Introduce the pharmacology your paper should clearly present the following information

Pharmacokinetics is more focused on how the body affects the drug, in terms of absorption, metabolism, distribution and elimination.. This is broken down into four main themes: drug abso

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Category Scoring Criteria Total Point

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Scor e

Organizatio

n

(10 points)

The layout is appropriate for the topic and audience 5 Information is presented in a logical sequence 5

Content

(30 points)

Introduction is attention-getting, lays out the problem well, and establishes a framework for the rest of the

Technical terms are well-defined in language appropriate for the target audience 5 Information is presented accurately 5 Material included is relevant to the overall message 5 Visual aids are well prepared, informative, effective,

The writer completes the task with about 1,000 words 5

Language

Use

(60 points)

The writer can exhibit a logical and coherent sequence throughout and smooth transitions between ideas 15 The writer can use a wide variety of vocabulary that

The writer can use a wide range of structure with full flexibility and accuracy with rare minor errors 15 The writer can fully address all parts of the task with

relevant, fully extended and well supported ideas 15

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(bằng số) (bằng chữ) Điểm Giảng viên chấm 1 (Họ tên & chữ ký) Giảng viên chấm 2 (Họ tên & chữ ký)

TOPIC 4

Introduce the pharmacology Your paper should clearly present the following information:

• differences between pharmacology and pharmacy

• subdisciplines of pharmacology

• pharmacodynamics

• pharmacokinetics

Your paper should contain about 1,000 words and 3 images with captions

The health sector plays an important role in public health care, disease treatment, ensuring healthy life for people to study and work as well as ensuring people’s life quality Therefore, it can be affirmed that the health sector plays a great role in socio-economic development In the array of health, pharmacology is a key factor in helping

research institutions to produce new drugs with higher specificity, constantly improving treatment efficiency

• differences between pharmacology and pharmacy

Image 1: differences between pharmacology and pharmacy

Source: https://worldscholarshipforum.com/pharmacology-vs-pharmacy/

Pharmacy is an area of primary focus on patient care by providing drug-related information to patients and other healthcare professionals They are drug experts involved

in drug design and development, distribution and safe use to protect the public about drugs

On the other hand, pharmacology is the study of changes, reactions or reactions to a chemical substance in a living organism It is more related to drugs and other chemicals, such as the interaction of toxins in organisms Pharmacology is the more specific division concerned with the action and use of drugs

• Subdisciplines of pharmacology

Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics are the two main areas of pharmacology Pharmacodynamics focuses on the effect of a drug on the biology of the body Pharmacokinetics is more focused on how the body affects the drug, in terms of absorption, metabolism, distribution and elimination

Pharmacodynamics is based on the study of how medicinal substances affect receptors

in the body and how these effects can be beneficial for certain purposes

Pharmacokinetics studies how the body reacts when a drug is introduced into the body's system This is broken down into four main themes: drug absorption, distribution around the body, metabolism to other substances, and excretion from the body (ADME for short)

• pharmacodynamics

Image: Determination of pharmacodynamics

Source:

https://www.adamondemand.com/AODHome/AODProductDetails/Understanding

FoundationalPharmacodynamics

Pharmacodynamics is the study of the effects of a drug on the human and animal body or on the microorganisms or parasites contained in it This discipline analyzes drug interactions with living organisms at different levels: molecule, cell, tissue, organ, and the whole organism That is, observing the response of both cells and organs to understand the entire response Thanks to these tests, pharmacodynamics allows us to know how long the drug will take effect, which part of the body it works or if there are any side effects This includes several key elements as follows:

