made against the steep walls of the floor the ocean Here there were concentrations (20)

of shrimp and bait fish and sometimes schools of squid in the deepest holes and

these rose close to the surface at night where all the wandering fish fed on them

In the dark the old man could feel the morning coming and as he rowed he heard the trembling sound as flying fish left the water and the hissing that their stiff set wings made as they soared away in the darkness He was very fond of flying (25)

fish as they were his principal friends on the ocean He was sorry for the birds,

especially the small delicate dark terns that were always flying and looking and

almost never finding, and he thought, the birds have a harder life than we do except for the robber birds and the heavy strong ones Why did they make birds so delicate and fine as those sea swallows when the ocean can be so cruel? She (30)

is kind and very beautiful But she can be so cruel and it comes so suddenly and

such birds that fly, dipping and hunting, with their small sad voices are made too

delicately for the sea

He always thought of the sea as la mar which is what people call her in Spanish

when they love her Sometimes those who love her say bad things of her but they are always said as though she were a woman Some of the younger fishermen, (36) those who used buoys as floats for their lines and had motorboats, bought when the shark livers had brought much money, spoke of her as el mar which is

masculine They spoke of her as a contestant or a place or even an enemy But the

old man always thought of her as feminine and as something that gave or (40)

withheld great favours, and if she did wild or wicked things it was because she

could not help them

The moon affects her as it does a woman, he thought He was rowing steadily and

it was no effort for him since he kept well within his speed and the surface of the

ocean was flat except for the occasional swirls of the current He was letting (45)

the current do a third of the work and as it started to be light he saw he was alreadyfurther out than he had hoped to be at this hour

I worked the deep wells for a week and did nothing, he thought Today I’ll work out where the schools of bonito and albacore are and maybe there will be a big one with them Before it was really light he had his baits out and was drifting with (50) the current One bait was down forty fathoms The second was at seventy-five and

the third and fourth were down in the blue water at one hundred and one hundred

and twenty-five fathoms

Each bait hung head down with the shank of the hook inside the bait fish, tied and

sewed solid and all the projecting part of the hook, the curve and the point, (55) was covered with fresh sardines Each sardine was hooked through both eyes so

that they made a half-garland on the projecting steel There was no part of the hookthat a great fish could feel which was not sweet smelling and good tasting

The boy had given him two fresh small tunas, or albacores, which hung on (60)

the two deepest lines like plummets and, on the others, he had a big blue runner and a yellow jack that had been used before; but they were in good condition still and had the excellent sardines to give them scent and attractiveness Each line, as thick around as a big pencil, was looped onto a green-sapped stick so that any pull

or touch on the bait would make the stick dip and each line had two (65)

forty-fathom coils which could be made fast to the other spare coils so that, if it were necessary, a fish could take out over three hundred fathoms of line

Now the man watched the dip of the three sticks over the side of the skiff and rowed gently to keep the lines straight up and down and at their proper depths It was quite light and any moment now the sun would rise (70)

The sun rose thinly from the sea and the old man could see the other boats, low

on the water and well in toward the shore, spread out across the current Then the

sun was brighter and the glare came on the water and then, as it rose clear, the flat

sea sent it back at his eyes so that it hurt sharply and he rowed without looking into it He looked down into the water and watched the lines that went straight(75) down into the dark of the water He kept them straighter than anyone did, so that

at each level in the darkness of the stream there would be a bait waiting exactly where he wished it to be for any fish that swam there Others let them drift with the current and sometimes they were at sixty fathoms when the fishermen thought

they were at a hundred (80)

But, he thought, I keep them with precision Only I have no luck any more But who knows? Maybe today Every day is a new day It is better to be lucky But I would rather be exact Then when luck comes you are ready

The sun was two hours higher now and it did not hurt his eyes so much to look

into the east There were only three boats in sight now and they showed very (85)

low and far inshore

All my life the early sun has hurt my eyes, he thought Yet they are still good In

the evening I can look straight into it without getting the blackness It has more

force in the evening too But in the morning it is painful.

Just then he saw a man-of-war bird with his long black wings circling in (90)

the sky ahead of him He made a quick drop, slanting down on his back-swept

wings, and then circled again

“He’s got something,” the old man said aloud “He’s not just looking.”

He rowed slowly and steadily toward where the bird was circling He did not

hurry and he kept his lines straight up and down But he crowded the current (95)

a little so that he was still fishing correctly though faster than he would have fished if he was not trying to use the bird

The bird went higher in the air and circled again, his wings motionless Then he

dove suddenly and the old man saw flying fish spurt out of the water and sail

desperately over the surface (100)

“Dolphin,” the old man said aloud “Big dolphin.”

He shipped his oars and brought a small line from under the bow It had a wire

leader and a medium-sized hook and he baited it with one of the sardines He let it

go over the side and then made it fast to a ring bolt in the stern Then he baited another line and left it coiled in the shade of the bow.He went back to rowing(105) and to watching the long-winged black bird who was working, now, low over the

water

II PROVE THE TEXT IS WRITEN LANGUAGE

- Grammar:

 Sentences in the above passage have more information packed into it

 There are many complex sentences in the passage

 The syntax of this text is much more structured than that of normal spoken language

For example:

“ The boy was back now with the sardines and the two baits wrapped in a

newspaper and they went down the trail to the skiff, feeling the pebbled sand under their feet, and lifted the skiff and slid her into the water…”

“ The boy had given him two fresh small tunas, or albacores, which hung on the two deepest lines like plummets and, on the others, he had a big blue runner and a yellow jack that had been used before; but they were in good condition still and had the excellent sardines to give them scent and attractiveness…”

- Lexical density: There are many lexical words and function words in the text.

