(Luận văn thạc sĩ) assessment of the current environmental status in thanh hoa city, thanh hoa province

THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL AND FORESTRY NGUYEN AN PHI TOPIC TITLE: ASSESSMENT OF THE CURRENT ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS IN THANH HOA CITY, THANH HOA PROVINCE BACHEL

THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY

UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL AND FORESTRY

NGUYEN AN PHI

TOPIC TITLE:

ASSESSMENT OF THE CURRENT ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS IN THANH

HOA CITY, THANH HOA PROVINCE

BACHELOR THESIS

ACKNOWLEDEMENT

To graduate and finish the studying and training process following Ho Chi Minh's ethical example at the University of Agriculture and Forestry in the past 4 years, students need to equip the theoretical knowledge that has been learned in the University environment and knowledge practical Therefore, the graduation internship is the final stage to help students accumulate more practical knowledge and create a prerequisite experience for future work In order to grasp the theoretical basis, how to apply it in practice, and working methods

Stemming from practical training requirements, with the consent of the Board

of Directors of Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry, the Advanced Program Office, and the teacher-supervisor Dr Nguyen Thanh Hai, I was deployed the topic: "Assessment the current environmental status in Thanh Hoa city, Thanh Hoa province"

To complete the internship and graduation thesis, I received the enthusiastic guidance of teacher Dr Nguyen Thanh Hai and the assistance of Thanh Hoa City People's Committee, Thanh Hoa Province

I would like to express my deep gratitude for the dedicated guidance of the teacher Dr Nguyen Thanh Hai and teachers and staff of the Faculty of Environment, Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry

I would like to thank Thanh Hoa City People's Committee, the Department of Natural Resources and Environment, friends, and family members for all their help, creating conditions for me to perform well during the experience accumulation process

During the process of practicing and completing the assigned topic, there are many difficulties about the epidemic and my limited capacity, but I have tried to overcome it so that I can complete the best according to my ability We hope to receive comments from teachers and friends to make your topic more complete

I am extremely grateful!

PART I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Research rationable

1.1.1 Overview of Thanh Hoa City

Thanh Hoa city is a large and long-standing city on both sides of the Ma River, located in the old Dong Son cultural area and the main North-South road traffic axis,

so this place is the hub for the development of cultural, economics, political, and technology of Thanh Hoa province The geographical location is classified as favorable when it is only 16 km east of Sam Son beach, with National Highway 1A running through (the arterial traffic route connecting the North to the South of the country), far from Laos 135km west Therefore, Thanh Hoa City plays a role as a place of economic and cultural intersection between the North-central region with Laos and the Central-South provinces The advantage of the Ma River is that it is a waterway connecting with the estuary, affecting the circulation and production of goods is not small

In terms of landscapes, Thanh Hoa city has more than 50 national-level historic sites which are planned, creating conditions for the development of the third economic sector in combination with large human resources and high professional qualifications cultural integration of Vietnam with the international

Regarding population and social development, there are a total of 20 wards and 17 communes, with a population of 406,550 people on an area of 146.77 km² To

be planned and invested in urban infrastructure, works of electricity, water, post and telecommunications, and urban traffic relatively synchronous, meeting all citizens' needs

Regarding infrastructure investment, in order to catch up with the trend of urban development, Thanh Hoa city has received investment from domestic and foreign capital sources in the construction projects of industrial parks and urban areas market A typical example is the Dong Huong urban area project, Thanh Hoa city with a huge investment capital of 1215 billion VND, which was auctioned and deployed from September 26, 2019 (Tran Lam.2020)

1.1.2 The importance of the thesis

The above preliminary figures show the stature and rapid growth of Grade I cities such as Thanh Hoa city in terms of population, industrial economy, and services (Thanh Hoa city portal) However, the consequences always entail significant environmental impacts such as the problems of the soil environment, water resources, terrestrial ecosystems - underwater, and air Damaged environmental status due to human activities is a hot issue and prompt intervention is required to protect the environment

Therefore, the first urgent thing given here is the need to collect environmental data, calculate the effects caused by each agent Then, based on the results of the environmental data survey to make an environmental quality assessment to build recommendations and proposals to environmental authorities and agencies to overcome, and preventing environmental pollution at all levels

1.2 Research’s Objective

There are 2 main research objectives that the thesis mentions are:

- Assessment the current environmental status (soil, water, air) of Thanh Hoa city, Thanh Hoa province

- Proposing some solutions for environmental management of Thanh Hoa city

1.3 Research’s question and hypothesis

- Is the current land environment of Thanh Hoa city polluted?

- What is the current state of water environment in Thanh Hoa city?

- What is the current state of air environment in Thanh Hoa city ?

- What is an effective solution for the current state of the polluted environment

in Thanh Hoa city?

1.4 Limitations

- The limitation of the topic is that the area of environmental impact assessment is too large, which will make the data lose its objectivity in some areas that do not have the conditions to survey From there, giving the reasonable solutions

to solve environmental problems for each area as thoroughly as possible

- Natural disasters, storms, floods and droughts are also issues that affect environmental developments It makes it difficult to monitor and evaluate changes in the current environmental status in the next stage Because natural disasters can increase the consequences of environmental pollution on a large scale

PART II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 The scientific basis of the thesis:

2.1.1 Theoretical basis

Based on the fundamental theories of the environment, the research topic is built to make the assessment and analysis of the current environmental situation to predict environmental change risks in the future Thereby offering ways to overcome, limit and prevent consequences of environmental degradation occurring throughout the study area

The fundamental theories:

- Environment is a system of natural and man-made physical factors that affect the existence and development of humans and organisms (Law on Environment Protection,2014)

- Environmental protection is an activity to preserve, prevent, and limit negative impacts on the environment; respond to environmental incidents; overcoming pollution, degradation, improving and restoring the environment; rational exploitation and use of natural resources to maintain a healthy environment (Law on Environmental Protection,2014)

- Environmental composition is the physical element that makes up the environment, including soil, water, air, sound, light, organisms and other material forms (Law on Environmental Protection,2014)

- Environmental technical regulation: is the limit of parameters on the quality

of the surrounding environment, the content of pollutants contained in the waste, technical and managerial requirements that are approved by state agencies have the authority to issue in the form of compulsory documents applicable to environmental protection (Law on Environmental Protection,2014)

- Environmental standards: The limit of parameters of the quality of the surrounding environment, the content of pollutants contained in the waste, technical and managerial requirements that are issued by state agencies and organizations

announced in the form of voluntary documents applying to protect the environment (Law on Environmental Protection,2014)

- Sustainable development is development that meets current needs without harming the future generations' ability to satisfy that demand on the basis of a close and harmonious combination between economic growth ensuring social progress and protecting the environment (Law on Environmental Protection,2014)

- Environmental pollution is the change of environmental components that are inconsistent with technical regulations and environmental standards that adversely affect humans and organisms (Law on Environmental Protection,2014)

- An environmental incident is an incident that occurs during human activities

or natural changes, causing pollution, degradation or serious environmental change (Law on Environmental Protection,2014)

- Pollutants are chemical substances, physical and biological factors when appearing in the environment higher than the permitted threshold, making the environment polluted (Law on Environmental Protection,2014)

- Waste is material discharged from production, business, service, daily life or other activities (Law on Environmental Protection,2014)

- Hazardous waste is the waste containing toxic, radioactive, contagious, flammable, explosive, corrosive, poisoning or has other hazardous properties (Law

on Environment Protection,2014)

- Waste management is the process of preventing, minimizing, monitoring, classifying, collecting, transporting, reusing, recycling and treating waste (Law on Environmental Protection,2014)

- Scrap means a material that is recovered, classified, selected from materials

or products that have been removed from the production or consumption process to

be used as raw materials for another production process (Bao environmental protection,2014)

- The load capacity of the environment is the tolerance limit of the environment

to the impact factors so that the environment can self-recover (Law on Environmental Protection,2014)

- Environmental monitoring is a process of systematic monitoring of environmental components and factors affecting the environment to provide information to assess the current state, changes in environmental quality and negative impacts environment (Law on Environmental Protection,2014)

- Environmental information means data and data on the environment in the form of symbols, letters, numbers, images, sounds or similar (Law on Environmental Protection,2014)

- Strategic environmental assessment is the analysis and prediction of environmental impacts of development strategies, plans and plans to provide solutions to minimize adverse environmental impacts, as a foundation and integrated

in development strategy, planning and plan to ensure sustainable development (Law

on Environmental Protection,2014)

- Environmental impact assessment is the analysis and prediction of environmental impacts of a specific investment project to take measures to protect the environment when implementing that project (Law on Environmental Protection,2014)

Above are the theoretical foundations for developing topics in the field of environmental protection

2.1.2 Scientific basis of the thesis

The cause of environmental pollution is due to the impact of two factors, natural and human impacts, altering the environmental composition, deviation from the scientific standards and regulations issued by the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment

• Natural factors causing environmental pollution:

- Soil pollutions:

Soils salinity contain NaCl and Na2SO4 due to sea level rise Acid sulphate soil has Fe2+, Al3+, SO42-, and PH <4 due to decomposition of organism These soils cause poisoning to organisms living in the soil environment, and due to the formation and geological change of sediments, heavy metals such as Pb, Sn, Zn, Ag, Ga exceed the limit (L.V.Hinh, 2017)

- Water pollutions:

Due to volcanic eruptions on clouds containing large amounts of SO2- creating acid rain, rising sea-level tides cause saltwater to penetrate deeply into the continent, heavy rains wash away debris, waste, Mud and soil into rivers and streams (L.V.Hinh, 2017)

- Air pollution: Due to volcanic eruptions a large amount of dust and toxic gases, sandstorms, forest fires, the decomposition of corpses of organisms (L.V.Hinh, 2017)

• Factors impacted by humans:

- Pollution of the soil environment

The first source, causing soil environmental pollution comes from human domestic waste Every day, there is a large amount of solid waste and domestic wastewater discharged into the environment by humans The actual data shows that

in terms of solid waste: on average, each person generates a solid amount of solid waste from 0.4 to 1.8 kg/person/day-night, depending on the characteristics of each city, and every human age This amount of solid waste is discharged into the environment indiscriminately

It contains many pollutants in domestic solid waste including food scraps, leaves, construction materials, packaging types, human and animal excrement, etc In terms of liquid waste: on average, urban residents in major cities of Vietnam each day use a volume of supply water of about 100-150 liters, and also discharge a similar amount of wastewater into the environment, in the composition of Wastewater contains many detergents, grease, coliforms, benzene, and homologs The substances contained in wastewater from persistent compounds that cause heavy pollution to the soil environment Although there are measures to collect, classify, and treat, most of these forms are only aggregate, such as collecting and burying solid waste in landfills, recycling into fertilizer, or burning directly waste Most of the above treatments only have the effect of minimizing the impact on a large area, in fact still causing environmental pollution due to leachate from the waste composts containing indexed heavy metals BOD and COD are very high causing degradation of the land adjacent

to the landfill, causing groundwater pollution in the soil In addition, the process by

incineration of ash also causes air pollution, as ash and toxic gases generated during burning are released into the atmosphere Regarding domestic wastewater, due to the unsatisfactory wastewater treatment systems of many cities and irresponsible consciousness, people have discharged untreated domestic wastewater into the environment by the sewer system trench causes soil pollution on a large scale (L.V.Hinh, 2017)

