Renewable energy to meet energy demand a

Renewable Energy to Meet Energy Demand and Mitigate Climate Change Renewable Energy to Meet Energy Demand and Mitigate Climate Change Md.. Renewable energy sources like bioenergy, geoth

Renewable Energy to Meet Energy Demand and Mitigate Climate Change

Renewable Energy to Meet Energy Demand and Mitigate Climate Change

Md Musfiqur Rahman Bhuiya, Hossain Mohiuddin, Khandaker Nabid Morshed, Ahmad Jami Safayet Undergraduate Student, Level 3, Term 2, Department of Urban and Regional Planning,

BUET

Abstract

In today’s world, energy supply is facing two basic problems i.e limitation of fossil fuels and climate change caused by greenhouse gas emission We have to identify an unlimited source of energy with zero emission from fuels in this regard Renewable energy sources like bioenergy, geothermal energy, hydroelectricity, wind energy can be integrated into our present and future energy system as they are the energy sources endowed with a large potential to displace emission of greenhouse gases from fossil fuels and hence to mitigate climate change.

Keywords: Solar energy, Biogas, Hydroelectricity, Wind energy, Climate change.

INTRODUCTION

World’s energy demand is augmenting day by

day and so is the GHG gas emission leading to

climate change and so is the case with

Bangladesh Bangladesh is experiencing an

increased demand of fossil fuel at present The

country’s per capita annual energy consumption

is about 171 kgoe, which is much below the

world average of 1778 kgoe (IEA, 2007)

Whether if we have had sufficient supply of

fossil fuel, oil, coal to meet this energy demand,

there will be enormous emission of greenhouse

gases, extreme rise time in temperature and

drought, rise in sea-level and increased

frequency of flood as an ultimate consequence

climate change The only solution of this

dilemma is use of increased use of renewable

energy For this reason, under Clean

Development Management Project under Kyoto

Protocol, there was a special focus on renewable

energy to mitigate climate change

CHANGE AND MEET ENERGY DEMAND

BANGLADESH Solar Energy Solar energy, most abundant source of energy, being non-material is pollution free Photovoltaic cells converts sunlight directly to energy without enrolment of any chemical reaction, so there is no emission of pollutants Producing hydrogen as solar fuel is a completely clean technology; no hazardous wastes or climate changing byproducts are formed and only sunshine and water are required as inputs

to the process Bangladesh is situated between 20”43’ north and 26”38’ north latitude and as such Bangladesh is in a very favorable position

in respect of the utilization of solar energy Annual amount of radiation varies from 1840 to

1575 kwh/sqm which is 50-100% higher than in Europe So, the average yearly direct solar energy available in the country of Bangladesh is 9.07 X 10^8 TJ estimated to be 25610 million tons of coal equivalents So, the average yearly direct solar energy available in the country of

Renewable Energy to Meet Energy Demand and Mitigate Climate Change

Bangladesh is 9.07 X 10^8 TJ estimated to be

25610 million tons of coal equivalents which is

623 times larger than annual energy

consumption of 1.465380 X 10^6 TJ

Wind Energy

Wind is the cleanest energy source to produce

energy from its kinetic energy possessing a high

potential to provide mechanical energy or

electricity without generating pollutants IPCC

2012 report reveals that in year 2009 wind

energy was capable of meeting 1.8% energy

demand of the world and 20% of the energy

demand in year 2050 by its expansion as an

alternative source of greenhouse gas producing

fossil fuel or oil Estimation of global technical

potential for onshore and offshore energy ranges

from 70-450 EJ/year and 15-130 EJ/year

respectively (IPCC, 2012) Bangladesh has a

724 km long coast line and many small islands

in the Bay of Bengal where strong

south-westerly trade wind and sea-breeze blow in the

summer months and there is gentle

north-easterly trade wind and land breeze in winter

months which are suitable for driven pumps and

electricity generation in coastal areas The

Bangladesh Power Development Board has

estimated that wind energy can contribute to

10% of the energy needs of the country Great

potentiality of wind speed in shore areas can

trim down dependency on carbon-di-oxide

producing diesel for the industries in coastal

areas where electrical grid is unavailable such as

Chittagong, Chokoria, Coxs Bazar or difficult to

extend grid connection to island like

Maheskhali

Bioenergy

Bioenergy with advanced and efficient

conversion system are able to deliver 80-90%

reduction in GHG emission when used instead

of fossil fuels (IPCC 2012) Incomplete combustion of fossil fuels releases CO, CO2, methane, particle materials that have a negative effect for local climate change and ecosystem When biomass is harvested renewably—for example, from standing trees or agricultural residues, CO2 already emitted to the atmosphere

is sequestered as biomass re-grows The twin effect of bioenergy (Reducing GHGs and preventing air pollution) has been described quantitatively for biogas below:

1m3 cattle manure = 22.5 m3 biogas = 146 kWh gross = 36 kg CO2 Emissions

1 m3 biogas (up to 65% methane) = 0.5 l fuel oil = 1.6 kg CO2

1 m3 biogas = 5.5 kg fire wood = 11 kg CO2 (Energypedia, 2012)

When applied for industrial or municipal wastewater treatment, surface waters and other water resources (rivers, sea, ground and drinking water resources) are being protected Bangladesh has a bright future in biogas technology due to available supply of raw materials Cattle dung available from 22 million cows and buffaloes is nearly 0.22 million tons One ton of dung can produce 37 m3 of biogas Besides, a substantial amount of biogas can be produced from human and other animal excreta, garbage and water hyacinth

Available cattle dung can produce 2.97 x 109 m3 of gas which is equivalent to 1.52 x 106 tons

of kerosene or 3.04 x 106 tons of coal (Energypedia, 2012) The share of transport sector in the total consumption of petroleum products is about 54% which implies transport sector is responsible for 54% greenhouse house emission in Bangladesh (ECEEE 2009, SUMMER STUDY) Due to twin effect of biodiesel, it can evolve as an alternative of fuel for motorized vehicle for mitigating climate

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Renewable Energy to Meet Energy Demand and Mitigate Climate Change

change effect by reducing emissions of

pollutants from transport sector in Bangladesh

Hydroelectricity

Hydroelectricity is an eco-friendly clean power

generation method based on energy of moving

water falling from upper to lower elevation

Electricity produced from it does not depend on

fossil fuel and hence reduces environmental

pollution The scope of hydropower generation

is very limited in Bangladesh because of its plain terrains except in some hilly region in the northeast and southeast parts of the country However there are lots of canals, tributaries of main river Karnafuli, Shangu, Matamuhuri as well as tiny waterfalls having good potentials for setting up mini/micro hydropower unit in Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT) region

Table 1:Contribution of Renewable Energy to mitigate climate change and meet energy demand

Renewable energy source Impact on mitigating climate Contribution to meet energy

Well-designed passive produced by electrolysis solar systems decrease

photo -biological process comfort heating

 Solar cooling and heating existing buildings and and electricity production about 40% for new from photovoltaic cell do buildings.(IPCC, 2012) not require gasoline and



As of the end of 2009,

no emissionof pollutant the installed capacity for gas as it does not emit PV power production pollutant gas while no was about 22 GW gasoline is required to run (IPCC, 2012)

The EPIA shows that by



reduces carbon dioxide systems could be

kilograms annually.( approximately 1.8 TW Climate and Development of electricity around the

 Damage of surface plane, 

By reducing corrosion crack and corrosion of or damage of surfaces it

Renewable Energy to Meet Energy Demand and Mitigate Climate Change

structures, affecting the reduces the amount of environment, can be both maintenance cost somewhat protected by and energy required covering or occupying the



It will pave the way to

structures by solar sensor well as structures self



By absorbing energy the introducing a zero solar panels can reduce power house temperature at a micro- 

The efficiency of solar climate scale and intensity energy charged sources

of heat island effect are about 20% higher



has a positive impact on precipitation rate of vegetation which is directly related to storage

of surface and ground water

Wind energy



In year 2009 wind contribution is shown to energy was capable of grow to 21 to 25% by year meeting 1.8% energy

