Outcomes 2ed advanced workbook

Complete the dialogues w ith th e correct form of the words and phrases in th e box.. There are five extra words th a t you don’t need to use.. You m ay need to add extra words.. Evening

Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States

ng l.ce n g a g e co m /o u tco m e s PASSWORD outcom es!C 4#

Outcomes Advanced Workbook

Carol Nuttall and Amanda French

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Print Number: ОI Print Y ear: 2 0 16

01 CITIES

Vo c a b u l a r y C ity life Li s t e n i n g

1 Complete the sentences w ith th e words in

the box.

congested run do w n spotless

spraw ling vib ra n t w e ll-ru n

1 At rush hour in Bangkok, th o u sa n d s o f

motorcycles h it th e streets.T h e ce n tre ’s really

2 There was no rubbish an yw here in th e city

centre It was c o m p le te ly

3 Istanbul is a b ig , city It seems to go on fo r m iles and miles 4 The area is v e r y w ith m any buildings in poor c o n d itio n or c o m p le te ly derelict 5 We have a v e r y bus service Over 95% o f all buses arrive on tim e 6 Reykjavik's n ig h tlife is re a lly , w ith lots o f great bars and nigh tclubs Match the descriptions (1 -8 ) w ith th e words and phrases (a-h). 1 The atm osphere is a w fu l! I som e tim es feel like I’m choking! 2 Pick th a t up! Do you w a n t to g e t a fine? 3 They come on tim e , and e v e ry th in g runs really sm oothly 4 The crim e rate's q u ite high, so I w o rry a b o u t being attacked if I'm o u t a fte r dark 5 She’s always g o t to have th e last w o rd in fashion - th e la te st shoes, w a tch , s m artph on e .You nam e it 6 M ost o f th e bu ild in g s in th e area are condem ned, and th e re are plans to redevelop it 7 We w ere ju s t c ra w lin g alon g fo r tw o hours! So I was late fo r m y m eeting 8 There are new bars and restaurants sp rin g in g up in th e area It’s really livened up a m ug gings and shootings b slum с n e tw ork o f buses and tra m s d tra ffic e sm og and fu m e s f buzz g d ro pp ing litte r h conspicuous con su m p tio n 3 % 1.1 Listen to p art of a radio program m e in w hich tw o students give th eir opinions of a city W hich city (a-с ) are th ey talking about? Listen again W ho is m ore positive about th e aspects of life in th e city: Aytak (A) or Eileen (Е)? Or n eith er (-) or both (А+Е)? 1 th e c lim a te

2 th e c ity centre

3 th e cleanliness

4 th e local accent

5 th e local people

6 th e safe ty

7 th e n ig h tc lu b s

U n d e rs ta n d in g a speaker's to n e can o fte n help you w o rk o u t th e ir

o p in io n or a ttitu d e For exam ple, is th e speaker’s voice n e utral or

e m o tion al? Do th e y sound bored, angry, e n th u s ia s tic or sarcastic?

De v e l o p i n g w r i t i n g

An in fo rm a l e m a il - w r i t i n g a reply

5 Read the em ail W rite questions from th e prom pts

(a-d) and use th em to com plete th e gaps (1-4).

a for / you / w h e n / best / be / ?

b do / how / you / ?

с there / a n y th in g / on / good / be / ?

d w h at / be / like / it / ?

• 00

Arlene

Sushant

Holidays!

£

1 I'm studying like crazy here, be cause it’s m y

finals next week So apologies if this is ju st a qu ic k

message I’ve been thinking a lot ab o u t you r invite to

come and stay, and yes, I'd love to! M y exam s finish

on Friday, so I could get on a train any tim e after

th e n 2

I’ve never seen you r hom etow n, so I’m really looking forward to i t ! 3 I’d really like to explore, and maybe go to som e local events to o 4

Anyway, I'd better get ba ck to m y revision S peak soon! Sushant •oo To Sushant ■ ■ From Arlene ■ ■ Subject I Re: H o lic ^ ^ ^ Hi Sushant, T h a t’s great news! I’m studying fo r m y exam s at the m o m e n t too, b u t I’ll have finished by next Saturday, so why d o n ’t you co m e then? I kn o w w h a t you mean about the need to get 'out and about / up and around. I’m sick and 2tired / bored o f these fo u r walls! L e t’s hit the tow n on your visit B elfa st’s g o t a w ild clu bb ing scene, so w e ’ll be spoilt fo r choice R estaurants are really pricey, though, so w e ’ll give the m a 3miss / loss'. Anyway, y o u ’ll love Belfast It’s a friendly, cosm opolitan city, w ith a really vibrant feel to it In the last fe w years there’ve been a lot o f changes It used to be a bit *run down / affluent in places, b u t it’s all been 5done / made up, and no w it’s a tou rist h o t-sp o t! There are som e very trendy boutiques, if y o u ’re into th a t kind o f thing I thin k the Music Festival’s going to be on tha t w e ek so w e could check 6out t up som e bands, if y o u ’re up fo r that? 6 Read the reply on th e right W hich topics does Arlene mention? nightlife w h a t's on architecture atm osp he re countryside language food sho p p in g 7 Choose the correct words to com plete A rlene’s reply 8 Find words and expressions in A rlene’s em ail w hich mean the sam e as 1 -4 1 go into to w n fo r a n ig h t o u t

2 have a big selection

3 a popular d e s tin a tio n

4 collect (someone) in a car

9 Im agine th a t Sushant sent his email to you Write a reply (1 5 0 -1 9 0 words) to Sushant, answering his questions and giving inform ation about your tow n or city Include th ree or four of th e topics from exercise 6.

Let m e k n o w w hen you r train gets in, and I’ll com e and pick you up

Take care Arlene

We usu ally use s h o rte r sentences in in fo rm al w ritin g as

th e y sound c h a ttie r and frie n d lie r Use in fo rm al linkers too, such as too ra th e r th a n in addition to, or anyway instead o f

w hat’s more.

Learner tip

1 Rewrite th e sentences in a m ore em phatic way, using

th e words in brackets.

1 It was like th e A rctic in the re , (really, really)

The room w a s

2 The vie w was panoram ic, like being on to p o f th e w o rld , (m iles and miles) You could s e e

3 The people are crazy drivers; it's like being on a race track, (totally) The w a y people d riv e

4 It was very h o t in th e re sta u ra n t and I had to get o u t (unbearably) 1 had to le a v e

De v e l o p i n g c o n v e r s a t i o n s Reinforcing and e x e m p lif y in g a p o in t 2 Complete the dialogues w ith suitable words and phrases from th e box You do not need to use all of them spotless lite ra lly m iles and m iles un be arab ly co m p le te ly packed to ta lly really, really loads and loads lively ab solutely A: It looked like a bo m b had h it it th e ne xt m o rn in g B: Yeah? A: Honestly There w ere 1 o f e m p ty cans and plastic plates all over th e floo r, and th e place 2 stan k o f beer C; The cinem a was a b s o lu te ly3

D: Really? C: Seriously.The queue o u tsid e beforehand stretched fo r 4 ; rig h t round th e block! It w a s5 insane! E: The hotel w a s6 up -m arke t F: Oh,yes? E: Really It was like th e Ritz.The room s w ere 7

huge, and th e service was im peccable.T he w h o le place w a s8 too, everyw here w as so clean it looked brand new V o c a b u l a r y E m p h a sisin g and e x a g g e ra tin g _ Pr o n u n c i a t i o n I n t o n a t io n f o r e m p h a s is Language note stress English speakers use stress to focus th e lis te n e r’s a tte n tio n on w h a t is im p o rta n t Extrem e w o rds ofte n have a stro n g stress V 3 Practise saying these sentences Then underline th e syllables you th in k should be stressed th e m ost. 1 I swear, th e shop was filth y inside! 2 The w o m a n in th e baker’s w as in cred ibly he lp fu l 3 Honestly, th e stench was unbearable! 4 It w as really, really gre at to see you again! 5 Seriously, he drove like crazy to g e t here! 6 G e ttin g across to w n was a n ig h tm a re ! 4 4 1 2 Listen and check Practise again and try to im itate the in tonation. Re a d i n g 5 Quickly read th e article opposite In w h at order do you learn about these things? W rite 1 -6 p o p u la tio n increase

a m e th o d to deal w ith w a ste

p ro te s t a g a in st changes

th e crea tion o f green spaces

concerns fo r th e fu tu re

an idea to im p rove travel

6 Read th e article again Are th e statem en ts true (T) or false (F)? 1 C u ritiba 's d iffic u ltie s are unusual w h e n com pared to o th e r large cities 2 In C u ritib a , people are rew arded fo r c o lle c tin g waste 3 La w n m ow e rs are used to m a in ta in all th e grassy areas in th e city 4 Lerner invested m ore m oney in buses th a n tra in s because buses w ere faster 5 A n u m b e r o f childre n prevented m o to ris ts fro m e n te rin g th e n e w pedestrian centre 6 Retail com panies suffered as a re su lt o f Lerner’s in itiative s 7 C u ritib a is n o w a m ore a fflu e n t city 8 The bus system is less po pu lar n o w th a n it w as in itially 7 Complete th e sentences w ith one particle in each gap. The expressions are all tak en from th e article. 1 W h a t is th e g o ve rn m e n t d o in g to d e a l th e problem o f urban unem p loym e nt? 2 The te n a n ts have c o m e w ith a plan to do up th e to w e r block 3 The council keeps th e la w n s good trim 4 A t firs t, residents opposed plans fo r a n e w c ity skate park, b u t th e skaters eve ntua lly w o n t h e m

5 C o m m u te rs a r e in arm s a b o u t th e ne w parking regulations

6 The cost o f th e ne w s ta d iu m has p u t th e co u n cil’s finances e n orm o us strain

Glossary

graze: eat grassflo c k to : go to (a place) in large num bers susta ina ble : capable o f being continued w ith m in im u m

lo n g -te rm dam age to th e en viro nm en t

Like m any o th e r m a jo r w o rld citie s, C u r it ib a in

southern B ra zil has had to deal w ith issu es such

as pollution, p o ve rty , and lim ite d p u b lic funding

How ever, th e a rc h ite c t and th re e -tim e s m a y o r o f the

city, Jaim e L e r n e r, has in tro d u ce d so m e in n o va tive

solutions.

As part o f his 'M aster Plan’, Lerner hoped to make the city

more environmentally friendly He initiated a recycling scheme

based on an 'incentives' system In return fo r delivering

recyclable rubbish to specified processing points, residents

receive a bag o f vegetables o r bus tokens As a result, C uritiba

now has one o f the highest recycling rates in the w o rld Lerner

also ordered the creation o f 26 urban parks As w ell as curbing

pollution, these control flooding T hey also make an unusual

sight fo r tourists - as a low -cost m ethod to keep th e lawns in

trim, sheep are allowed to graze there!

Easing traffic congestion presented a challenge as resources

were limited, but Lerner came up w ith th e idea o f a rapid

transit bus system, w ith extra long buses and special ‘p o d ’

shaped bus stops all ove r the city It runs as swiftly as an

underground railway but fo r a ten th o f the cost C om m uters

on th e streets The drivers w e re forced to turn back Luckily

fo r Lerner, this rebellion was short-lived The ensuing increase

in tu rn o v e r rapidly persuaded shop owners to change their minds W h a t’s more, th e incident also effectively demonstrated

th a t Lerner was a m ayor w h o could get things done

Lemer's pragmatism and determ ination helped shape the

C uritiba o f today The average income per capita has risen fro m a level th a t was below th e Brazilian average in the 1970s

to 66% above th e average, and surveys indicate high levels o f resident satisfaction

So, is it all just one big success story? In some respects,

C uritiba may have been to o successful fo r its ow n good

People and businesses have flocked to th e city, which now has

m ore than 1.8 million residents This has pu t the city under enorm ous strain Forty years ago, buses transported 54,000 passengers a day N o w th e num ber is 2.3 million According to some experts, the transport system has reached its maximum efficiency capacity Following a surge in complaints about the noisy and packed buses, the service is in decline W hat's more,

th e city is struggling to provide sufficient housing, employment and school places fo r all its new residents

H o w long C uritiba can retain its image as a model sustainable city depends on w h at planners will do next - one thing’s fo r certain, th e city w ill keep on changing

Lemer did not win over all the city's residents immediately,

however W hen his plans to pedestrianise part o f the centre

were passed, local businesses w e re up in arms, fearing a

V O C A B U L A R Y Recovery and ch a n g e

1 Complete th e text w ith th e correct form of th e words in th e box.

decline flo u ris h neglect in itia te po ur

d e m olish soar undergo

G R A M M A R Perfect f o r m s

2 Find and correct six m istakes in th e sentences.

1 She said she h a sn't been to Buenos Aires before last year

2 M y fa m ily has lived in M ila n u n til 1994

3 I'm sure there's a reason w h y he d id n ’t tu r n up He

m ay have th o u g h t you m e a n t h a lf past eight

4 The to w n hall was reopened last year, had been

c o m p le te ly re b u ilt a fte r th e fire

5 It is believed th a t th e n u m b e r o f u n ive rs ity graduates

w ill had do ub led by 2020

6 By th e tim e w e g o t the re , th e concert fin ish e d

7 W here had you been? W e've been w a itin g here fo r hours and hoursl

8 H aving visite d th e c ity several tim es, Kasia was

s ta rtin g to feel a t hom e there

3 Complete th e sentences w ith th e correct form of the verbs in brackets.

1 It was th e th ir d tim e th e c it y by anearth qu ake , (destroy)

2 For th e last tw o years, th e c ity c o u n c il th ecentre, (develop)

3 H e a to w n p lan ner ever since 2010 (be)

4 The c ity m a y fro m th e recession, b u t i t ’s

s till fa c in g problem s w ith crim e, (recover)

5 A t th e tim e I m e t th e m , t h e y fro m city

to c ity fo r m an y years, never m aking a p e rm a n e n t hom e, (travel)

6 The im proved tra n s p o rt n e tw o rk is th o u g h t to an in flu x o f n e w en tre pre ne urs to th earea, (encourage)

7 .up as p a rt o f th e council's 'clean up th e

c ity ' cam paign, th e area is n o w m ore p o p u la r w ith

a fflu e n t fa m ilie s, (do)

8 The n e w m o to r w a y by th is tim e ne xt

m o n th , (com plete)

Language note participle clauses

Participle clauses are o fte n used in w ritte n English as a

m ore concise fo rm o f expression We can use a pe rfe ct

p a rtic ip le clause to ta lk a b o u t consecutive past events

Having left town, I called home. (The speaker had already le ft to w n by th e tim e th e y called home.)

Vocabulary Builder Q uiz 1

D o w nloa d th e V ocabulary B uilder fo r U n it 1 and try the quiz below W rite y o u r answers in you r notebook Then check th e m and record yo u r score

1 C om plete th e sentences

1 I t ’s a big decision I w a n t you to th in k long and

before you c o m m it yourself

2 The local council h a s plans topedestrianise th e m ain shopping area

3 I d o n 't go in to th e centre every day, b u t I enjoy

s h o p p in g t h e r e and then

4 She f e l t to p ro te st against th e parking

re s tric tio n s o u ts id e th e hospital

5 I’m and tire d o f c o m m u tin g to w ork, soI'm m o v in g to th e city

6 She fre a k e d w h e n she saw th e damage

2 Choose th e no un w h ic h c a n ’t fo llo w th e adjective.

1 a fflu e n t suburb / career / woman / lifestyle

2 raise questions / hopes / plans / doubts

3 spotless tip / house / image / reputation

4 reverse a trend / a service / a policy /

a decision

5 spark outrage / protest / interest / nerves

6 i m pose a crowd / a ban / restrictions / a fine

3 C om plete th e sentences w ith th e correct fo rm o f th e

3 The streets are choked by t r a f f ic (congest)

4 The e x h ib itio n , (title ) ‘Urban Truths' is

co m in g to th e Tate n e xt m onth

5 The city is surrounded b y (sprawl) suburbs

6 I w a s (th rill) to see m y old frie n d again

7 (dem olish) o f th e in ne r-city slums w illtake place n e xt week

4 long and hard

5 sick and tire d

2 James w e n t to live in a villa g e because he w a s o f all

the tra ffic in to w n He'd had enough

3 I work in th e c ity centre all week, and retrea t to t h e

o f the village a t weekends

4 The new m all w ill b e a s h o p p in g centre, b u t w ill

also boast an e n te rta in m e n t com plex, w ith cinem as and a

bowling alley

5 There are high rise blocks everyw here, b u t you can

still see th e occasional to w n house

6 You need to t h in k before you buy th e fla t It's very

expensive

6 Complete the sentences w ith on e word in each gap.

1 The only place I can fin d a b it o f peace a n d is th e

park

2 We lo oke d and hard fo r a su ita b le cafe, b u t

nowhere looked very in v itin g

3 I bought a fe w bits a n d at th e shops

4 We've lived here on a n d fo r m o st o f o u r lives

5 I don’t see her m uch any more, b u t e v e ry and the n,

she gives me a call

6 The research centre w h ere I w o rk has so m any rules and

regarding he a lth and safety!

4 C om plete th e w ords

1 The c e n tre w e n t m ajor reconstruction

2 The g lo b a l tu rn has caused increasing

un e m p lo ym e n t

3 It was a very run - old building

4 The street was spo t clean

5 We w e lcom e d t h e tu rn in th e economy

6 A fte r th e earthquake, residents were te m p o ra rily re- in a hotel a p a rtm e n t complex

Score /25

W a it a couple o f weeks and t r y th e quiz again

Com pare y o u r scores

01 CITIES 9

02 RELATIONSHIPS

V O C A B U L A R Y D e s c rib in g people

Complete the descriptions w ith th e words in the

box There are tw o extra words th a t you don’t need

to use Then m atch th e descriptions (1 -6 ) w ith the

I ad m ire you fo r be in g s o You always

stand up fo r th e th in g s you th in k are rig h t

You're such a Go aw ay and let me

1 Som eone w h o takes th in g s in his stride

a gets stressed o u t easily b always rem ains calm

If you u n d e rm in e som e on e,you

a m ake th e m feel less co n fid e n t,

b encourage th e m Very princip le d people

a have stro n g values,

b a re n 't sure w h a t to believe in

Som eone w h o sucks up to th e boss

a is n o t in te rested in his w ork,

th e people th ey are discussing?

For exam p le: b r o t h e r cw d siv iter

Speaker 1

Speaker 2

Speaker 3

Learner tip

D on’t choose an an sw e r ju s t because you hear a key w o rd

- it could be m islead in g! Try to w o rk o u t th e m e a n in g fro m

4 Listen again and m atch th e speakers (1 -3 ) w ith the statem en ts (a-g ) One statem en t m atches tw o speakers.

This speaker

a appreciates th e value o f criticism

b has th e sam e role at w o rk as a relative

с believes it is im p o rta n t to have some personal space

d adm ires a relative's w ork

e believes it is possible to solve m ost problem s

f is a b o u t to leave a job

g keeps w o rk and hom e life separate

A: So, w hat do you 'get / make o f Holly, then?

B: Hmm, I'll te ll you w h e n I've decided

A: I think she’s great W h a t’s n o t to like?

B: Well, I agree she com es 2up / across as a really lively person and

fun to be w ith But I g e t 'over that / the feeling she could have

a bitchy side

A: Really? I d id n 't4get / make th a t im pression o f her W h a t makes

you thin k that?

B: Oh, nothing I could p u t m y fin g e r on, exactly But yesterday,

Raoul made a nasty jo ke a t Sarah's expense and H olly really

deemed to / looked to enjoy it It bothered m e a bit, th a t's all

A: Hmm, w ell I’ve seen q u ite a b it o f her and s h e6strikes / seems

me as a really frie n d ly girl You could be w ro n g ,y o u know

В: I hope so

De v e l o p i n g w r i t i n g

An online c o m m e n t - g iv in g advice

6 Read the post below, w hich appeared in an online forum

What do you think the m ain topic of th e forum is?

•oo

I I

Posted by: SammLMartyn Level: Platinum user Time: 21:09

Hi Am yLou,I’m sorry 1 (tell) you th a t this guy is badnews T here’s no d o u b t in m y m ind that he’s usingyou He 2 (should / treat) you like that

H e’s not interested in a steady relationship with you

o r he 3 (call) you last m onth If you

4 (ask) me, h e ’s acte d really selfishly

Are you willing to p u t up w ith tha t kind of behaviour,

o r 5 y o u (rather have) a morefulfilling relationship? A sk yourself h o w m uch youreally care ab o u t him If 16 (be) you, I7 (refuse) to see him fo r a while and see

w h a t happens If he’s interested, he’ll d o everything

he can to win you back If not, you 8 (have

be tte r / end) it now, before you 9 (hurt)again 10 (stay) w ith this guy would be the

w o rst thing you cou ld do

Boo

f

Posted by: AmyLou29

Level: Bronze user

Time: 20:15

I got divorced tw o years ago, after five years of

marriage I w as devastated, and I th o u g h t I could

never trust anyone again Then a year ago I m et a

wonderful man He cam e across as a really decent

person, honest and reliable I fell head over heels in

love But a m onth ago he suddenly sto p p e d calling,

without any explanations I d id n ’t hear from him until

last week He said he’d had a lot going on, b u t he

was sorry and he w a nted to start again w here w e

left off Should I trust him?

7 Quickly read Sam m i’s com m ent in exercise 8, ignoring the

gaps Which adjectives in the box best describe her response?

9 Read Em m anuel’s post W rite a com m ent (1 5 0 -1 9 0 words) replying to Em m anuel and giving advice.

• O O

balanced bitch y com passionate

forceful in d iffe re n t outraged

patronising u n sym pa th etic

» 4

Posted by: EmmanueLW Level: Newbie

Time: 21:23I’ve been seeing this girl for about three m onths now and I really like her I th o u g h t we were becoming really close, but in the last couple o f weeks she’s

m ade excuses several tim es when I’ve asked her out I’ve noticed that she spends a lot of tim e talking

to m y best friend and flirts with him a lot It’s started

to bo th e r me W hat should I do?

Vo c a b u l a r y Phrasal verbs

1 Complete th e sentences w ith the correct particles.

1 W e're g o in g in A ugust, so please w ill you w a te r ou r

plants?

2 You need to p u t y o u r f o o t and stop le ttin g him behave

like th a t

3 If you ask me, he's g o in g a d iffic u lt patch a t w ork

4 W ell, she’s g e t tin g a b it now She’ ll be 90 n e xt June!

5 He made a lo t o f business plans, b u t n o th in g c a m e any

Language note phrasal verbs

We fre q u e n tly use phrasal verbs, such as go out with,

split up, settle down and break up, w h e n discussing

2 He w ill have fin is h e d it by to m o rro w

3 She said th e re w o u ld be rain later, b u t I do n o t

kn o w i f th e re w ill

4 She could n o t have kno w n w h o w o u ld be there

5 I w o u ld n o t have helped you, even if I could

6 These are m ine, b u t I do n o t kno w w hose those are I

3 % 2.2 Listen and check Practise saying the sentences.

Re a d i n g

4 Quickly read th e essay opposite W hich is th e best

su m m ary (a-с ) of th e w riter’s view?

a Cinderella needs to be updated to make it more relevant to today's readers

b Cinderella presents som e com plex m oral problem s

w h ic h are n o t easily resolved

с Cinderella teaches readers som e useful lessons

a b o u t life and ethics

5 Read th e essay again According to th e w riter, are

th e statem en ts true (T) or false (F)?

1 The e n d u rin g p o p u la rity o f Cinderella is surprising

to some

2 The m ain th e m e s o f th e sto ry are unique

3 C inderella is in charge o f her ow n destiny

4 It is s om e tim es argued t h a t th e sto ry includes negative stereotypes

5 Some experts believe th a t th a t th e story has

d iffe re n t layers o f m eaning

6 The story teaches childre n t h a t parents are always fair

7 Recent a d a p ta tio n s o f Cinderella have gre atly

im proved th e story

8 The sto ry is m ore im p o rta n t th a n th e characters

in it

6 Choose th e correct words.

1 You're m is sin g th e point / tip o f w h a t I'm saying

4 I w as really s tru g g lin g , b u t M ax came to th e help /

rescue and sorted e v e ry th in g ou t

5 Suddenly, w e w ere headed / faced w ith a very real problem

6 His eventual arrest w as an exam ple o f ju s tic e in

action / performance.

Making a

case for

Guulej*e/la

Cinderella is a classic fairy tale about a young girl who

is m istreated by h er stepm other and stepsisters She is eventually rescued by a fairy godm other who helps her to marry a prince and live happily ever after T h e re are more than 700 versions o f the tale.

C f c )

i

eviled by both feminists and educators alike,

Cinderella has acquired a negative reputation for being

outdated, sexist romanticism So its detractors might

understandably be bewildered by the fact that the story has been

revised so many times and still adorns children’s bookshelves

around the world today So what is it about this particular fairy tale

that continues to attract readers? Are the critics right, or are they

simply missing the point?

Folk literature abounds with tales o f the poor underdog who

makes good, and Cinderella echoes this well-established theme.

W hat sets Cinderella apart, however, is the way in which family

relationships are foregrounded Cinderella is victimised by a cruel

stepmother and stepsisters, whom she strives in vain to please In

the story, Cinderella is a passive heroine - she does not defeat her

persecutors herself but requires outside intervention to escape.

This is offered by the all-good fairy godm other, who com es to the

rescue, giving Cinderella the freedom to realise her dreams.

Critics o f the tale often condemn the depiction o f the stepmother,

arguing that she sends a particularly unpleasant message to

children (i.e that stepmothers are evil) However, several

psychologists advise against our interpreting die story too literally.

On another, deeper level, the stepmother and the fairy godm other can both be considered

‘m other’ figures As such, they symbolise the good and bad aspects o f any parent’s character

in a way that is intuitively accessible to young minds Children often feel helpless when faced with a strict parent T h ey may feel they are being treated unjustly, particularly when sibling rivalry is involved, as in the story The message conveyed by the fairy godmother is that there is always hope Undoubtedly, this

is a very optimistic view Nevertheless, folk tales should not be read as realistic stories but rather as tales which appeal directly to the unconscious T his tale resonates with children because o f the underlying positivity o f its message.

Some modern versions o f the tale have tried

to address the problem o f unconvincing characterisation In Cam eron Dokey’s Before Midnight: A Retelling of'Cinderella', published in

2 0 0 7 , the stepm other and stepsisters have developed, multi-dimensional personalities.

well-Although such contem porary renditions seem m ore up-to-date and ‘natural’, they lose something in the re-telling and perhaps misunderstand the purpose o f fairy tales.

Through reading traditional tales, children gain initial contact with social concepts such

as fairness and jealousy, punishment and forgiveness - concepts which are articulated through plot rather than characterisation.

H erein lies the secret o f Cinderella's success.

Perhaps m ore than any other fairy tale, it presents a highly satisfying example of justice

in action T h a t renders it a powerful tool for developmental learning.

fa ir y ta le : a story, usually fo r children, a b o u t events o f a fantastical nature ste p m o th e r: th e w ife o f y o u r fa th e r by a subsequent m arriage

un d e rd o g : person in a p o sitio n o f in fe rio rity or adversity

G r a m m a r w o u ld

1 M atch the sentence halves.

1 I w o u ld n ’t have asked fo r y o u r help

2 She w o u ld n 't change her m ind

a or apologise fo r being late,

b if I knew som eone else the re ,

с had enough o f his behaviour by now

d like th a t! It’s so ty p ica l o f him

e if I’d know n y o u ’d go to so m uch tro u b le !

f raising y o u r voice like tha t?

g th e re ’s no te llin g som e people, is there?

h even th o u g h I begged her to reconsider,

i o ry o u m ig h t upset her

j b u t o f course it w a sn ’t

2 M atch the sentences (1 -1 0 ) in exercise l w ith the

functions (a-f).

a to make requests, offers or c o m m e n ts m ore p o lite

b to ta lk a b o u t past ha bits o r actio ns th a t happened

1 Her e x -h u s b a n d any m aintenance, (pay / give)

2 y o u m e a hand w ith th e shopping?(o ffe r / give)

3 She w as so lazy, s h e a fin g e r around th e house.(p u t / lift)

4 He trie d to reason w ith her, b u t s h e do w n (back / come)

5 She’s really hard w o rk as she ha rdly says a w o rd I w ish she up a little , (lig h te n / stand)

6 I m ore tim e fo r her if she w e re n ’t so bitchy

(spend / have)

4 Rewrite th e sentences using would and th e word in brackets.

1 He never m inced his w o rd s w h e n c o m m e n tin g on th e ir behaviour, (m ince)

2 I th in k she did th a t on purpose, (say)

3 Please help m e w ith th is a p p lica tio n fo rm , (m ind)

4 She’s always g e ttin g upset over such triv ia l th in g s ! (get)

5 Surely Peter know s all a b o u t th a t! (th o u g h t)

6 She th re a te n e d to leave i f he d id n ’t stop y e llin g , (warned)

7 I’m sorry I shouted, b u t you kept in te rru p tin g me (if)

8 You should go and ta lk to her and tr y t o patch th in g s up (were)

Vo c a b u l a r y R e lationships

5 Decide w h eth er th e statem en ts are tru e (T) or false (F).

1 If som eone keeps h im s e lf to h im s e lf he is sociable

2 W hen you con fide so m e th in g to som eone you a d m it hidden

fe e lin g s to th e m

3 Parents w h o push th e ir kids hard are a m b itio u s fo r th e m

4 Som eone gets back on th e s tra ig h t and n a rro w if he recovers fro m an illness

5 If som eone sends you m ixed messages he sends you th e

w ro n g in fo rm a tio n

6 If w e fin d som eone in rem arkably good health w e are surprised

a b o u t it

Complete the dialogues w ith th e correct form of

the words and phrases in th e box.

a scene g e t on be on speaking te rm s

end up g e t on each o th e r’s nerves

through a b it o f a rough patch

A: So, how are you and Joe?

B: We've been g o in g 1 , as it happens

A: Oh, no! H ow come?

B: Well, little th in g s really We ju s t seem to 2

It all started w ith m y m o th e r co m in g to stay As you

know, she and M a rtin d o n 't3 very w e ll

at the best o f tim e s But th is tim e , M u m b ro u g h t

her new dog w ith her, and M a rtin refused to have it

in the house He caused 4 over it in fact,

and my m o th e r5 leaving un de r a cloud

They h a v e n 't6 ever since, and I'm c a u g h t

in the m iddle!

back down co n fro n ta tio n his w e ig h t

collaborate fric tio n see eye to eye

C: We w e re7 w ith a te a m fro m th e A rt

departm ent, and Sahid and Zenia ju s t d id n 't

8 on a n y th in g N e ith e r o f th e m was

w illing t o9 , and n a tu ra lly th is caused

10 am o ng th e rest o f us Eventually, th e ir

bickering led to a r id ic u lo u s11 , w ith

Zenia accusing Sahid o f n o t p u llin g12

and refusing to w o rk w ith him any longer

D: So, w h at happened?

C: We lost th e project to Mike's tea m

spark her interest make it so a w kw ard

come as a real shock on fir s t nam e te rm s

when it comes do w n to it

E: So you know him?

F: Not well, b u t w e ’re 13 , share th e odd

drink in the club bar, t h a t sort o f th in g And t h a t ’s

w h a t14 If I'd kn o w n she was his w ife , I'd

never have flirte d w ith her 15 , I'm q u ite

old-fashioned a b o u t such th in g s I t16 to

learn th a t she was m arried, and th e n to fin d o u t

tha t I knew th e husband

E: I would im agine she'd be m ore em barrassed

than you

F: That's th e fu n n y th in g It seems to have

17 even m ore

come to his aid p u t him at his ease

keep an eye on him

G: What's happened to th a t boy you to ld m e about?