The second source of pollution mentioned is pollution from industrial waste Manufacturing activities of factories, factories, and mines generate a large number of industrial wastes that contain hazardous ingredients Examples are deposits in factory wastewater treatment, smog in the metallurgical industry, chemical residues used in the manufacturing process, coal slag, waste ore, and direct process waste The composition of industrial waste often contains inorganic, organic substances, soaps, dyes, alkalis or acids, and heavy metals such as Pb, Hg, As, Zn, Cr, Cd When being discharged directly into the soil environment, it will cause a large number of heavy metals and chemicals to cause severe poisoning of the organisms living in it The ways of affecting the environmental pollution of these wastes are in two direct and indirect ways The direct form is direct discharge to the surrounding environment The indirect form is dust in the production process that contains toxic substances such

as NO, NO2, SO2, Hg, deposited into the ground, discharged into the water environment through the process of transport, or creating acid rain that causes degradation, soil pollution (L.V.Hinh, 2017)

The third source of soil pollution is human agricultural production Occurs mainly in rural areas, cultivated areas Due to the people's need to care for and protect crops such as fertilizing, spraying plant protection products, insecticides, and harmful animals to plants, composting organic fertilizers For example, an average of 50% of the protection sprays sprayed by farmers is absorbed into the soil, and more than half

of the fertilizer is washed away or leached into groundwater circuits in the soil The above activities have caused the backlog of chemicals contained in inorganic fertilizers and plant protection drugs such as NO3-, NO, Potassium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, and excess microorganisms contained in organic

manure Consequences cause disturbance of energy flows and material cycles in agricultural ecosystems and infectious diseases from organic fertilizers containing animal manure containing pathogens (L.V.Hinh, 2017)

- Air pollution

Air pollution is an issue that directly affects human health and life The cause

is smog, production of factories, traffic activities, burning agricultural waste, decomposition of industrial-agricultural waste, forest fire, natural vegetation The above processes create gases: CO2, CO, NOx, SO2, Pb, CH4, H2S, and unburnt organic substances: carbon black, dust Depending on the size of the morphology, it will affect the air quality in large or small The worst source of pollution will be in big cities, where there are heavy traffic and industrial production areas Besides, agricultural or domestic activities are only a small factor for air pollution (L.V.Hinh, 2017)

- Environmental pollution of continental surface water

The first cause of surface water pollution is domestic wastewater Arising due

to the daily life activities of people from households, schools, hospitals, hotels Domestic wastes often contain detergents, grease, Cl-, SO42-, PO43-, K+, Na+, biodegradable organic matter, solids and bacteria, pathogens This pollution source

is often followed by drains discharged directly into rivers, streams, ponds, and lakes, causing pollution, destroying the ecosystem in the water, destroying the landscape and environment (L.V.Hinh, 2017)

The second reason is wastewater from industrial production zones, handicraft industries, and transportation Different from domestic wastewater, industrial wastewater has a different composition of toxic substances depending on the production process such as Hg, Pb, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Sb, Cr, alkali, basalt, acid, benzene The level of damage to the water environment and the opposite human impact of industrial wastewater is many times higher than that of domestic wastewater because of heavy metals and alkali, acids Although they are forced to treat wastewater up to standards before being discharged into the environment,

enterprises are still intentionally discharging untreated wastewater into the environment

Besides, a few reasons are also caused by agricultural production, livestock, fishery, and forestry activities that affect the surface water environment (L.V.Hinh, 2017)

2.1.3 The legal basis of the thesis

The topic is developed based on the legal principles set out by the Ministry

of Natural Resources and Environment, following the national regulations to ensure the accuracy of the reporting process and results

1 Law on Environmental Protection No 55/2014 / QH13 passed by the National Assembly of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam on June 23, 2014, and takes effect from January 1, 2015

2 Decree No 127/2007 / ND-CP dated August 1, 2007, of the Government detailing the implementation of a number of articles of the Law on Standards and Technical Regulations;

3 Decree No 80/2014 / ND-CP dated August 6, 2014, of the Prime Minister

on drainage and wastewater treatment;

4 Decree No 18/2015 / ND-CP dated February 14, 2015, of the Government regulating environmental protection planning, strategic environmental assessment, environmental impact assessment, and environmental protection plans

5 Decree No 19/2015 / ND-CP dated February 14, 2015, of the Government detailing the implementation of a number of articles of the Law on Environmental Protection

6 Decree No 38/2015 / ND-CP dated 24/4/2015 of the Government on regulations on waste and scrap management

7 Circular No 16/2009 / TT-BTMT dated October 7, 2009, of the Minister of Natural Resources and Environment regulating national technical regulations on the environment;

8 Circular No 25/2009 / TT- BTMT dated November 16, 2009, of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment on national technical regulations on the environment;

9 Circular No 47/2011 / TT-BTNMT dated 28/12/2011 of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment regulating National Technical Regulation on Environment

10 Circular No 32/2013 / TT-BTNMT dated 25/10/2013 of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment promulgating National Technical Regulation on Environment

11 Circular No 27/2015 / TT-BTNMT dated May 29, 2015, of the Ministry

of Natural Resources and Environment on strategic environmental assessment, environmental impact assessment, and environmental protection plan

Applicable regulations:

12 QCVN 03: 2008 / BTNMT - National technical regulation on allowable limits of heavy metals in soil issued by the Minister of Natural Resources and Environment

13 QCVN 08-MT: 2015 / BTNMT - National technical regulation on surface water quality

14 QCVN 26: 2010 / BTNMT - National technical regulation on noise

15 QCVN 05: 2013 / BTNMT - National technical regulation on ambient air quality

2.2 The practical basis of the thesis

2.2.1 Current environmental status in Vietnam

Currently, Vietnam is one of the countries with socio-economic development

in the top 50 in the world, with the potential to rise to the 32nd top as predicted by PricewaterCoopers (My Duyen,2019) The above growth rate is indicated by Vietnam's GDP in 2018 reaching 245 billion USD, an increase of 6.75% over the same period in 2017 To achieve that growth, Vietnam has made strong progress according to the era of technology 4.0 The evidence is evident through the formation and operation of industrial zones, industrial clusters, craft villages, urban areas,

residential areas, new rural strategies As of the end of 2019, the whole country 372 industrial zones have been established (both inside and outside the economic zone (EZ) along the coast), of which 280 industrial zones have been in operation (an increase of 29 industrial zones compared to 2018) and 92 industrial zones are in the stage of mechanical construction copy; 698 industrial complexes are in operation (an increase of 9 industrial complexes compared to 2018) About 4,575 trade villages, of which 2,009 are recognized traditional craft villages and villages (an increase of 170 villages compared to 2018); there are 833 urban areas (an increase of 20 cities compared to 2018), the urbanization rate of the whole country is about 39.2%, up 0.8% compared to 2018 (Yen Thi,2020)

The benefits of industrial parks and industrial clusters have sprung up quickly, solving the huge labor problem, improving the average GDP growth rate Besides, there are problems with the environmental pollution in various types of industrial products such as mining, metallurgy, paper production, textile, petrochemical, ship demolition, tanning, and heat electricity, chemicals, fertilizers, plant protection drugs, sugar cane processing, animal husbandry-slaughtering of aquatic animals, livestock, poultry Typically the case of discharging untreated waste into the sea, of Hung Nghiep Formosa Ha Tinh Iron and Steel Co., Ltd (Formosa company) causes enormous damage to the seafood industry in the central coast, emitting a large number

of emissions causing heavy air pollution like petrochemical refinery Nghi Son, thermal power projects at Vinh Tan power center, Vedan MSG factory discharging industrial wastewater to Thi Vai river Besides, as of the end of 2019, there are 171 cases of pollution nationwide The environment of production facilities that have not yet had measures to thoroughly treat pollution is a concern (Yen Thi, 2020)

In agriculture, forestry, and livestock production, the whole country has about 31,668 agricultural farms, of which, there are about 19,639 livestock farms (a decrease of 1,230 farms compared to 2018); about 467 million birds (up 14.2% compared to 2018), more than 24 million pigs (down 13% compared to 2018) The amount of fertilizer used is about 800 - 1,000 kg / ha / year; the amount of plant protection drug is 1.6-2kg / ha / year On average, the total amount of inorganic

fertilizers used is about 2.4 million tons/year, each year about 240 tons of hazardous solid waste discharged into the environment; generating 11,000 tons of plant packaging In 2019, by-products from some major crops will generate about 94,715 thousand tons, of which rice has the largest amount of by-products of 52,140 thousand tons, sugarcane is 16,914 thousand tons, and others such as cassava, maize, and tomato about 25,661 thousand tons of coffee and soybeans However, some waste and waste from this industry can be recycled into fertilizers or other nutrients to compensate for soil composition But due to the excessive residue and no environmentally safe treatment, this amount of waste and waste is still a source of soil pollution that needs attention

For the construction industry, due to the increasing population, the issue of building houses, apartment buildings, bridges and roads, welfare works, transporting construction materials and scrap, took place everywhere, especially in large cities According to the statistics of the Ministry of Construction, in 2019, the total housing area increased to about 50 million m2 Currently, the country also has 82 cement production lines with an estimated output of over 100 million tons (an increase of 4.1 million tons compared to 2018); 93 ceramic tiles manufacturing facilities with a total designed capacity of 821.6 million m2 / year; 26 sanitary wares manufacturing facilities with a total design capacity of about 26.55 million products / year Vietnam also has 8 glass production facilities with an output of about 308 million square meters of standard / year, is one of the 5 countries with the largest glass production

in Southeast Asia There are still many construction material manufacturers still follow the manual process of incinerators, causing air pollution, directly affecting the health of the people in the vicinity Construction materials and scrap, when finished, are not classified and collected properly, but will be indiscriminately discharged into the environment, causing loss of landscape, pollution and degradation of the soil environment

In recent years, Vietnam's traffic volume has increased uncontrollably, causing many problems in urban traffic congestion, fossil fuel consumption, and especially air pollution, smoke dust In 2019, nationwide there are 3,673,065 cars in circulation

(up 12.2% compared to 2018); 3,768,601 motorcycles, motorbikes and cars that were assembled, produced or newly imported (down 1.8% compared to 2018); passenger transport reached 5,143.1 million (up 11.2% compared to 2018) (Yen Thi, 2020) Transport is considered a source of air pollution, especially in high-traffic urban areas In Hanoi, for example, air pollution peaked in the period of February 2020 with the AQI threshold of 314, the city with the highest air pollution in the world (Le Quan, 2020)

Currently, in Vietnam and many countries around the world, there is a worrying situation known as "getting rich from trash" Indeed, a number of companies and production facilities in our country are importing a lot of scraps and industrial waste from abroad Specifically, the total volume of scrap imported into Vietnam in