2050 to reduce greenhouse demand of the world

 Due to non-chemical demand in year 2050 energy generation process,

 Offshore energy ranges

no C02 is produced from 70-450 EJ/year

(IPCC, 2012) 

Onshore energy ranges from 15-130 EJ/year (IPCC, 2012)

Efficient and advanced 

2050 Technical

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title

The overall mitigation

Agricultural residue:15-70

Dedicated biomass production

coming from the forest

on surplus agricultural

sector is estimated to

700

reach 400 Mt CO2/yr up

Dung:5-50

It provides the options

 With proper use of the



Biogas production system



excessive free organic matters in environment 

Hydroelectricity



Hydropower by the end source of energy, as it of 2008 contributed burns no fuel and does not 16% of worldwide produce greenhouse gas electricity supply

(GHG) emissions, other

 Worldwide total pollutants, or wastes installed hydropower associated with fossil fuels capacity in 2009was



emissions factor 4 to 18 3,551 TWh/yr

Renewable Energy to Meet Energy Demand and Mitigate Climate Change

kilowatt-hour is 36 to 167 times lower than the

emissions produced by

 IEA (2008) suggests

(IPCC, from 2005 to 2050 2012)

 Power generation capacity by different hydropower project: Large facilitated Hydro Power Plant:>10 GW Low Hydropower Plant: less than 10 GW

Plant: Up to 100 KW Pico Hydropower Plant:

(Wikipedia)

COST EFFECTIVENESS OF RENEWABLE

ENERGY

Solar energy:

Cost effectiveness of solar energy cannot be

observed in the initial stage But it will be

beneficial for the whole economy and the

environment in the long run In the global

market a Photovoltaic (PV) single 100 MW

solar plant cost about 300 million dollar and

also cost is dropping in a huge amount day by

day On the other hand a 100 MW coal based

plant needs about 250 million dollars and this

price is increasing day by day(Shannon, J.B,

2012) A 100 MW diesel based power plant cost

of 100 million dollars in Bangladesh

(BBS,2012) But in the case of solar energy the

fuel cost is zero and very low maintenance cost

which is only 5% of the total cost (Shannon,

J.B, 2012) But in the case of coal and diesel

plant huge amount of coal and diesel needed for

the plant for each unit production of electricity These fuel prices are increasing day by day So

in the long run it becomes very much expensive than solar based panel

Also solar panel can establish to produce in very distant villages where electricity lines have not reached So this solar energy is cost effective and necessary for a developing country like Bangladesh

In the context of climate change mitigation solar energy plays an important role in climate change effect mitigation A 100MW plant produces

164000 tons of CO2 and to dissolve this amount

of CO2 extra physical and environmental cost is needed (Shannon, J.B, 2012).On the other environmental cost of solar plant is zero So from economic, environmental and development

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Renewable Energy to Meet Energy Demand and Mitigate Climate Change

perspective a solar energy is cost effective than

any other traditional source of energy

Wind energy:

Wind energy is another source of renewable

energy which is economical than traditional

source of energy For constructing a wind plant

capital cost of average 1 million dollar is needed

for per MW energy production Running and

operation cost is very low and need zero fuel

cost for electricity production It is found that

average 1KWh wind electricity production cost

is 03 dollars where most natural gas plant cost

is 08 dollar and petroleum fuel based need 11

dollars (Morgan,J, 2012) which are traditionally

most commonly using in Bangladesh So wind

will be very much economical Bangladesh than

the traditional power plants

Biogas plant:

Bangladesh is a agriculture base country Also it

has a huge amount of poultry and firm in its

village area So it will be very much cost

effective to these firms’ wastes to use them as

fuel in biogas plant Also uses of local material

will decrease the countries dependency on huge

amount of fuels for foreign countries It is found

that cost of 1KWh electricity production is only

.04 dollar which is very much lower than the

natural gas and petroleum based plant (Khan

E.U) Also it can establish easily in the rural

areas and availability of fuel very economical

Hydroelectricity:

Hydroelectricity is the most economical source

of energy production than any other techniques

The cost of 1KWh electricity from

hydroelectricity is 009 dollar only which very

lower than any other process

So the overall renewable energy is cost effective

in terms of electricity production than traditional

methods There are also invisible cost savings in

the renewable energy This renewable energy

generally uses local raw material, sun light,

wind and water velocity to produce electricity

So they save a huge amount fuels like diesel,

natural gas which Bangladesh have to import this from foreign countries This needs a huge amount of foreign reserve of the country Also these resources are scare So for long term energy solution renewable energy is economical and sustainable

BANGLADESH Solar Energy:

• The number of households in Bangladesh using solar panels is more than one million (IDCOL,2011)

• It has been targeted to produce 50 MW power within year 2012 by solar PV panel (REIN)

• LGED has installed total 40.5 kWp solar photo voltaic units have been installed under Sustainable Rural Energy project It encompassed diversified application of PV to illustrate solar home systems, growth centre electrification, cluster village power supply, electricity supply to the tourist resort, rural clinic, local govt institutions, tribal community, rural water supply etc (REIN, 2012) Grameen Shakti, IDCOL, different NGOs have also taken

up similar initiatives

• Under the rural electrification project it has been targeted to install 30000 solar home systems every year (World Bank, 2012)

• Since November 2010, the government has mandated the installation of roof-top solar panels on all new high-rise buildings

Wind Power:

• Wind energy can potentially generate more than 2000 megawatts of electricity in the coastal regions (Indian Review of Global Affairs, November 2011)

• Energy outputs from Kutubdia and Kuakata Wind Power System are about 200 MWh and 230 MWh respectively.(BCAS)

Renewable Energy to Meet Energy Demand and Mitigate Climate Change

• BRAC has installed 11 small wind

turbines in various coastal sites for power

generation.( BCAS)

• Grameen Shakti has installed two wind

generators of 300 W and 1 KW for shrimp

cultivation and 4 (3 X1.5 KW + 1X 10KW)

small wind generators in Borguna for electricity

supply Wind generators are aimed to provide

electricity for rice husking, sewing machine, ice

making.( BCAS)

• Kaptai Hydroelectricity Plant has a capacity of 230 MWe with annual electricity production of 833 GWh Feasibility study shows that on average 500GWh electricity can be produced from proposed plan on Matamuhuri and Sangu.( Bangladesh, 2010)

• LGED through Sustainable Rural Energy (SRE) Project has implemented first micro-hydro power unit at Bamerchara,

• LGED has setup wind pumps of 385 W Chittagong of capacity of the system was 4kW

at Coxs bazaar, Khustia, Tangail and other

places (BCAS)

Bioenergy:

• BCSIR has installed 22100 biogas

plants for cooking and electrification in rural

areas It has also installed around 2 lach

improved stove (REIN)

• GS installed about 5,333biogas plant

(IDCOL supported) and 370 commercial and

2000 domestic improved cook stoves Grameen

Shakti has taken a massive program for the

coming years which is aiming to install more 1

million biogas plants and 10 million improved

cook stoves by the year 2015

• LGED installed 1142 biogas plant

among which 2 was community based (LGED,

2008) LGED has installed biogas based power

generation unit of 10 KW at Faridpur and power

generation unit of 3.5 KW at Netrokona

(REIN)

• BRAC has installed 3000 biogas plants

There has been recent installation of 2 power

units of 800 Wp at Shaturia and Shafipur

Upazilla (REIN)

Hydroelectricity:

(REIN)

• SRE has identified 7 potential micro-hydropower sites from which power generation

of 135 KW is expected (REIN)

CONCLUSION Renewable energy is of great importance to meet the energy demand across the world by appearing as a substitute for fossil fuel By reducing emission of green house gases it is contributing to withstand against climate change This paper suggests that Bangladesh has

a great potentiality to use renewable energy effectively Besides it can be proved very much economically for a developing country like Bangladesh It is encouraging that Bangladesh is focusing on the use of renewable energy to meet its energy demand and hence to deal with climate change issue It can go further by increasing use of renewable energy to meet energy demand in an ecologically sustainable way

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