H: Who, David? I've been 18 and he seems

to be g e ttin g on a b it better He g o t in to a spo t o f

trouble th e o th e r day, b u t a boy fro m his class

19 They've become frie n d s since th e n ,

and this seems to h a v e20 s o m e w h a t

V ocabulary Builder Q uiz 2

D o w n lo a d th e V ocabulary B uild er fo r U n it 2 and tr y th e quiz

be lo w W rite y o u r answers in y o u r n o te b o o k Then check th e m and record y o u r score

1 C o m ple te th e sentences w ith th e correct particles

1 Show y o u r m o th e r som e respect and stop an sw ering I

2 She really drags y o u She’s a w fu l!

3 They s o u n d e d th e boss a b o u t th e ir p ro du ct idea

4 They had a dre a d fu l row, b u t d o n 't w o rry - it'll soon blow

5 They lo o k on her ju s t because she d id n 't go toprivate school W h a t snobs!

6 To m y surprise, th in g s tu r n e d w ell

7 Alw ays s ta n d fo r w h a t you believe in

2 C om plete th e sentences w ith th e correct fo rm o f th e w o rd

in brackets

1 T hat was an a w fu l th in g to say to her! D o n 't be s o !(bitch)

2 I’m sick and tire d o f covering fo r h is He’s ju s t n o t

up it (in com pe tent)

3 He g o t a l l ab o u t stayin g in a hostel, and said he’dprefer a hotel, (snob)

4 I’m sorry b u t i t ’s a princip le I’m n o t to com prom ise

on (w ill)

5 W h a t g o t me w as t h e o f her o u tb u rs t She was soangry! (intense)

3 Choose th e correct verb to c o m p le te th e sentences

1 He was contested / subjected to a n u m b e r o f aw kw ard

q u estio ns by th e police

2 There w e re a huge n u m b e r o f applicants, b u t w e narrowed /

dragged it d o w n to io fo r an interview

3 I detected / determined th e fina l cost o f th e project

4 She d o e s n 't really push / pull her w e ig h t a t work

5 He has contributed / confided his concerns a b o u t his jo b to me

6 He's so lazy He’s always slacking / siding off

7 I th in k w e can draw / get som e valua ble lessons fro m th is experience

4 Are th e sentences tru e (T) o r false (F)?

1 If you need to lig h te n up ,yo u 're to o relaxed

2 Toddlers usually have to a tte n d school

3 You’re g o in g th ro u g h a rough patch w h en th in g s are d iffic u lt

4 M a kin g a scene usually involves an a rg um e nt

5 Your c o u n te rp a rt is y o u r o p p o n e n t or rival

6 Your colleagues w ill be un ha pp y i f you suck up to th e boss

Score /2 5

W a it a couple o f weeks and t r y th e quiz again

Com pare y o u r scores

CULTURE AND IDENTITY

V O C A B U L A R Y Society and c u ltu r e _

1 Choose th e best option to com plete th e definitions.

1 A bu rea ucratic society is one in w h ich

a th e re are a lo t o f rules and regulations,

b religion plays a p o w e rfu l role,

с th e re is a fa ir a m o u n t o f social m ob ility

2 A c u ltu re know n fo r its h o s p ita lity is

a unfriendly b w e lco m in g с n a rro w -m in d e d

3 If you conform to certain standards o f be ha viou r,yo u

a ignore th e m b challenge th e m с obey th e m

4 A secular org an isatio n is one w h ich

a fo llo w s a p a rtic u la r religion

b does n o t have a religious nature,

с respects m any d iffe re n t religions

5 If life is to u g h , it is

6 If you take th e m ickey o u t o f som e on e,you

a criticise th e m b b u lly th e m с tease th e m

Complete th e sentences w ith one word in each gap.

1 M any second g e ne ration im m ig ra n ts have lo s t w ith

th e tra d itio n s and ha bits o f th e ir ow n cultu re

2 People in th e c o m m u n ity are p o lite and frie n d ly on a

level, b u t fe e lin g s o f re se n tm e n t run deep

3 In th e village, c o m m u n ity li f e around th e church,

as th e re are fe w fa c ilitie s available

4 I was struck by th e p o s itiv e o f m o st o f th e t o w n ’s

in h a b ita n ts , despite th e bleak w eather

5 Generally, th e y ’re very liberal the re , and have a live and

4 Listen again and w rite th e correct letter:

M for M artisor, С for Chalandam arz or

H for H inam atsuri.

1 They take place in s p rin g tim e

2 C ertain colours are p a rtic u la rly im p o rta n t

3 C hildren play an im p o rta n t role

4 People believe th e y m ay b rin g good luck

De v e l o p i n g c o n v e r s a t i o n s

Challenging o v e rg e n e ra lis a tio n s

Choose the correct words.

I don't know o f / about th a t A fte r all, w e're liv in g in a

secular society

I wouldn’t go th a t d ista n t/fa r. W riters sho uld be

allowed to speak th e ir m inds

Isn't th a t a b it o f an exaggeration / excess? N o t all

criminals are vio le n t

That's one method / way o f lo okin g at th in g s , b u t

children could learn a b o u t d iffe re n t beliefs at hom e

I really d o n 't consider / see it like th a t myself Nobody

should be forced to jo in th e arm y if th e y d o n 't w a n t to

That’s a b it hard / harsh, is n 't it? I agree w e need to

crack down on crim e, b u t the re 's g o t to be a b e tte r way

7 That's a bit o f an over-analysis t overstatement, is n 't it?

What about freed om o f expression?

8 I'm not firm / sure a b o u t th a t We can bu ild p a trio tis m

and c o m m u n ity s p irit in o th e r ways

7 Match the responses (1 -8 ) in exercise 6 w ith th e

opinions (a-d).

a We should teach religion in schools,

b All offenders m u s t go to prison - th e y ’re a da ng er to

society

с All books should be censored,

d Compulsory m ilita ry service is th e best w a y t o teach

1 agree w ith som eone?

2 disagree w ith someone?

A: It’s im p o rta n t to respect religious beliefs

B: Yes, I th in k th a t's essential

A: We should teach religion in schools

B: Oh, I d o n 't kn o w a b o u t th a t

9 Practise saying th e opinions and responses.

A: All offen ders should go to prison

B: W ell, I’m n o t sure a b o u t th a t

A: Racism is never ju s tifia b le В: I c o m p le te ly agree

A: M o s t g o ve rn m e n t officia ls are corru pt

B: T h a t’s a b it o f an o ve rsta te m e n t, isn 't it?

A: We need to invest m ore in th e arts

B: Yes, th e y ’re ha rdly th riv in g a t th e m o m e n t

A: W ars can be good fo r th e economy

B: That's one w a y o f lo okin g a t th in g s , b u t I’m n o t sure I agree

Gr a m m a r c l e f t sentences

10 Put the words in th e correct order.

1 me / was / w h a t / o f / th e / n u m b e r / bothered /

homeless people on th e streets

2 found / th in g / th e / in credible / o f / was / th e / one /

lack / 1 / crime

3 me / a m o un t / th a t / w o rrie s / th e / th in g / is / th e /

money / o f / po litician s are w a stin g

4 w hat / annoys / th a t / th e / m o s t / me / is / no one

seems to be listening

5 one / mad / is / th in g / drives / me / th a t / all th e red

tape

11 Find and correct fo u r m istakes in th e sentences.

1 W h a t fo u n d I d iffic u lt to cope w ith w ere th e crowded streets

2 The th in g th a t amazes me th e m o st are th e s tric t censorship laws

3 A th in g th a t I co u ld n ’t g e t used to was th e bureaucracy

4 W h a t annoyed me th e m o st was th e lack o f respect

5 One th in g I hated was th a t th e fa c t th a t th e officials were

so co rru p t

6 The th in g th a t m e d is tu rb s th e m ost is th e fa c t th a t everyone seems scared

V O C A B U L A R Y H o u s e h o ld objec ts

1 Complete th e sentences w ith th e words in th e box.

There are five extra words th a t you don’t need to use.

bucket clo th dishw asher d rill

1 re lu c ta n tly changed th e ir citizenship

2 has no regrets a b o u t c h a n g in g th e ir c itize n sh ip

3 has n o t changed th e ir citizenship

1 I need to m end a te a r in m y jacket Have you g o t a

and thread?

2 T hat was a great meal, Sam! Right, I’ll clear th e tab le,

and you can load t h e

3 Use a to make som e holes fo r th e screws

4 The lam b's roasting in t h e - it should be

ready by one

5 A fte r you've w iped up th e mess, w rin g o u t th e

over th e sink, please

6 Let t h e run fo r a b it and th e w a te r w ill get

w arm

7 We need a plum ber T h e blocks every tim e

anyone flush es it

8 Help me p u t th is poster up, w ill you? Can you stick a

in ju s t there?

2 Choose the correct words.

1 This flo o r needs sw eeping Pass m e th e mop / brush.

2 K not th e rope i string tig h tly so th a t th e bikes d o n ’t fa ll

o ff w h ile w e're driving

3 The clock isn’t broken, you ju s t need to change th e

battery Give it here, and I’ ll take o u t th e nails t screws

fro m th e back

4 M y g ra n ’s ju s t m oved to a b u n g a lo w as she can’t clim b

th e ladders / stairs in her old terrace any more

5 You need to w e a r knee pads / bandages w h e n you're

skateboarding

6 There are usually tw o or th re e cables / wires inside a

plug

7 The w o o d ’s n o t very thic k, so ju s t h it th e nail lig h tly

w ith th e drill t hammer.

8 Make sure you rinse th e glasses a fte r you've w ashed

th e m - last tim e , th e w in e ended up ta s tin g o f washing-

up liquid / soapl

Language note legal English

We o fte n use special te ch n ica l language w h e n discussing laws and regulations, such as to hold o r grant citizenship rathe r

th a n to have or give citizenship.

4 Seven sentences from th e web page have been rem oved Write

th e correct letter (a -h ) in th e gaps in th e web page There is one extra sentence th a t you don’t need to use.

a W ith th e ir encou rage m en t, I've prospered, and I’m g ra te fu l to

th e c o u n try th a t m ade th is possible,

b M y parents saw it as a betrayal,

с I’m n o t ready fo r such dra stic measures yet

d This is very fru s tra tin g , and fra n k ly I could do w ith o u t th e red tape

e On th e o th e r hand, I w a sn ’t prepared to reject m y n a tion alheritage

f I com p rom ise d by g e ttin g a p e rm a n e n t residence pe rm it,

g But m y fu tu r e lies here,

h M y n a tio n a l roots run deep, it seems

5 M atch th e verbs from th e web page (1 -6 ) w ith the definitions (a-f).

▼ Why change citizenship?