2018 was more than 9.2 million tons Statistics of the Ministry of Finance show that there are 23,453 scrap containers being stored at seaports, of which 9,825 containers are stored for over 90 days, without customs procedures as of early April 2019 The largest volume of scrap goods in stock at Ba Ria - Vung Tau Customs Department with 9,468 containers, followed by Hai Phong and Ho Chi Minh City respectively 6,082 and 4,689 containers These wastes are still of use-value, low import costs, so many businesses have sought to make full use of these scrap resources However, the majority of industrial waste imported into Vietnam contains many harmful substances, hidden at the risk of causing heavy environmental pollution (Yen Thi, 2020)

Through the data cited above, it can be seen that some of the negative impacts

on the environment that the country of Vietnam is suffering from being abandoned

by a number of individuals, collectives, and agencies through the responsibility to protect the environment The state of the environment in the whole country is in a state of alarm It is necessary to quickly take measures to handle, prevent, and prevent the risk of environmental pollution Therefore, Vietnam has carried out environmental protection in parallel with the fourth industrial revolution, strongly impacting the economy, society, production, and changing the foundation of environmental management internet of things technology New technologies to save

energy, new materials friendly to the environment, have initially accelerated the transition from a linear economic model of large emissions to models of the low carbon economy, green economy, Circulating economy in the context of rapid population growth, the pressure of growth, demand for fuels and energies increase exploitation of natural resources, causing environmental pollution and climate change

Environmental pollution has strong interacts and makes climate change evolve rapidly, complicatedly, strongly affects the environment, seriously threatens water security, ecological security, food security, is an existing threat to the realization of Vietnam's national sustainable development goals The impacts of climate change make the problems of pollution, environmental degradation, and biodiversity loss in our country more and more complicated and unpredictable (Yen Thi, 2020)

Along with that, environmental problems in the Mekong, Red River, transboundary rivers, on the sea continue to be more and more complicated Hydropower works and dams of countries sharing the river basin with Vietnam have changed the flow, reduced sediment flow, reduced sediment increased biodiversity loss but also caused water pollution increasing the risk of riverbank erosion, riverbed, saltwater intrusion, cumulative cross-border impacts on the Mekong Delta region of our country (Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (2019)

At sea, the problem of submerging, dumping waste at sea continues to take place, especially plastic waste, oil pollution from oil and gas exploration activities, sea transportation, and incidents Oil spill in the East Sea affects coastal areas in our country

2.2.2 Current Environmental Status in Thanh Hoa Province:

- Solid waste: The daily amount of daily-life solid waste in Thanh Hoa province is from 1,200 to 1,500 tons/day The collection of this amount of waste only reached 65% of the total, the rest was discharged into the environment into canals, lakes, and landfills spontaneously, causing heavy pollution, seriously destroying the biological system Thai Most of the waste of the whole province is collected in the unplanning open-air landfill, causing pollution of surface water and groundwater due

to leachate from landfills, ambient air pollution due to the odor of the landfill garbage,

contains many pathogens The waste treatment is still at a manual level which is burning or burying, potentially causing many risks of environmental destruction on a large scale The current solid waste collection and treatment has many shortcomings Solid waste management and treatment in the province in the past time has not been applied according to the integrated management method, not paying attention to solutions to reduce, reuse, recycle and recover energy from waste The amount of solid waste that must be buried in large, does not save the land, in many places the solid waste is buried temporarily, openly, and is a source of environmental pollution Besides, the mobilization of investment resources for the construction of centralized treatment facilities and solid waste treatment plants is few and difficult; investment

in solid waste management and treatment is inadequate; Many solid waste treatment projects using incineration technology have been built and operated, but the physical facilities, capacity, and efficiency of solid waste treatment have not met the requirements (Mai Thanh, 2020)

- Water environment: An overview of the surface water situation in Thanh Hoa province are deteriorating development Due to the discharge of industrial establishments in the region, domestic waste, and agricultural waste, it has caused heavy pollution to rivers and lakes throughout the province Causing the water quality not to meet the standards for domestic use Based on water quality parameters such

as SS, BOD, COD, NO2-, it is possible to see the pollution level of rivers From there, identified the compliance and poor quality of wastewater treatment models of production facilities and enterprises Therefore, the wastewater discharged from the above enterprises into the environment still contains a very high concentration of pollutants

The state of groundwater in Thanh Hoa is showing signs of pollution of hardness, total solids, ammonium, chloride, Fe, and coliform at the monitoring points near the industrial zone-trade village Due to the domestic wastewater situation of big cities, industrial wastewater from industrial zones and craft villages is not gathered for treatment but discharged into the environment through drains soaking into the underground water, causing heavy pollution Besides, the wastewater accumulated

from landfills, landfill holes soaked into the ground, the overuse of chemical products

in agriculture also causes pollution of underground runoff in the soil

Thanh Hoa has 102km of sea route, fishing activities and commodity circulation, travel services are bustling As a result, water quality at beaches is polluted many times over standards due to suspended solids, lubricants discharged by boats, and fish processing activities at seaports

- Air and noise environment: The main source of pollutant gas emissions in Thanh Hoa is industrial production, transportation, construction, waste treatment - waste incineration, agricultural waste incineration, and people's cooking activities

The assessment of air quality in four major industrial zones of Thanh Hoa showed that concentrations of SO2, NOx, CO, and suspended dust at the monitoring points all exceeded the permitted standards, and the pollution level increased by the time The problem of sound pollution occurs mainly in big cities due to the non-stop traffic flow, or the trade villages and production establishments mixed in the residential areas

Biodiversity: Thanh Hoa is a province with a very diverse and rich natural ecosystem, including forest and marine ecosystems with many rare species Thanh Hoa has a Ben En National Park with rich flora and fauna, including 462 plant species, 246 animal species, and hundreds of other insect species, which are classified

as one of the 10 National parks of Vietnam However, the conservation of natural ecosystems, as well as the conservation of rare flora and fauna species, are facing many difficulties due to the management of free exploitation activities by local people has not been given adequate attention The trade of rare and precious wildlife

in Thanh Hoa is also relatively complicated Wildlife traders from provinces and cities have colluded with local subjects to buy wild animals for sale in the northern border area The deforestation here happens out of control like other regions of the country

Thanh Hoa province has planted 10,969 hectares of forest, reaching 99.7% of the plan Conservation plans for rare and precious species such as Pomu, Samu (in

Pu Luong NR), White-Mongolia, and Gaur (in Xuan Lien NR) have been approved

Coordinate with relevant agencies to propagate and improve knowledge on biodiversity conservation to all levels, sectors, and people

- Pollution from chemicals and plant protection drugs:

Despite strong changes in industrial production, 80% of Thanh Hoa's population still lives on agricultural production Due to a lack of knowledge, many farmers have misused fertilizers, pesticides, animal feed, and chemical products used

in agriculture Causes many conditions such as soil degradation due to excess substances in fertilizers, pollution of groundwater, and surface water due to the leaching of pesticides into the soil or flowing into rivers and streams The high residue

of pesticides in the soil will affect, change soil properties, damage soil microorganisms, affect aquatic life, and possibly change the genetic structure of insects

PART III METHODS

3.1 Object and scope of the study

3.1.1 Research subjects:

- Land environment (agricultural land)

- The continental surface water environment

- Air environment, noise

In Thanh Hoa city, Thanh Hoa province

3.1.2 Research scope:

- Scope of content: The thesis assesses the current environmental status of Thanh Hoa city, Thanh Hoa province on 3 main indicators: soil environment (agricultural land), continental surface water environment, air environment Thereby giving measures to overcome and handle the risk of environmental pollution The thesis uses actual data of Thanh Hoa city in 2020 for analysis and evaluation

- Scope of space: The study area is all subordinate administrative units including wards and communes of Thanh Hoa city, Thanh Hoa province

- Scope of time: research topic is conducted in time (from March 2020 to October 2020)

- The scope of funding for implementation: the topic is limited to the individual level, students pay for all related costs There is no other cost because it is supported

by the data from the Department of Natural Resources and Environment of Thanh Hoa city

- Scope of research, surveys of people, and environmental management officials: Due to global epidemics, the study did not investigate people's opinions Therefore, the topic receives comments from managers of Thanh Hoa City's Natural Resources and Environment Department

3.2 Research method:

3.2.1 Methods, data collection investigation, secondary data:

Refer to the available literature on research issues in the topic:

- Collect secondary data at Thanh Hoa City People's Committee

- Collect data, documents, legal documents related to environmental issues

- Collect information related to the topic via the internet, books, and field surveys

- Inheriting the results of soil, water, and air sample analysis performed by Thanh Hoa's Environmental Monitoring and Analysis Center

3.2.2 Analytical sampling method:

3.2.2.1 Agricultural soil sampling method:

• Sampling time: samples are taken 2 times in March and September in 2020

• Sampling location: - Quang Hung ward

- Dong Hai ward

- Quang Thang ward

, Thanh Hoa city

• Analytical criteria: pHKCL, Nts, Pdt, Kdt, NH4+, NO3-, SO42- , Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd,

As, Cr

• Methods of sampling and storage are based on the following standards:

- TCVN 4046: 1985 - Arable land Sampling method

- TCVN 5297: 1995 - Soil quality - Sampling - general requirements ("QCVN 03: 2008 / BTNMT", 2008)

Methods of soil sample analysis:

Based on the nature of each analytical indicator, the method changes according

to the standards in QCVN 03: 2008 / BTNMT and the following standards:

- TCVN 6649: 2000 (ISO 11466: 1995) Soil quality - Extraction of trace elements in aqua regia

- TCVN 6496: 1999 (ISO 11047: 1995) Soil quality - Determination of cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, lead, zinc, manganese, and nickel in aqua regia soil extract - Flame and flame absorption spectrometric method fire

3.2.2.2 Methods of sampling and analyzing surface water:

• Time and time of water sampling: Sample for analysis is taken periodically

5 phase from January to September in 2020, survey every 2 months

• Sampling location: - Dong Huong suspension bridge, Dong Huong ward

- Giang crossroad in Thieu Duong commune

- North canal of Mat Son mountain, Quang Thang ward

- Ho Cong An, Ba Dinh ward

- Truong Thi Lake, Truong Thi Ward

• Analytical criteria: DO, TSS, BOD, COD, NH4, NO3, NO2, Coliform

• Methods of sampling and preservation are based on QCVN 08 MT: 2015 / BTNMT and QCVN 40: 2011 / BTNMT standards and the following standards:

- TCVN 5992: 1995 (ISO 5667-2: 1991) - Water quality - Sampling Guidance

3.2.2.3 Methods of air sampling and analysis:

Time to measure air quality: The air quality survey is conducted periodically 5 phase from January to September in 2020, survey every 2 months

• Sampling locations:

- Residential area near Northwest Industrial Park Station, Dong Tho ward

- Residential area near Hoang Long industrial park, Hoang Long commune

- Phu Son crossroads, Phu Son ward

Nhoi junction, An Hoach ward

- Residential area near Hong Duc school, Dong Son ward

• Measuring tools:

+ Multi-purpose toxic gas meter: Toxic Gas Monitor - MX21;

+ NOx Riken Personal Monitor SC-90;

+ Infrared dust analyzer: MicroDust-Pro-Anh

• Analytical method: Air quality analysis through dust parameters, SO2, NO2, CO, according to Vietnamese standards and using specialized equipment

3.2.3 Methods of data processing:

- Conduct selective analysis on the database collected from experiments and the results were processed in the old year

- Using Word and Exel software to process data on the computer

- Synthesize relevant, authentic, and scientific data related to the research area

3.2.4 Comparative comparison method:

The results obtained from the experiment of carrying out environmental analysis, comparing with the past years and current national technical regulations such as:

- QCVN 05: 2013 / BTNMT: National technical regulation on ambient air quality;

- QCVN 08-MT: 2015 / BTNMT: National technical regulation on surface water quality

- QCVN 03: 2008 / BTNMT: National technical regulation on permissible limits of heavy metals in soil

PART IV RESULT 4.1 Overview of natural and socio-economic conditions of Thanh Hoa city, Thanh Hoa province

4.1.1 Natural condition

- Geographical location: Thanh Hoa city is urban with the largest population, area, and number of administrative units in the provincial cities of Vietnam The total area is 146.77 km2

- Bordering with Hoang Hoa district in the North and Northeast

- The South borders on Quang Xuong district

- The Southeast borders on Sam Son town

- The West borders on Dong Son district

- The Northwest borders on Thieu Hoa district

Figure 4.1 Administrative map of Thanh Hoa city, Thanh Hoa province

• Topography and geomorphology:

Thanh Hoa city is located in the middle of the Thanh Hoa delta, with many rugged hills and lotus rocks intermingled between the plains, creating the plain terrain divided by mountains The Ma River divides the city from northwest to southeast into two distinct parts The terrain is 5-15m above sea level

+ The cold season starts from around October to the end of March It is influenced by the northeast monsoon, with little rain, dryness occurs, the temperature drops from 5 to 6oC

+ Average annual temperature ranges from 23.3 to 23.6oC

- Rainfall: average reaching 1730 to 1980 mm/year

- Monsoon: located 16km from the sea, Thanh Hoa city is affected by 3 monsoon seasons

+ Northeast monsoon brings with it the cold wind of the Siberian region + Southwest wind (Lao wind) brings hot and dry climate

+ Southeast wind: wind from the sea, brings a cool climate

• Natural resources:

- Natural area:

+ Despite having a large total area, Thanh Hoa city has only 60km2 of natural area, planning a master plan up to 260km2 by 2025 Including Ham Rong botanical garden with a width of 500ha, mainly trees pine and some endemic plants of Thanh Hoa

+ Current state of urban greenery

In the period 2016 – 2020: Thanh Hoa city and tourist and ecological urban

areas: urban greenery land reaches at least 10m2 / person; public greenery land in urban areas reaches 5-6m2 / person For the remaining urban areas: urban greenery land must be at least 5 m2 / person; Public green land in urban areas is from 3 – 4m2 / person

Strengthen the planting of green trees suitable to the climate, functions, and characteristics of each area in the urban area, ensuring the ecological environment Select plants with harmonious and vivid colors to create a unique character for the area

- Natural resources :

+ Iron metal: in large reserves at Dinh Xa mine

+ Construction materials: The Chu and Ma rivers are the source of sand for construction Reserves of limestone, construction stone, and paving stone are up to 44,179,000 m3 In addition, brick and tile clay reserves are distributed in places such

as Dong Luoc commune, Pha II wharf, Dong Ngan

- Water resources: Thanh Hoa city uses surface water for living, mainly provided by Ma and Chu rivers The other part is due to the underground water source

in the aquifer in Ham Rong area, 5km northwest of the city center

• A general assessment of natural conditions:

In general, the natural condition of Thanh Hoa city is a delta area, favorable for the development of wet rice and crops agriculture, and aquaculture due to large rivers flowing through The iron mines and quarries have plentiful reserves that are favorable for heavy industrial development Waterway on Ma River is an advantage

to develop goods circulation with neighboring administrative boundaries

• Limitation: The weather here is harsh when it is influenced by Laos winds, sea breezes, detrimental to living and production In the rainy season, it often suffers from heavy storms, causing floods, landslides The quality of surface water going down does not meet the standards of serving the people

4.1.2 Social and economic conditions:

• The economic structure:

The shift in the economic structure of Thanh Hoa city is targeting modern

industries and services Expressed in the proportion of the service industry has increased by 8.7%; industry and construction by 11%; agriculture, forestry, and fishery increased by 0.2% Consequently, the growth rate reached 9.2% in 2016

With the goal of rapid and synchronous development of the urban infrastructure system, giving priority to the construction of technical and social infrastructure of model urban areas, major traffic axes, and bridge systems across rivers Connecting urban areas, neighboring economic regions, Thanh Hoa city has implemented many programs calling for investment promotion By 2019, the total development investment capital in Thanh Hoa province is 125,000 billion VND

• Traffic:

Thanh Hoa city has 3 main transportation routes for economic development: National Highway 1A connecting from north to south, Highway 45, and national highway 47 running deep into the center and mountainous areas of Thanh Hoa province There is also a trans-Vietnamese railway

Regarding water traffic, there are Le Mon river ports that can allow ships of

1000 tons to dock, in the future, the city will build two more tourist ports, Ham Rong and Nam Ngan

Rail transport brings great economic benefits when serving 400 passengers and transporting 600 tons of cargo per day and night

Air transport is also a strategy of the city when it takes advantage of its proximity to Sao Vang airport 45km west of the city and has a plan to build a civil airport in Quang Loi commune 20km away Southern

Thanh Hoa City has promoted many investment projects to build the main transport system in 2019, which has important implications for the development of the city that has been built as the National Highway 1A project (phase 2 – 3), the project of the western ring road, the East-West boulevard, the upgrading of Highway