For example:

“…Then the sun was brighter and the glare came on the water and then, as it rose clear, the flat sea sent it back at his eyes so that it hurt sharply and he rowed

without looking into it…”

In that sentence, the content/lexical words are sun, glare, water, it, flat sea, eyes, ; the function words are then, was, and, as, so,…

- Situation:

 No common situation Inferred from the text

 Words carry all shades of meaning

 Making assumptions about the reader’s state of knowledge

III GRAMMATICAL AND LEXICAL COHESIVE DEVICES

3.1 GRAMMATICAL COHESION:

3.1.1 Reference

3.1.1.1 Exophoric reference:

"the moon" (line 10);

"the ocean" (line 20, 30);

"the morning" (line 23);

"the sea" (line 34);

"the sun" (line70, 71, 72);

3.1.1.2 Endophoric reference:

 Personal Reference:

"her" (line 4): refers to “skiff” (line 3); Anaphoric;

"their" (line 9); "them" (line 10): refers to “other boats” (line 8); Anaphoric;

"they" (line 13); refers to members on the boats; Anaphoric;

"each one" (line 13): refers to each member on the boats; Anaphoric;

"he" (line 14): refers to member on the boats; Anaphoric;

"he" (line 6, 7, 34, 16, 25, 26, 28, 43, 44, 45, 50, 61, 76, 74, 90, 94, 104); “He” (line 75, 76, 102, 105); "him" (line 44, 60); "his" (line 50, 74, 84, 95, 102); "He" (line 102, 105): refers to “the old man” (title); Anaphoric;

"them" (line 22): refers to "shrimp and bait fish and schools of squid" (line 21);

Anaphoric

"she" (line 30, 31): refers to “the ocean” (line 30); Anaphoric;

"their" (line 32): refers to "the birds" (line 28); Anaphoric;

"her" (line 34, 35, 38, 39, 40); "she" (line 36, 41): refers to "the sea" (line30); Anaphoric;

"they" (line 35): refers to "people love the ocean" (line 35); Anaphoric;

"their"(line 37); "they" (line 39): refers to "some of the younger fishermen" (line 36); Anaphoric;

"they" (line 62): refers to " big blue runner and a yellow jack" (line 61); Anaphoric;

"it" (line 74): refers to "the glare" (line 73); Anaphoric;

"them" (line 78, 76); "they" (line 79): refers to "the lines" (line 75); Anaphoric;

"they" (line 87); "it" (line 89): refers to the old man's eyes; Anaphoric;

"He" (line 91, 93); "his" (line 91, 98); “he” (line 98): refers to "a man-of-war bird" (line 90); Anaphoric;

"It" (line 102, 103, 104, 105): refers to "a small line" (line 102); Anaphoric;

 Demonstrative Reference:

"Then" (line 83); Anaphoric;

"here" (line 20): refers to “the great well” (line 18); Anaphoric;

"these" (line 22): refers to “shrimp and bait fish and schools of squid” (line 21); Anaphoric;

"then" (line 72); Anaphoric;;

"that" (line 75): refers to "the lines" (line 75); Anaphoric;;

"there" (line 77, 78); refers to “each level in the darkness of the stream” (line 77); Anaphoric;;

 Comparative Reference:

"such" (line 31); Anaphoric;;

"as" (line 73); Anaphoric;;

 The:

"the ocean" (line 14, 16, 17, 26, 42); Anaphoric;

"the sea" (title, 33); Anaphoric;

"the moon" (line 43); Anaphoric;

"the" (line 106); Anaphoric;

"the birds" (line 28); Anaphoric;

"the sun" (line 84); Anaphoric;

"the" (line 6, 11, 12); Anaphoric;

"the bird" (line 97, 98, 94): Anaphoric;

3.1.2 Substitution (Here I find words in a sentence that can be used interchangeably)

"ones" (line 29): "birds"; Nominal Substitution

"one" (line 49): refers to "bonito and albacore"; Nominal Substitution

"do" (line 28): refers to "live"; Verbal Substitution

"does"(line 43): refers to "affects"; Verbal Substitution

"did" (line 76): refers to "kept"; Verbal Substitution

3.1.3 Ellipsis ( I found the words are omitted from sentence) that writer assumes are obvious from the context and therefore need not be raised.

"The second" (line 51): refers to the second bait; Nominal Ellipsis.

"the third and fourth" (line 52): refers to the third bait, the fourth bait ; Nominal

Ellipsis;

3.1.4 Conjunction ( I found the words or relative words that have the function

of linking sentences in that text)

 Adversative:

"Yet" (line 87); "but" (line 35, 62); "But" (line 82); Contrastive Relation

"though" (line 96); "Only" (line 81); "But" (line 31, 11, 39, 81, 95); Adversative Relation 'Proper';