► < nship: FAQs

► Personal stories

Glossary

dual citizenship: citizenship

of two or more countries

renounce: say fo rm a lly th a t

you no longer w a n t to be

connected w ith so m e th in g

register: fo rm a lly record your

details

What does it mean to become a citizen of a different country to the one you were born in?

Read about some personal experiences below.

A Geert (th e N etherlands / A ustra lia )

I made Australia my home 25 years ago and I've never regretted it The wonderful thing about th is country is th a t it's genuinely m ulticultural, and 'equal opportunities' isn't

ju s t a pretty phrase I managed to set up my own business here, and have receivedsupport from local authorities to do so 1 When the possibility ofdual citizenship came up, I grabbed at the chance

As an Australian citizen, I have the rig ht to vote, work in public service and even seek election to Parliament, i f I want to ! Of course, there's nothing stopping me from going back to the Netherlands i f I ever change my mind, but I can't see th a t happening I'm proud of my native homelandand I 'l l remember i t fondly 2 I feel like an Aussie now,through and through

В Lesley Ann (Canada / Germany)

I met my husband while we were working for a German-owned company in Canada and we were married w ith in the year Four years ago the company relocated us to Germany, and we've been living here ever since I've been made to feel very welcome

in Germany, but I'm s till Canadian at heart Mathi thinks I'm crazy, but I gethomesick for wild forests, ice hockey - even the cold! 3 And I'mnot ready to abandon them ju s t yet I'm not eligible for dual citizenship here, so i f I wanted to hold German citizenship, I would have to renounce my Canadian status

4 This meant I could legally live and work in Germany

in definitely, w ith ou t losing my Canadian citizenship By rejecting the country of your birth to become the citizen of another country you are effectively taking on a new identity 5

С Kamran (In d ia , th e USA)

I firs t came to the States as a student and then found work with an international company My work required me to travel overseas a lo t and i t was d iffic u lt to obtain a visa each tim e with my Indian passport I t therefore seemed sensible to apply for US citizenship

Unfortunately, i t soon transpired th a t i f I went down this road I would be re-classified as an Overseas Indian Citizen, not a fu ll Indian national I washeartbroken 6 They hardly spoke to me for months And I fe lt asthough I was rejecting my heritage

After some painful soul-searching, I fille d in the forms and was granted the citizenship, and I can now travel w ith relative ease Yet whenever I return

to India for longer stays, I have to register w ith an office of foreignnationals 7 But i f I want to keep everyone happy - includingmyself - then it's a compromise I need to accept

V O C A B U L A R Y W o rd s and phrases

1 Complete th e conversation w ith the phrases in th e box.

a chance w o u ld be a fin e th in g

b ju s t n o t th e done th in g

с no big th in g

d one th in g led to a n othe r

e th e fu rth e s t th in g fro m m y m in d

f th e so rt o f th in g

g w ith one th in g and a n o th e r

I really enjoyed do in g v o lu n ta ry w o rk overseas You

know, seeing ho w hard it is fo r people in som e parts o f

th e w o rld to sim p ly survive, w e ll, i t ’s1 th a t

makes you appreciate w h a t y o u ’ve go t! I sw ear I’ ll never

m oan again a b o u t n o t ha ving en ou gh clothes!

So, h o w did you g e t involved?

I m et th is girl in college w h o ’d done it, and w e talke d

a b o u t it, and 2 I d id n 't really plan it

I really ad m ire you fo r it It m u s t have been d iffic u lt at

tim es

No, it ’s3 , really I ju s t signed up, packed m y

bags and w e n t

I’d love to do it

Then w h y d o n ’t you? It's easy

H u h! 4 ! I could never take th e tim e o f f w o rk!

Then q u it! You're always ta lk in g a b o u t ta k in g a year o f f

to travel!

W hat? And je op ardise m y career? It's 5 in m y

fam ily, I'm afraid! M y parents d o n 't approve o f people

go in g round th e w o rld w h e n th e y could be at hom e

e a rning money

That's tru e ! I suppose once you 've g o t a jo b, it's d iffic u lt

Yes, and I've ju s t b o u g h t a fla t, too So, w h a t

6 , travel i s7 a t th e m o m e n t I've

g o t to o m any o th e r th in g s to w o rry ab ou t!

Oh w e ll! M aybe la te r

De v e l o p i n g w r i t i n g A d e s c r ip tio n - a d d in g in te re s t Quickly read th e description below Tick ( / ) th e things th at th e w riter is doing. 1 g iv in g in fo rm a tio n o n ly

2 in c lu d in g personal o p in io n s

3 using m a in ly fo rm a l la n g u a g e

4 a d d in g de tails and exam ples

5 using adjectives and adverbs

6 using passive stru ctu re s

HolL

Holi, th e Festival o f Colour, is one o f the m ost exuberant and colourful festivals in th e Nepalese calendar For any spring tim e visitors to th e country, it’s an e v e n t1 everyone sho uld s e e

The festival is usually spread over tw o days o r m ore at the beginning o f M arch On th e first evening, huge bonfires 2are lit These co m m e m o ra te the death o f th e evil spirit, Holika, and sym bolise the end o f winter The high point of

th e festival happens on the seco nd day, called Dhulundi The a tm osp he re is 3verv e xcitin g Everyone abandons social con ven tion s and th ro w s coloured po w d e rs and

w a te r ove r each other, celebrating life and the trium p h of

g o o d over evil People 4have lots o f fun in th e streets and the y pa rty 5in a very enthusiastic w av

To me, Holi is special because it’s a tim e w hen people forge t the ir differences and b e com e united in a general feeling o f goodw ill It truly is an expression o f hope and joy, and it never fails to 6m ake m e happy

3 Add interest to the description by replacing th e underlined

phrases with the words and phrases in th e box.

bring a smile to m y face electric

go wild lig h t up th e skies

like there’s no to m o rro w n o t to be missed

Add details to make y o u r de scrip tio n s m ore in te re stin g

In addition to adjectives, adverbs and s tro n g verbs,you can

include sim iles and m etaphors, b u t use the se s p a rin g ly or

your w ritin g could sound over th e to p ! _

4 Choose the correct words.

1 The locals gave us a hot / warm reception, o ffe rin g us

refreshments and a place to sit

2 I don’t like big parties as a rule /fashion, b u t th is was an

exception It was w ild !

3 I knew th e city like th e back / fro n t o f m y hand I kne w every

street and alley

4 Her speech at th e C u lture Festival provided p le n ty o f food /

material fo r th o u g h t We w ere discussing it fo r weeks

5 He rained t showered us w ith g ifts a t C hristm as W e fe lt very

spoilt!

6 The festival p ro gra m m e ran like clockwork / machinery,

w ith ou t any delays or m istakes

5 Find words and phrases in exercise 4 to m atch

6 Write a description (1 5 0 -1 9 0 words) of a festival or

celebration you have been to Use vivid language to add

interest.

Vocabulary Builder Q uiz 3

D o w nloa d th e V ocabulary Builder fo r U n it 3 and try the

qu iz below W rite y o u r answers in you r notebook Then check th e m and record y o u r score

2 Choose th e correct verbs

1 Life relates / revolves around th e village square

2 She w ishes to assume t retain her French citizenship

w h e n she moves to Germany

3 I'm busy today, so I've a chicken to ju s t stick / f ill in

6 It’s im p o rta n t to respect th e country's customs and

conform / interfere to its rules

7 I’ve ripped / stained m y to p w ith wine

3 Correct th e sentences by placin g th e words in bold in

5 Your o u tlo o k th a t th e British are always cold is

m isg uid ed , to say th e least

6 A fte r tre kkin g across Asia, she wondered how she

w o u ld accept th e h o s p ita lity o f a nine to five jo b again

4 Are th e d e fin itio n s fo r th e underlined words correct (C)

o r in co rre ct (I)?

1 A secular society is one w ith a d o m in a n t religion

2 A hyp ocrite is som eone w h o doesn’t really believe

w h a t th e y cla im to

3 Bizarre custo m s are ones th a t seem weird to you

4 An e lite gro u p usually holds a privileged position in asociety

5 Diverse interests are very similar

6 A d ra u g h ty room is a w a rm one

Score /25

W a it a couple o f weeks and tr y th e quiz again

Com pare y o u r scores

Vo c a b u l a r y Politicians _

1 Complete th e profile w ith the words in th e box.

fle x ib ility com prom ise

n o t be a ffe c te d by c ritic is m , and have th e |

6 to stan d up fo r th e ir b e lie fs

in th e fa c e o f o p p o s itio n T hat said, th e y

w o u ld also in s tin c tiv e ly k n o w w h e n it's

necessary to ba ck do w n , and have th e

a b ility to 7 in o rd e r to reach

a s o lu tio n th a t s u its eve ryon e Id e a lly,

th e y w o u ld also be k n o w n fo r th e ir

8 , b u t u n fo rtu n a te ly , I d o n 't

th in k it's a lw ays p o s sib le t e ll th e

c o m p le te tru th in th e p o litic a l arena

C o m m e n ts 1

C iv ilc y n ic 6 5

Dream on, P o litic a lD re a m e r! The o n ly

p o litic ia n s I k n o w o f are c h a ra cte ris e d by

t h e i r9 fo r th e ir o w n p o litic a l

ga in , and t h e i r10 in s ta m p in g

on a n yon e w h o g e ts in th e ir w a y!

Pr o n u n c i a t i o n Sound and spelling: \ j \ , \ t j \ and \z \

2 Choose th e word w ith a different sound.

1 ДJ/ charism a, ch a rm in g , change, c ha ritab le

2 /J'/ com passion, ruthlessness, pressure, obsession

3 /z/ w isd o m , pleasant, hasty, disaster

4 Щ m achine, ch a rm in g , brochure, c he f

5 AJ7 nature, d o w n tu rn , statue, fo rtu n a te

6 /z/ possessive, issue, dissolve, scissors

3 4.1 Listen and check Practise saying th e words.

