English on phonetics and phonology variation Assimilation ( đồng hoá âm) linking( nối âm) elision( nuốt âm) In what case we use these types cách đồng hoá âm, nối âm và nuốt âm khi nói tiếng anh.
Trang 1VARIATION
I Linking
1 Linking happens when we link words together, usually for ease of pronunciation
Example: Thousands of people He eats and drinks
/z əv/ /s ən/
2 Learners of English must be made aware of the problems that they will meet
in listening to colloquial,connected speech
_ If a word ends with a consonant followed by another word beginning with a vowel, the consonant is linked
Example : Give him a book
// gi v im ə buk //
3 When a suffix beginning with a vowel is added to a word ending with r/re in the spelling, / r / must be pronounced
Example.: near /niə/ + er = nearer
/ niərə /
more / mƆ: / + over = moreover
/ mƆ:rəuvə /
4 If a word ending with r/re in the spelling followed by another word beginning with a vowel, / r / is pronounced
Example: for a week // fə rə wi:k //
here and there // hiər ən ðeə //
5 Native English speakers usually insert / r / after / a:, ə; Ɔ: / for ease of pronunciation
Example: The idea of it / aidiər əv it /
Trang 2Raw eggs / rƆ: regz /
Ma and pa / ma: r ən pa: /
II Elision
1 Elision is typical of rapid casual speech Foreign learners do not need to learn to produce elisions, but the perception of elision is important
2 Elision is the complete disappearance of a sound
3 / h / may be elided from he, his, her,have, has, had when these words are unstressed and do not begin a sentenced
Example: Where does he live?
/ weə də z (h)i: liv /
4 /t, d/ may be elided if they occur in the middle of a sequence of three consonant sounds
Example.: first time / fə:s(t) taim /
blindman / blain(d)mæn/
5 / ə / is frequently elided within words if the resulting sequence of cosonants
is an acceptable English cluster
Example: / t(ə)r / 🡪 / tr / history /'hist(ə)ri/
/ s(ə)p / 🡪 / sp / surprised
/s(ə)'praizd/
6 When plosives occur in clusters with other plosives, the first plosive is elided /p, t, k, b, d, g/
Example.:
ca(p)tain
foo(t)ball
blac(k)board
ba(g)pipe
Trang 3III Assimilation
1 Assimilation is the influence of one phoneme upon another neighbouring phoneme, so that they become more alike
2 Assimilation is more likely to be found in rapid, casual speech and less likely in slow, careful speech
3 Assimilation affects consonants only
4 / t, d, n/ are likely to be replaced by
/p, b, m/ before bilabial /p, b, m/ and to
/k, g, ŋ/ before velar /k, g/
/ t / +/p, b, m/ => / p /
/ d / + /p, b, m/ => / b /
/ n / + /p, b, m/ => / m /
/ t / +/k, g/ => / k /
/ d / + /k, g/ => / g /
/ n / + /k, g/ => / ŋ /
5 Word medial /s/ + /j/ = / ʃ /
/z/ + /j/ = / ʒ /
Example : issue / 'isju:/ 🡪 / 'iʃu: /
azure / 'æzjə / 🡪 / 'æʒə /
6 Word medial /t/ + /j/ = / tʃ /
/d/ + /j/ = / dʒ / Example: student / 'stju:dnt / / 'stʃu:dnt /
educate / 'edju:keit / / 'edʒu:keit /
7 / s / + / ʃ / => / ʃ /
Trang 4/ z / +/ ʃ / => / ʒ /