Selectivity of action in pharmacodynamics

Selectivity is the ability of each drug to "choose" where it should work in an organism Each drug has a greater or lesser degree of selectivity and this is also analyzed pharmacodynamically Some drugs are applied directly where their action is required Eye drops or skin ointments are examples of this However, most drugs enter the body by injection or by mouth In these cases, the drug enters the system and "chooses" which organs to act on In these cases, three different degrees of selectivity can be observed There are drugs that are practically nonselective because their effects are directed simultaneously to several organs or tissues Atropine, for example, is intended to relax the muscles of the digestive

system but can also induce relaxation of the muscles of the respiratory system Other drugs are relatively selective because their effects are directed at any

affected area For example, Ibuprofen acts on any part of the body that is inflamed Finally, there are other very selective drugs that only work on a specific organ This is the case with digoxin, which is used for heart failure and only works on the heart Selectivity, rather than the ability to "select", refers to the compatibility of

chemical compounds with the biological structure of the organism

Interactions with receptors and enzymes

The effect of drugs depends on their interaction with certain elements of the organism It must be remembered that each drug has specific forms of interaction with receptors and enzymes and this depends on its function

The receptors can be defined as the gateway to the cells They are molecules on their surface and allow only those substances that are necessary for their normal functioning These are usually substances that the body produces naturally, such as hormones or neurotransmitters These substances are only compatible with the

receptors of those cells that need them to perform their basic functions

• Pharmacokinetics

Image: The principles of ADME

Source: https://toolbox.eupati.eu/glossary/pharmacokinetics/

Depending on the nature of the drug and the goal of treatment, people can introduce drugs into the body in different ways But either way, the drug enters the bloodstream

at different speeds to get to where it is needed The fate of drugs in the body depends

on four processes (Pharmacokinetics): absorption, distribution, metabolism and

excretion These four processes can occur simultaneously or sequentially There are many factors that affect the fate of a drug in the body such as the nature of the drug, dosage form, route of administration, factors in the patient's body

1 Absorption:

Absorption is the entry of a drug into the body’s general circulatory system To select the appropriate drug delivery route, it is necessary to base on the treatment purpose , the nature of the drug, the dosage form, the patient's medical condition, etc

The way the drug is introduced into the body greatly affects the absorption and effects

of the drug There are many ways to get drug into the body, which are gastrointestinal, gastrointestinal, parenteral, inhalation, and transdermal

2 Distribution:

Once absorbed, the drug enters the bloodstream to be transported to the sites of action

In the blood, drugs can exist in two forms:

 Free form

 Conjugated form of plasma proteins

Some drugs may be partially broken down in the bloodstream

3 Metabolism:

Metabolism is the process by which a drug is changed in the body by the action of enzymes Through metabolism, most drugs are usually reduced or losttheir effectiveness and toxicity is reduced or eliminated So metabolism is the process by which the body detoxifies the drug

Some drugs have metabolites that retain the same pharmacological effects as the parent drug, but the extent may vary slightly Some drugs work only after being metabolized

The liver is the most important organ in drug metabolism In addition, drug metabolism can also occur in other organs such as kidneys, lungs, blood

4 Excretion of drugs:

Excretion of a drug is the process of reducing drug concentration in the body The drug is eliminated from the body mainly by the kidneys, but can also be eliminated by other routes such as the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, through skin, sweat, breast milk or tears Some drugs can be eliminated simultaneously by different routes, but usually each drug has a major route of elimination depending on its chemical nature and structure, dosage form and route of administration

Basis to decide on the treatment drug for the patient, necessary dose of each drug, interval between the drug administration or the dose adjustment in case of physiological and pathological abnormalities

Good suggestion in dosage form selection and formulation improvement to create drug formulations with desired pharmacokinetic parameters

Introduction to Pharmacokinetics. (n.d.) Retrieved from

https://www.ashp.org/-/media/store%20files/p2418-sample-chapter-1.pdf

Katzung, B G (n.d.) Basic & Clinical Pharmacology Fourteenth Edition a LANGE

medical

Shargel L., Yu AB (n.d.) Applied Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics

Ulka Vaishampayan M.D, Ralph E Parchment Ph.D, Bhaskara RJasti Ph.D, Maha

Hussain M.D (n.d.) Taxanes: an overview of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics