KINH tế PHÁT TRIỂN đề tài bất bình đẳng giới ở việt nam

So, President Ho Chi Minh, the founder of the modern Vietnamese State, has called on people toeliminate prejudice and historical injustice against women, The Party and the Stateattach mo

TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC NGÂN HÀNG THÀNH PHỐ

HỒ CHÍ MINHKHOA KINH TẾ QUỐC TẾ

TIỂU LUẬN MÔN : KINH TẾ PHÁT TRIỂN

Đề tài : Bất bình đẳng giới ở Việt Nam

GVHD: ThS Trần Mạnh Kiên

Họ và tên: Hoàng Vân Anh Lớp học phần: MES305_163_D03 MSSV: 030631151410

Hồ Chí Minh, 8/2017

President Ho Chi Minh said: “Every citizen is equal before the law Womenhave equal rights with men in terms of politics, economics, culture, society and thefamily” Gender equality is a global issue and is especially important for developingcountries, making it a challenge for the development of each country, region, ethnicgroup and locality

Vietnam is a country with a high population, the population structure is largelyyoung In 2016 the population of Viet Nam is 93421835 people, the proportion ofmen/women is 100%, but this rate is not uniform in all age groups, especially notablythe situation of male children more than female children, aged 0

– 4 years, have the highest gender difference rate of up to 111.6%, or 111.6 boys per

100 girls Today, there are not only gender differences, but the fact that genderinequality in different sectors of society is a real problem

Throughout the Vietnamese courtesy, the women condition is not respected,they are oppressed, suffering and unhappy, especially under feudalism So, President

Ho Chi Minh, the founder of the modern Vietnamese State, has called on people toeliminate prejudice and historical injustice against women, The Party and the Stateattach more importance to gender equality in the country's development But to thisday, the abuse of women is still widespread, despite the fact that the Party, the Stateand the entire people are deeply concerned about the issue The Party and the statehave many policies and solutions to address gender inequality issue

As a result, I chose to study gender inequality issues in Vietnam, which isextremely important for a country on the rise and integration with the world, to findthe cause, then come up with a solution, policy to be able to solve some part ofinequality in today's society

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

UNDP - United Nations Development Programme: Chương trình Phát triển Liên Hiệp Quốc

GDI – Gender – related Development Index: Chỉ số phát triển giới

GEM – Gender Empowerment Measurement: Chỉ số đo lường vị thế giới

GII – Gender Inequality Index: Chỉ số bất bình đẳng giới

OECD – Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development: Tổ chức Hợp tác và Phát triển Kinh tế

SRB – Sex ratio at birth: Tỷ số giới tính khi sinh

TSGTKS: Sex ratio at birth (Tỷ số giới tính khi sinh)

Oxfam: An international coalition of 20 organizations working together in more than 90 countries and working with partners and alliances around the world to find sustainable solutions to poverty and injustice (một liên minh quốc tế gồm 20 tổ chức cùng phối hợp hoạt động tại hơn 90 quốc gia và cùng làm việc với các đối tác và liên minh khác trên khắp thế giới để tìm giải pháp bền vững cho nghèo đói và bất công)

ACTU – Australian Council Trade Union: Hội đồng Công đoàn Thương mại Úc

Chapter 1: OVERVIEW OF GENDER INEQUALITY 5

1 Some concepts 5

2 The measurement of gender inequality 5

2.1 Gender – related Development Index (GDI) 5

2.2 Gender Empowerment Measurement (GEM) 5

2.3 Gender Inequality Index (GII) 5

Chapter 2: GENDER INEQUALITY SITUATION IN VIETNAM IN RECENT YEARS 6

1 Sex ratio at birth (SRB) 6

2 Gender inequality in education 8

3 Gender inequality in political - social participation 10

4 Gender inequality in the family 12

5 Inequality in labor and employment 13

6 Inequality in income 16

Chapter 3: CAUSE OF GENDER INEQUALITY 18

Chapter 4: SOLUTIONS TO OVERCOME GENDER INEQUALITY 19

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Chapter 1: OVERVIEW OF GENDER INEQUALITY

1 Some concepts

Gender is the social relationship between men and women and how therelationship is built up in society Gender reflects the difference between men andwomen in terms of social aspects These differences are formed in the learningprocess, they are diverse and can change over time, changing from one country toanother, from one culture to another in the specific context of a society due to social,historical, religious and economic factors