De v e l o p i n g c o n v e r s a t i o n s G iv in g o p in io n s

4 M atch th e topics (a-с ) w ith th e opinions (1-6).

a red ucing th e n u m b e r o f MPs in P arliam ent

b keeping a n im a ls in ca p tiv ity

с b e com ing a cashless society

1 I’m ge ne rally in favour, b u t I h a v e w ith regard to oldpeople They fin d cre d it cards d iffic u lt to handle

2 I’m to th e idea It’s cruel because th e y su ffe r fro m

c a p tivity -re la te d stress

3 I’m th e idea We have to o m any bureaucrats ru n n in g our

w o rld , so I’d take it a step fu r th e r and reduce th e m by 20%

4 It ’s ju s t n o t in practice I th in k people w ill s till w a n t to usecoins and notes fo r sm all, d a ily transa ction s

5 I 'm it The last th in g w e need is to make th e C om m onseven less representative o f th e electorate

6 I th in k th e n e g a tiv e s th e positives.T hey can breed in apro te cted e n v iro n m e n t b u t th e y ’ ll go crazy in a co n fin e d space

5 Complete th e opinions in exercise 4 w ith th e phrases in th e box.

a good idea in th e o ry

fa r o u tw e ig h

to ta lly a g a in st

co m p le te ly opposed som e s lig h t reservations

I have som e m a jo r it

5 It's a good idea in theory, ju s t n o t in practice

It’s O K principle I ju s t unw orkable

6 I’m ge ne rally in favour I ju s t have some s lig h t reservations

It has some problem s b u t o n I like it

G R A M M A R C o n d itio n a ls 1

7 Choose the best options.

1 They taxes if th e y ge t in to power, you can

be certain o f th a t

a could raise

b raise

с are going to raise

2 If the party lost th e election, it re a lly be

the end o f th e w o rld

a w o uld n't

b m ig htn't

с couldn't

3 If the vote goes ag ainst him to m o rro w , h e

have to stand dow n W e'll see

a 's going to

b would

с m ight

4 If scientists came up w ith a practical so lu tio n ,

the p o litic ia n s listen to th e m , fo r sure

6 If they make wage cuts, i t a general strike,

or it m ight cause protests

a 's triggering

b could trigg er

с w ill trigg er

V O C A B U L A R Y Consequences

9 Choose th e correct words.

1 The g o v e rn m e n t’s decision to liq u id a te th e com pany triggered /

boosted an an gry protest

2 The move could devastate / discourage new businesses fro m investing

8 Find and correct six m istakes.

1 If you'd be elected, w h a t w o u ld you do a b o u t

5 What ify o u w ere unem ployed, th o u g h , w h a t

w ill you do then?

6 I consider run ning fo r office, if I w ere you

7 If the scandal m ig h t break, he w o u ld lose th e

The police raid on th e in n e r c ity n e ig h b o u rh o o d last n ig h t

a rio t th a t m ay last fo r several days

The c ity w a s by th e e a rth q u a ke and it w ill take years toreb uild it

The rise in prices w ill o n ly serve t o th e problem o f

u n e m p lo y m e n t a m o n g th e poor

The bre ako ut o f rebel fig h tin g in th e east is likely to fu rth e r relations betw een th e tw o nations, w h ich werealready fragile

The g o ve rn m e n t's n e w ta x policies w i l l m any

sm all businesses

04 POLITICS 23

1 % 4.2 Listen to th e first p art of a radio program m e W hich global issue is

going to be th e m ain topic?

a po litica l reform с th e de veloping w o rld

b conservation d g lob alisatio n

2 * 4.3 Listen to an extract from th e second p art of th e program m e.

Complete th e sentences w ith one or two words W rite exactly w h at you

hear.

1 Some p o liticia n s believe th e issue o f b io d ive rsity loss has b e e n

2 Sara th in k s th a t th e m o st w o rry in g th in g a b o u t b io d iv e rs ity loss is t h a t it's

3 The presenter is concerned a b o u t Sara's

4 Lyle c u rre n tly makes his liv in g as a

5 Lyle is concerned th a t Sara’s approach w o u ld have negative consequences

f o r

6 Thanks to incom e fro m th e cassava crop, Brazilian villagers have already

b u ilt new h o using and a

7 Encouraging fa rm e rs to g ro w susta ina ble crops w o u ld be m ore d iffic u lt in

Europe as countries th e re a r e

8 Sara believes th a t th e issue o f b io d ive rsity loss is m ore im p o rta n t th a n

3 M atch 1 -6 w ith a -f to m ake com pound expressions Check th e audioscript

4 Choose one word w hich does not fit in each sentence.

1 He strolled / crept / giggled / raced / staggered alo n g th e street

2 Sara gazed / raced / stared / glared / looked a t Paul

3 Anna screamed / muttered / gasped / said / crept / mumbled: 'It w a s n ’t me.’

4 He clutched / grabbed / chattered / held her arm

5 Sam my gazed / laughed / giggled / chuckled w h e n he saw M a rk’s fu n n y o u tfit

5 Complete th e sentences w ith th e correct form of a word from exercise 4.

1 Furious a t being ignored, he le ft th e r o o m s o m e th in g a b o u t

ta k in g his ideas elsewhere

2 A fte r be in g attacked, J o h n hom e un ste a d ily alo n g th e dark,

5 A n d y th e t h ie f as he ran past, and pushed him to th e gro un d

6 T h e y lazily alo n g th e sea fro n t, e n jo yin g th e g e n tle a fte rn o o n

breeze

6 Quickly read th e article opposite, ignoring

th e gaps Who is or are ‘tipping th e balance

of pow er’?

W hen you co m p le te a gapped te x t you need to th in k a b o u t th e w ay th e te x t is organised Look ca re fu lly at any pronouns

[he, these, etc.) or linkers (however, what's more, etc.) as w e ll as th e w o rd s before and

a fte r th e gap.These could give you useful

Seven sentences have been rem oved from

th e article W rite th e correct letter (a-h ) in

th e gap There is one extra letter w hich you don't need to use.

a However, none have been as a m b itio u s or

as successful as th e Rwandan pa rlia m en t,

b To th is end, he reform ed th e po litica l

c o n s titu tio n and s u p po rte d a series o f

e q u a lity measures,

с The m ost im p o rta n t o f the se are fe lt to

be im p ro ve m e n ts in fa m ily le gislatio n and

a n ti-d is c rim in a tio n measures to p ro te ct

m in o rity groups w ith in th e nation,

d Nevertheless, ha vin g a qu o ta system goes

a lo ng w ay t o en su rin g th a t th e ir voices are heard

e N o t on ly was th is rem arkable fo r Rwanda,

it was rem arkable as a w o rld achievem ent,

f A n u m b e r o f p o litica l c o m m e n ta to rs have claim ed th a t th e qu o ta system doesn 't

w ork

g This has led to accusations o f unfairness and bias

h In spite o f th is im balance, however, th e

c o u n try was s till legally and p o litica lly

m a le -d o m in a te d

24 OUTCOMES

Tipping the

balance of pow er

The relatively small A frican n ation o f Rwanda is a

pioneer in world politics In 2 0 0 8 w om en held 5 6 %

of parliam entary seats in th e Lower H ouse, including

the Speaker’s chair, and a th ird o f all cab in et positions,

5 notably th a t o f Foreign M inister and th e M in ister for

E du catio n 1 This is th e first ever tim e th a t a n ation al

parliament boasted a fem ale m ajority.

So, why is a cou n try like Rwanda ahead? O n e

contributing facto r has definitely been th e support o f

io President Paul Kagame The genocide o f 1 9 9 4 devastated

the country M ore th a n 8 0 0 ,0 0 0 Rw andans died, w ith

the rem aining population being 7 0 % fe m a le 2

Archaic legislation gave w om en an inferior place in

society - som ething w hich Kagame was determ ined to

is redress in the 2 1 s t century.

3 A m ong th e new g o v ern m en t’s early

achievements was th e passing o f several bills aim ed at

ending dom estic violence and child abuse A special

committee for w om en ’s affairs was also set up, resulting

20 in the abolition o f d iscrim in atory laws such as th ose

preventing w om en from inheriting land.

Several neighbouring A frican cou ntries have adopted

similar quota systems geared tow ards facilitating

women’s entry to parliam ent In South Africa and

25 Mozambique, for exam ple, w om en hold over 3 0 % o f

the seats in p arliam en t and have also m ade adm irable

strides in bringing about social reform in th eir

co u n trie s.4

The system has n o t been w ithou t its d etractors.

30 5 They argue th a t simply in creasin g th e

number o f seats in p arliam en t does n o t gu aran tee th a t

women will be m aking decisions th a t m atter Various

restrictions imposed on p arliam en tary d ecision-m aking

often seriously h am per th e voting pow er m em bers

35 can exert W h a t’s m ore, som e have argued th a t the

system prevents w om en from being taken seriously as

politicians and results instead in th eir being seen as

token figures.

Glossary

cabinet: gro up o f p o liticia n s in a g o v e rn m e n t w h o

make m ost o f th e executive decisions

quota system : a v o tin g system th a t gives

preference to a certain g ro u p o f people, such as

people o f a p a rtic u la r gender or race

6 In a society where it is still difficult for

40 w om en to gain access to good quality education, the fact

th a t w om en form th e m ajority in parliam ent shows just how determ ined they are to bring about change.

Even th e co u n try ’s m ale population agrees th a t overall

th e n ation has benefited from th e increased presence

45 o f w om en in governm ent O pen opposition is limited, and m an y m en w elcom e th e change, saying th a t it has

b rou gh t ab ou t n um erou s im provem ents 7

Obviously, th ere is still a lot o f scope for improvem ent, but th e Rwandan m odel sets an impressive precedent.

50 It’s on e w hich th e rest o f th e world will be watching

2 old and o u t-o f-d a te

3 th e act o f com p le te ly ending som ething

De v e l o p i n g w r i t i n g

A re p o rt - e v a lu a tin g data

1 Look at the ch art and read th e report Does th e w riter in terpret the

statistics in th e ch art in a positive or negative way?

New Zealand parliam entary statistics

35

1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005 2008

election year This chart 'suggests / presents the percentage of w om en in

parliament in New Zealand in the election years betw een 1990

and 2008 As shown in the chart, Overall / throughout there

has been a steady increase in the representation of w om en in

parliament during this time.

In 1990 women held only 17% of the total num ber of seats In

the 3following / coming election, that figure rose to 2 2 % , a climb

of 5% In 1996 there was another leap 4forward / onward, with

the num ber of female parliam entarians increasing by 7%.

Change after 1996 is com paratively slower Betw een 1999 and

2 0 0 8 , the num ber of seats held by w om en only 5raises / grows

by 3% Progress is not continuous The year 2002 is unusual

because it indicates a 6drop / descent in the num ber of seats,

with 4% fewer w om en in Parliament than in 1999 7Moreover /

However, this dip is not repeated.

To Bsum / conclude up, although the p ace of change has slowed

in recent years, the statistics show that there has been a definite

progression towards greater representation for w om en in the

New Zealand parliament.

2 Choose th e correct words to com plete the report.

Learner t ipUse fo rm a l, im personal la nguage in a rep ort Avoid using th e fir s t person (/, me, etc.)

3 Complete th e sentences w ith th e correct form

of th e words in th e box You m ay need to add extra words.

d iffic u lt long

ruthless smal unhappy

1 The increase w as s o as to be

in s ig n ific a n t

2 He w a s th a n o th e r p o liticia n s andalways g o t his o w n way

3 This is year o f all to in te rp re t, as

n o t all fig u re s w ere available fo r t h a t year

4 T h e she’s been in power, th e her citizens have become, and the

m ore th e y ’ve clam oured fo r change

5 The p a rlia m e n ta ry b u ild in g w a s

sm all, and it w a s a h o t place, th a t

fe w MPs w a n te d to lin g e r th e re fo r long

Sum m arise th e inform ation in th e ch art below in a report (1 5 0 -1 9 0 words) Select and report th e m ain figures, and m ake com parisons w here relevant.