47, the CSEDP road; to embellish and expand the old route 1A through the city center and inner-city roads; improving and expanding the system of bridges across the river; reviewing, elaborating and approving urban development planning along two sides of boulevard south of Ma river, Voi – Sam Son road, west bypass of Thanh Hoa city, a

road of the comprehensive economic development project – Thanh Hoa city society; underground technical infrastructure system in some roads, improve drainage systems, surface water in some residential areas, overcome local inundation

• Grid power system:

Thanh Hoa city determined to invest in projects up to VND 236 billion to achieve the target of supplying electricity to all 37 wards and communes with a capacity of 64 MW / year By lazy power infrastructure including 160 transformer stations, there are 2 layers of power grid including 110KV high voltage system and 22KV medium voltage system

• Water supply and drainage system:

The whole city is supplied with water by 2 water plants of Mat Son (Dong Ve ward), Ham Rong water plant with the capacity of over 20,000 m3 of water/day and night Ensure the ability to serve all needs in the daily life of people

The main drainage and drainage axis of Thanh Hoa city include the Vinh canal,

Le river, Tho Mac river, Thong Nhat river In addition, the city also actively invests

in the project to improve the urban drainage system with the capital of ADB

In addition, the city actively renovates wastewater and surface water drainage systems in some residential areas in parallel with investing in traffic infrastructure to improve flooding in the rainy season

• Garbage collection:

Target to 2019, the rate of waste collection in Thanh Hoa city will reach over 90% People collect domestic waste at the gathering points along the roads, the central area, and every day there are sanitation workers to collect by hand trolleys and gather

on specialized vehicles to transport waste processing location The unit that collects and transports domestic waste in urban areas is assigned to the Urban Environment Companies and the City Public Works Management Company Waste is treated by 2 main technologies: sanitary landfill and direct burning

• Economic infrastructure:

The current development of the city is thanks to the investment in industrial zones with huge capital, such as Le Mon Industrial Park with an area of 87ha,

construction capital of 700 billion VND, and investment capital is 500 billion VND from 14 enterprises in operation; Dinh Huong – Tay Ga Industrial Park has an area of 150ha with an investment capital of 135 billion VND; Hoang Long industrial park, Hoang Long commune In addition, Thanh Hoa city also actively encourages investment in high-tech projects, clean industry, high export value items such as consumer goods production, food processing (seafood) , manufacture of garments, leather goods, mechanical assembly processes, electronics, telecommunications equipment

• Trade and services:

The People’s Committee of communes and wards of Thanh Hoa city has grasped the situation of commodity consumption, demand and supply, and quantity

of goods in reserve to serve the maximum needs of the people Ensuring the stability

of the consumer market with the motto “Vietnamese people give priority to using Vietnamese goods” The typical achievements are the total retail sales of 2665 billion VND, the export value is estimated at 103,245 million USD in the first April of 2020 Passenger and cargo transportation services meet the needs of the people With the number of circulating passengers up to 1035 passengers and transporting 3362 tons

of cargo

• People’s and social life:

Thanh Hoa city actively stabilizes people’s lives Fully and promptly implement regimes and policies and pay benefits to 25,665 people with meritorious services to the revolution To create jobs for workers by encouraging organizations, production establishments, and enterprises to recruit workers, support job hunting, and labor export Investigate, survey, and subsidize poor and near-poor households to subsidize according to state policies Free health insurance for policy beneficiaries and children under 6 years old Strengthen the inspection and inspection of food safety and hygiene in the city Review and make a list of households participating in health insurance according to the plan

• Education and training:

Implement the plan of renewing the educational methods associated with the reform of forms, assessing students’ competencies by testing and testing methods Increase the budget for education to improve material foundations, information technology infrastructure for schools, raise schools to national standards Strengthen the fight against crime, violence, social evils, and ensure traffic safety for students Organized many contests against physical and intellectual talents, contributing to encouraging young talents

• The medical :

Implement a compulsory health insurance policy for all organizations and individuals Improve the medical technical infrastructure in order to better serve the needs of people inside and outside the city, and perfect the grassroots medical network To train and train health workers in the skills of treatment and prevention against diseases

4.2 Assessment of the environmental status of Thanh Hoa city, Thanh Hoa province

4.2.1 Assessment of current land environment

A) Analyzing the current agricultural land environment in Quang Hung ward

Table 4.1 Results of analyzing current agricultural land in Quang Hung ward

Num

ber Index Units

Analysis results QCVN 03:2008 / BTNMT Phase 1

(March)

Phase 2 (September)

<4.5 Very sour 4.5 – 5 Medium sour

5 – 5.5 Medily sour 5.5 – 6 Near neutral

>6 Neutal

< 0.05 Very low 0.05 – 0.125 Low 0.126 – 0.225 Medium 0.226 – 0.3 High

ber Index Units

Analysis results QCVN 03:2008 / BTNMT Phase 1

(March)

Phase 2 (September)

(Source: Thanh Hoa City Department of Natural Resources and Environment)

Comment: Through the investigation of soil parameters in Quang Hung ward, the soil quality here indicates the following problems: The acidity of soil pHkcl is in the acidic level from medium to near neutral 4.45 to 6.21 The total nitrogen in the soil in the first test was very high and dropped to a low level when it was only 0.11%

by the 2nd survey In the first survey, after 6 months, this index increased, showing that the soil is rich in the easy-to-digest P when it reaches 62.4 mg / 100g of soil The easy-to-digest K indicator in the soil always reaches the average level in the surveys

The indexes of heavy metals in the soil such as Pb, Zn, Cd, As, Cr are always lower than the permitted standards Particularly, heavy metal Cu in the second survey exceeded the standard of 7.72 mg/kg