According to Article 5, Paragraph 3 of the Gender Equality Law of 2006,

"Gender equality means that men and women have equal positions, roles and aregiven opportunities and opportunities to develop their capacities for the development

of communities, the family, and come in for equally about the outcome of thatdevelopment So what is gender inequality? Gender inequality is the inequalitybetween men and women in their access to and use of resources, the enjoyment ofsocial achievements

2 The measurement of gender inequality

2.1 Gender – related Development Index (GDI)

GDI is aggregate data reflecting the state of gender equality, calculated on thebasis of average life expectancy, education level and per capita income of men andwomen (Article 5, Paragraph 9 of the Law on Gender Equality)

Gender – related Development Index (GDI) as close to 1, the more equal, and

as close to zero, the more unequal In 1995, Vietnam had GDI = 0.537 ranked 74/130nations; in 1999, Việt Nam had GDI = 0.662 ranked 91/174 nations, in there thenations with the highest GDI are Canada (GDI = 0.928); in 2005 GDI of Vietnam is0.702 ranked 83/140 nations

2.2 Gender Empowerment Measurement (GEM)

This indicator was introduced in 1995 Human Development Report along withthe GDI Gender Empowerment Measurement is a mixed indicator measuring genderinequality in three main areas is participation and political decision making,economic participation and decision making, and the power used by women foreconomic resources

Gender Empowerment Measurement consider how women and men canactively participate in the political economy and decision - making If GDI is focused

on expanding capabilities, GEM is interested in using those capabilities to benefittheir opportunities in social life

2.3 Gender Inequality Index (GII)

GII measures three essential aspects for women including reproductive health,empowerment, and participation in the labor market GII measures the shortage inthese three dimensions due to gender inequality The higher the GII (the

closer to value 1), the greater the inequality According to the Human DevelopmentReport 2010, the index of gender inequality in the OECD countries is quite low(index values above 0.3), while the inequality index is quite high in South Asian,African and Arab countries (UNDP, 2010, p.160)

(Nguồn: UNDP - Thứ bậc xét trong các nước và vùng lãnh thổ có số liệu so sánh)

Chapter 2: GENDER INEQUALITY SITUATION IN

VIETNAM IN RECENT YEARS

1 Sex ratio at birth (SRB)

SRB is measured by the number of infant boys per hundred births of girlsborn This rate is considered normal when 105 to 108 boys are born versus 100 girls,because boys' mortality is usually slightly higher than that of girls, so when it comes

to adulthood, the number of males and females equals one another On the contrary,when the SRB is too high or low, it leads to the imbalance of the population at age ofmarriage, birth and can cause many unexpected social problems If that rate is high, itwill cause serious inequality, trafficking of women, early marriage,

The sex ratio at birth can be considered as one of the indicators for measuringthe status of women in aspect of gender inequality, the higher the rate, the moreclearly this is the consequence of son preference over daughters and sex selectiveabortion Any significant change in the rate of disparity from the normal biologicallevel reflects intentional interventions at varying degrees to the imbalance of nature

Vietnam has a high sex ratio at birth, with 114 boys born to over 100 girls:

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Tỷ lệ giới tính trẻ sơ sinh: trẻ sơ sinh nam tính trên 100 trẻ sơ sinh nữ

(Nguồn: Phân tích của cán bộ NHTG từ các nguồn dữ liệu khác nhau)

Son preference exists in many parts of the world, especially in Asia and

Eastern Europe In Vietnam, the problem of evaluating men is higher than women

leading to high SRB ratios, as shown in the table:

Năm 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

TSGTKS 110,5 112,2 111,9 112,3 113,8 112,2 112,8

(Nguồn: www.gso.gov.vn )

Vietnam's sex ratio at birth is clearly abnormal and much higher than its

Southeast Asian neighbors such as Thailand, Cambodia, and Laos, where the SRB is

close to 105 (UNFPA, 2012) Vietnam is quite similar to some countries like India

However, the SRB in Vietnam is much lower than the highest SRB observed in

Azerbaijan and China

SRB in some nations, 2008-2014:

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(Nguồn: UNFPA, 2012: Số liệu ước tính quốc gia của Trung Quốc, Hàn Quốc và Hồng Kông (2013), Đài Loan (2012), Ấn Độ (2010-2012), và Đông Âu (2008-2012))

The imbalanced sex ratio at birth in Viet Nam occurs in both urban and ruralareas:

2 Gender inequality in education

Gender equality in education increases the quality of the average humanresource of society But not only inequalities in social relationships, women and girlsare treated unfairly even in education:

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Nam Nữ Thành thị Nông thôn

go to school, they often have to start working at an early age, while boys are morelikely to go to school Compared to boys, girls are not allowed to go to school orsuffer a threefold burden: both work at home, study at school, and help the family dobusiness without pay The economic burden placed on women's shoulders at an earlyage because of the large amount of time spent on family work, the time spent onlearning has to be reduced

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Women are less educated and educated than men, so they are losing potentialfor access to knowledge to contribute to development goals The higher the level ofeducation, the greater the level of gender inequality

Tỷ lệ nam nữ giữ các chức danh, học vị khoa học năm 2006

(Nguồn: Bộ giáo dục và đào tạo năm 2006)

It can be said that gender equality in education is of great importance to thedevelopment of the country So there is an educator wrote: Educating a man, having afamily, educating a woman, having a generation The centennial benefit of growingpeople is derived from gender equality in education

3 Gender inequality in political - social participation

Civil servants have a high proportion of women, but the presence of women inleadership positions is low and tends to be lower A study by the World Bank atcommune health stations and district hospitals found that women accounted for 39%

of doctors, but only accounted 6% of hospital directors In the past decade and a half,the proportion of women in Congress has fallen to 24.4% The heads of theCongressional Committees have fewer women Female representation is also low inimportant organs of the Communist Party: The Politburo, the Central Committee andthe Secretariat Women account for only 18.3% of the Party leadership positions atthe commune level, 14.2% at the district level and 11.3% at the provincial level.Gender imbalances also appear in the private sector Although many women havepaid jobs, only few are in managerial positions In the enterprise survey in 2015, only22% of businesses said they had female leaders (compared with an average of 27% inEast Asia and Pacific countries)

December 31, 2014, a total of 4,480,707 members of the party comrades1 Thepercentage of Party members is increasing, while the percentage of female partymembers is low As we know, women make up half of the population Thus, womenmay account for 50% of decision-making positions, but female members are still low,

so they will have no advantage in making decisions to ensure that benefit both menand women to develop the country Women consistently make up a low proportion ofthe state's elements:

In 2012 the proportion of female members in the country reached 32%2, theproportion of female deputies to the National Assembly for 2011-2016 XIII is24.44%, and only 18 members out of 200 members - 9% of the XI Central Committee

3

Percentage of female deputies to the National Assembly to the XIV NationalAssembly for the 2016 - 2021 period was 26.8%, but still lower than the 30%, butincreased 2.4% in the XIII4 course and There are 20/200 Communist Party CentralCommittee reached 10%

Men have more opportunities to become leaders in party organization thanwomen People still have the concept of better men, better-off, unobstructed familywork So, men will have more advantages while having many good and strongmindedwomen

In fact many women now have the capacity and qualifications, men alsoconfirm that capacity and qualifications However, because of the perception thatwomen leaders are not as productive as men, the percentage of women with highpositions is still limited

Tỷ lệ phụ nữ tham gia hội đồng nhân dân các cấp

(Nguồn: Ủy ban quốc gia vì sự tiến bộ của phụ nữ Việt Nam, 2004)

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Women are still suffering from heavy prejudices such as: women’s thinking islimited compared to men’s thinking; women have to spend more time with theirfamilies so they are less likely to be involved in politics, women's self-deprecatingpsychology limits their ability development and strength… As long as suchprejudices are not dismissed, the conditions for political participation of womenremain limited President Ho Chi Minh taught that “Liberate women is the biggest,most important revolution” Only full liberation of women is the gender gap in thefield of politics is overcome

4 Gender inequality in the family

Today, the role and position of women in society in general and the family inparticular have been raised a lot However, in terms of the current state of genderissues still have urgent matter in the family as: women are still required to dohousework; there is still the thought of male descent during childbirth, caring forchildren, family planning; domestic violence still exists and occurs in some places;

…

Men prevail in the control of land and other valuable assets, and most of thecertificate of land use right granted to the male head of household This situation cancause women to lose their rights in case of divorce or inheritance Men often makedecisions about household business investment and the use of income Restrictions onproperty ownership reduce the access of women to credit and investmentopportunities

According to a survey by the Institute for Family and Gender Studies, inwhich wife unfaithful could beat their wives, 50.5% of women agreed, while only24.2% of men agreed Or at the question of whether husbands can beat their wiveswhen their wives do not know how to treat their husbands, 12% of women agree,while only 7% of men agree Up to 64% of people agree with the idea of having a sonreserne In a 2010 study, 34% of married women reported experiencing physical orsexual violence several times during their lifetime, and 9% subjected to violence forthe past 12 months 5% of pregnant women were subjected to physical violenceduring pregnancy The rate of physical violence is higher among young women and