V o tin g in 2001 UK p a r lia m e n ta r y e le c tio n s

100 г

18-24 25 -34 35 -4 4 45 -5 4 55-64 65 +

age

Vo c a b u l a r y Elections and p olitic s

5 Choose the best options.

Students at Brighton C o lle g e o f Art have 'arrived /

reached a consensus and dem anded a re-election

of the President of the Students' Union This decision

followed the discovery o f an attempt to 2co v er up /

trigger a scandal surrounding O live r Smith's controversial

3broad / landslide victory last w eek Smith is the son of

IMarjory Smith, a w ell-know n 4outspoken / unanimous

Labour MP It has been a lle g e d that friends o f Smith

had bensured / rig g e d the voting in the elections

According to a poll 6co n d u cted / cast am ong students

a month ago, Penny W a lk e r had a 4 0 % lead W a lk e r

is a 7standing / prominent figure in the deb atin g

society, w hile Smith does not b elong to a n y student

organisations Students are threatening to ^strike / lobby

and miss classes if their d e m and is not met

G R A M M A R C o n d itio n a ls 2

6 Rewrite the sentences, startin g w ith If.

I 1 We'd never have w o n w ith o u t th e ir sup po rt

1 Cross o u t th e w o rd w h ich does NOT collocate w ith

th e w o rd on th e rig h t

1 carry on a I conduct a / call a / the latest referendum

2 stand as an / cover up an / lobby an / an outspoken MP

3 reach a t a broad i set up a / an emerging consensus

4 a landslide / a hollow I a narrow / an emerging victory

5 rig an / call an / establish an / the run-up to the election

6 a broad I a sex I expose a bribery / cover up a scandal

7 a prominent / an alleged / an influential / a political

fig u re

8 cast a / a unanimous / a narrow 1 a protest vote

2 C o m ple te th e sentences w ith th e correct fo rm o f the

w o rd s in brackets

1 She resigned a m id (allege) o f corruption

2 The advantages o f th is proposal f a r (w eigh) th e disadvantages

3 She m a d e (satire) jokes ab ou t th e MP

4 W om en s till fa il to have f a i r (represent) in

7 He w ro te a (satire) play w h ich mocked

th e w o rk in g s o f th e Houses o f Parliam ent

3 Are th e d e fin itio n s o f th e u n d e rlin e d words tru e (T)

o r false (F)?

1 A p e titio n is a kind o f survey t o fin d o u t people's

op in io n

2 A h o llo w v ic to ry is w o rth le ss

3 To co m p o u n d a problem is to fin d a solution to it

4 If you hold a re fe re n d u m , you vote to make a decision

a b o u t an issue

5 A b a llo t lets people vote in secret

4 Add th e m issing pre po sition s

1 The com pany decided to b id th e contract

2 She expressed som e re se rv a tio n s th e proposal

3 The press o ffic e r y e lle d th e jo urn alists

4 He decided to s ta n d election to the partyleadership

5 The g o ve rn m e n t has allocated extra fu n d s

em ergency re lie f services

Score /25

W a it a couple o f weeks and tr y th e quiz again

Com pare y o u r scores

GOING OUT, STAYING IN

Vo c a b u l a r y N ig h ts o u t

1 M atch the two halves of th e anecdotes.

1 They caused q u ite a scene, actually

2 It ju s t d id n ’t live up to th e hype

3 Honestly, w e w ere in stitches

4 I c o u ld n ’t stop y a w n in g th ro u g h o u t th e presentation

5 It w as te rrib le She w as in flo o d s o f tears

6 W hen I realised, I was u tte rly m o rtifie d

a It w as a b solutely hilarious!

b I've never been so bored in m y life!

с It was q u ite aw kw ard, as everyone was looking,

d I w as so embarrassed, I ju s t w a n te d th e g ro u n d to s w a llo w

me whole

e A real d is a p p o in tm e n t a fte r th o se rave reviews,

f The news really le ft her in bits

2 Complete th e conversation w ith th e correct form of th e phrases

in th e box.

be in bits be m o rtifie d b u rst in to tears

feel a b it rough cause a scene live up to th e hype

A: So, h o w was th e re sta u ra n t last night? I've heard w o n d e rfu l

th in g s a b o u t it

В: I know, b u t q u ite frankly, it d id n ’t 1

A: Really? W hy not?

B: W ell, th e food was rathe r tasteless, I th o u g h t But th e com pany

was even worse! Xavier overdid it w ith th e w in e and eve ntua lly

2 He started s h o u tin g a t th e w a ite r and w e w ere asked

to leave 13 It was so em barrassing His g irlfrie n d , Sally,

was so upset th a t s h e4 They ended up arg uing, and

she to ld Xavier t h a t she never w a n te d to see him again So, th e n

X a v ie r5 Paul and I d id n 't kno w w h a t to do w ith him

A: It m u s t have been a w fu l!

B: It was rather! We spent m o st o f th e n ig h t con so lin g Xavier, and I

fin a lly craw led in to bed at 4.30 So, th a n ks to him , 16

today You haven’t g o t a painkiller, have you?

D e v e l o p i n g w r i t i n g

A r e v i e w - e m p h a s i s i n g y o u r ideas

Quickly read th e review W hich rating do you think

th e w riter w ill give this film?

a n d a 3disjointed / p ow erful s to ry lin e

m a k e s How to Train Your D ragon o n e o f

t h e m o s t4successful / thriving a n im a te d film s e v e r m a d e

T he film p o rtra y s a n is o la te d v illa g e w h ic h

m a n a g e d to w o u n d a 5fearful / fearsome,

fire -b re a th in g d r a g o n , b u t in s te a d o f

k illin g it, h e b e frie n d e d it

As t h e film d e v e lo p s , its a n ti- v io le n c e

m e s s a g e is m a d e c le a r w ith 6a d m ira b le / spine-tingling w it a n d in s ig h t.T h e s to ry

This film m a y h a v e b e e n m a d e p rim a rily

fo r kids, b u t it is b o u n d to e n te rta in

p e o p le o f a ll a g e s D o n 't m iss it!

4 Choose the best options to com plete th e review.

Learner tip

In a review, use descriptive w o rd s to em phasise

your opinion bu t th in k ca re fu lly a b o u t th e co n te xt

Many adjectives w h ich have s im ila r m eanings are

used in different ways, such as a handsome acto r

but a stunning or spectacular set

5 Replace the underlined words w ith th e adjectives in

I 1 The acting was n o t very con vincing

I 2 The special effects w ere very p re tty

I 3 The storyline w as c o n fusing

I 4 The cute dragon was easy t o like

I 5 The dialogue was n o t very na tural

I 6 The tragic ending was very sad

I 7 The escape scene in th e cave was scary

6 A film website has asked users to send in reviews of

films they have seen in th e past year W rite a review

(150-190 words) giving the nam e of th e film and

saying what you liked or didn’t like about it M ake a

I recommendation for other users.

Learner tip

When you w rite a review o f a film or book, do

• include a brief o u tlin e

• comment on its streng ths and weaknesses

• include personal op inions and a

recommendation

but don't

• givea com plete sum m a ry o f th e p lo t

• include to o m any background details

Language note intonation

Use in to n a tio n to em phasise y o u r in te re s t in w h a t th e

o th e r person is saying A fla t in to n a tio n can make you sound bored, especially t o native speakers

8 Practise saying th e sentences Underline th e stressed syllables.

1 You m u s t be g e ttin g q u ite good a t it

2 It m u s t’ve been am azing

3 I b e t th a t was a w fu l

4 I im a g in e she w as q u ite relieved

5 I bet she w as m o rtifie d

6 You m u s t be g e ttin g p re tty tire d o f it

9 5.1 Listen and check Practise again and try to im itate the

in tonation.

1 Choose th e correct words.

1 I m ig h t be a b it late, as I’ve g o t a supply t bunch / swarm

5 Due to m ig ra tio n to th e cities, th e re is a sho rta ge

in th e creation / supply t bunch o f m anual la bo ur in

rural areas

6 I searched th e w h o le house b u t th e re was no set /

supply t sign o f life

7 The council received bundles / floods t swarms o f

co m p la in ts a b o u t th e roadw orks

8 The new fa c to ry w ill m ean th e pleasure / creation /

onset o f m ore jo bs in th e area

2 Complete the sentences w ith th e words in th e box.

m an ne r fro n t record pro du ction

aw kw ardness pack fra c tio n th r ill

1 I m anaged to make a cheap bo oking o n lin e fo r a

o f th e no rm al cost

2 There w ere a l l o f people at th e e xh ib itio n ,

fro m w e ll-k n o w n a rt critics to o rd in a ry schoolchildren

3 I’ll m eet you i n o f th e cinem a at 7 o ’clock, OK?

4 H aving g o t over t h e o f b u m p in g in to my

ex-boss, I soon relaxed and enjoyed th e evening

5 The book is a w o n d e r fu l o f th e a rtis t's early

life in France

6 Have you been to see th e la te s t o f M acb eth

at th e N ew Globe th e a tre yet?

7 There’s n o th in g t o com pare w ith t h e o f

w a tc h in g y o u r fa v o u rite band pe rfo rm live

8 I kno w a great trick Has anyone g o t a o f

4 M atch th e headings (a - f ) w ith th e gaps in th e te x t (1 -5 ) There

is one extra heading th a t you don’t need to use.

5 Six of th e following points are m ade in th e text Number the

points 1 -6 in th e order th ey appear.

Chess im proves a b ility in certain subjects

M e m b e rsh ip is inexpensive

It’s b e tte r fo r you th a n some sports

The clu b is c o n ve n ie n tly located

Playing helps people to relax

It allow s people to m ee t players fro m d iffe re n t countries.The clu b could create m oney fo r th e council

Chess helps develop pre d ictio n skills

6 Complete th e words w ith the correct prefixes.

1 It’s im p ossib le t o w it th is genius She's to o sm a rt!

2 There w e r e n u m era ble fans - m illio n s o f th e m !

3 As a re su lt o f h e r a b ility she uses a w heelchair

4 T h is n a tio n a l sp o rt is played around th e globe

5 I need t o w in d and relax a fte r w ork

6 I refer you back to t h e m e n tio n e d study

Evening Chess Club

For the last two years, membership of the evening

chess club has been in decline, especially among

younger members Advertising is essential if it

is to survive and thrive The campaign should

highlight the following practical details Firstly, the

club is easily accessible by car or public transport.

Secondly, the membership is affordable for everyone,

with discounts available for the elderly, students and

those claiming disability or other benefits Thirdly,

this is a family club and parents are encouraged to

bring their children Advertising literature should

also give prominence to these key selling points:

1

Although online chess has become increasingly popular, meeting fellow players face-to-face adds an extra

dimension to the game Potential members need to be made aware that there is an on-site coffee shop, and snacks

such as fresh sandwiches and patties are also made available Regular tournaments stimulate friendly competition

and allow members to meet players from different local clubs If sufficient interest is generated by an advertising

campaign, there might be an opportunity to extend the scope o f the club It is hoped that in the future it will be

possible for members to participate in evening and weekend tournaments at an international level.

The latest medical research should also be emphasised Studies have shown that chess improves both memory

and concentration, as players need to focus not only on their own strategy but also on anticipating their

opponent’s moves in order to gain an advantage Studies have shown that chess may even offset the risks of such

diseases as Alzheimer’s in older players Finally, chess is excellent at stress reduction As this is an evening club,

it could be promoted as the perfect way to unwind after a hard day’s work.

In addition to the benefits already mentioned, chess promotes imagination and creativity, as players seek to

outwit each other Players develop problem-solving skills and the capacity to foresee the consequences ot their

actions Chess also develops vital social skills among younger players, such as learning about the value of

fairness and respect for their opponent Players gain confidence as they improve their skills Some studies have

suggested that regular participation in a skills-based hobby such as chess can improve ability at maths and logic

as well as overall performance at school I would recommend that separate flyers be targeted at teachers and

parents in the area, drawing particular attention to these many advantages.

For the aforementioned reasons, I strongly recommend that the

council invest in further advertising to promote the club.

Evening Chess Club provides local people with an enjoyable

and rewarding evening activity to complement the existing

sports and social programmes in the area Increased membership

would bring innumerable benefits to the community, as well as

raise some much-needed additional revenue for the council’s

leisure programme.

Glossary

cla im be n e fits : g e t fin a n c ia l help fro m th e

g o ve rn m e n t

p a ttie s : pies fille d w ith m eat and potato

A lz h e im e r’s: a progressive neurological disease

w h ich leads to loss o f m ental a b ility

G R A M M A R N o u n phrases

1 M atch th e underlined words and phrases in 1 -6 w ith

th e g ram m ar words and phrases (a-e) Use one of the

gram m ar words or phrases tw ice.

1 Ice Is Nice's n e w sin gle fe a tu re s lyrics u n s u ita b le fo r

d a y-tim e radio

2 Julian Vaughn has w r itte n a s p in e -c h illin g th r ille r w h ic h

explores th e bo u n d a ry betw een good and e v il

3 Kelly M alon e stars in th e historical dram a The Good

Housekeeper, based on t he novel o f th e sam e name

4 A crow d o f celebrities atten ded th e prem iere o f Ron

M iles's film The Holocaust.

5 H aving ju s t return ed fro m th e A m azo n, n a tu ra lis t

Sir Bob Henley is g iv in g a ta lk on Exotic Frogs at th e

Geographical Society

6 Alice Downey, w hose perform ance in th e com edy Caring

for Candice w on her tw o aw ards, w ill be ho sting th e show

2 Rewrite the sentences Include th e extra inform ation in

brackets and your own words if necessary.

1 The film stars th e actress (Australian / 37 / year / old)

Tjy& fdnv Stars the/ 3 7 -year-old/ AuitraLuwy octrees-.

2 Ken W ilson's ta lk was very popular, (thu n d e ro u s

applause / receiving)

3 Macbeth is a g lo o m y play, (w ritte n / Shakespeare)

4 Look a t th e actress, (designer dress / w ith )

5 The N ational Theatre C om pany is p ro d u cin g new plays,

(num ber)

6 The Frankies gave a concert, (superb / w a tch ed / m illions)

Li s t e n i n g

3 & 5.2 Listen to tw o conversations about evening activities

M atch th e conversations w ith two of th e pictures (a-d).

Conversation 1 Conversation 2

P

4 Listen again Are th e statem en ts true (T) or false (F)?

1 A m y h a d n 't been to a p a rty th e n ig h t before

2 She played th e gam e because she had seen it in adverts

3 She liked th e gam e im m e dia te ly

4 She’s g o in g to play th e gam e again

5 John never goes in to to w n on Friday nights

6 He th in k s th a t w a tc h in g DVDs is b e tte r th a n g o in g t o th e cinem a

7 John and his frie n d s organised th e club a fte r a frie n d lost her job

8 He usu ally prefers ho rro r film s

Language note colloquialisms

M a n y English co llo q u ia lism s are based on c o m m o n w o rd s or phrases w h ic h have been p u t to g e th e r in a d iffe re n t way.For exam ple, an all-nighter is a tim e w h e n you spend 'all n ig h t'

d o in g s o m e th in g Use th e c o n te x t to help you w o rk o u t

jB-5cib Ь cL

KeL:

Vo c a b u l a r y D e s c rib in g books

5 Choose the best option to com plete th e sentences.

I 1 Vikram Chandra weaves a c o m p le x in his novel Sacred

Games.

a plot b a rg u m e n t с speech

I 2 The no vel th e h is to ry o f th e war

a carries b fin d s с traces

I 3 Angela's Ashes is an a s to n is h in g o f a po verty-stricken

D o w n lo a d th e Vocabulary Builder fo r U n it 5 and try th e

qu iz below W rite y o u r answers in y o u r no tebook Then check th e m and record y o u r score

1 Choose th e correct words

1 He to ld us a tale / memoir ab ou t fairies

2 The novel centres / turns on th e relationship between

a p a tie n t and her psychiatrist

3 We w ere all in bits / stitches at his hilarious jokes

4 He gave her a lovely supply / bunch o f flow ers on her birthday

5 It w as so b o rin g I c o u ld n 't stop yawning / crawling.

2 W hich w o rd s relate to books?

1 dia lo g u e 2 issues

3 n a rra to r 4 trace

5 fla w 6 m e m o ir

6 Add the missing prepositions.

I 1 The book revolves th e lives o f fo u r w o m e n liv in g in

a small Irish village

I 2 A historical novel, it is s e t th e 1800s

I 3 McCall Smith has a w o n d e rfu l ta le n t fo r b rin g in g his

characters life

I 4 The plot is tu rn s tra g ic and funny

I 5 The story is t o ld th e fir s t person

I 6 The m u rd e r w h ich th e book is based to o k place in

I860.

Language note prepositions

When a verb + preposition occurs in a relative clause, no te th e

different word order:

The novel is set in Cuba. -» The place in which the novel is set

2 The film explores the m e s o f (accept) for

y o u r religious and p o litic a l beliefs

3 The p lo t centres on th e locals’ s trugg le to free them selves f r o m (oppress)

4 CGI has enabled t h e (create) o f epic

fa n ta s y film s like The Hobbit.

4 C o m ple te th e sentences w ith th e correct particles

1 We need to f a c t o r th e hidden costs

2 The p ro ta g o n is t is tu rn s violent, reflectiveand sensitive

3 The film gives us an in s ig h t his work

4 No one can deny th e universal a p p e a l the

cinem a

5 Ouch! You're tr e a d in g m y toes

6 th e rear o f th e m ain house, the re is a

w o n d e rfu l rose garden

7 W hen I travel, I prefer g o in g th e beatentrack, and e xp lo rin g th e less to u ris ty areas

5 C om plete th e sentences w ith suitable nouns

1 She was attacked by a o f wasps yesterday,and had to be taken to hospital

2 J&B d istilla rie s w o u ld like t h e o f yourcom pany on Saturday, 15th December, to celebrate

th e ir centenary

3 T h e before th e release o f th e latest StarWars film was incredible

Score /2 5

W a it a couple o f weeks and tr y th e quiz again

Com pare y o u r scores

0 6

CONFLICT AND RESOLUTION

Li s t e n i n g

1 4t 6.1 Listen to th ree people describing conflicts M atch the

speakers (1 -3 ) w ith the people involved in th e conflicts

(a-d) There is an extra option th at you don’t need to use.

a an em ployee and a m anager

b a p a ren t and a son

с tw o stud ents

d a tele visio n presenter and a guest

2 Listen again Why were th e speakers unhappy? M atch th e

speakers (1-3) w ith th e reasons (a-f) There are th ree extra

reasons th at you don’t need to use.

This speaker th in k s th a t th e person th e y ’re describ ing

a was being selfish

lost h is /h e r tem per?

still speaks to th e person he/she disagreed w ith ?

eve ntua lly pretended to agree w ith th e

o th e r person?

fe lt h u m ilia te d by th e o th e r person?

d id n 't speak t o th e o th e r person fo r a sh o rt

period?

shocked o th e r people w h o w ere w a tch in g?

4 M atch the statem ents (1-8) to the follow-on sentences (a-h).

1 No, I d id n ’t m ean th a t a t all!

2 OK, I heard you, and I’ve g o t th e message

3 Sorry, th a t cam e o u t all w ro ng

4 Look, w e ’re g e ttin g no w here here

5 You're d e fin ite ly an gry a b o u t so m e th in g

6 It w as o n ly a sm all scratch, so ju s t calm d o w n !

7 Hey! There’s no need to raise y o u r voice

8 W a it a m in u te ! You m isu nd erstood me

a So, I th in k w e should clear th e air

b I can hear you p e rfe ctly w e ll fro m here,

с We keep g o in g round in circles,

d Can you pretend I d id n ’t say it?

e It ’s n o t th e end o f th e w o rld,

f You’re tw is tin g m y words,

g I th in k w e've g o t o u r w ires crossed,

h N o w can w e ju s t m ove on?

5 Complete th e sentences w ith the words and phrases in

3 There’s no p o in t it any longer

4 Doesn’t w h a t y o u ’re s a y in g m y point?

3 I c e rta in ly did n o t m ean th a t! You're p u ttin g w o rds in

G r a m m a r w ish and i f only

7 Find and correct /o u r m istakes.

I 1 I wish I know th e an sw e r to these questions

I 2 I wish he w o u ld n ’t keep te x tin g w h e n w e ’re

talking

I 3 I wish w e’d never gone ca m p in g w ith th e m

I 4 I wish you can com e to s u p p o rt me w h e n I

see the boss later

I 5 If only I w o uld be b e tte r at re m e m b e rin g

facts when I’m a rg u in g w ith som eone

I 6 I wish I didn’t go to class yesterday

8 Complete Dave’s letter to his girlfriend w ith

the correct form of the words in brackets.

Dear Penelope,

I'm so sorry a b o u t e v e ry th in g I f o n ly

1 {you / let) me e x p la in I

wish 2 ( I / take) i t a ll back,

but I can 't I s h o u ld n 't have ta ke n y o u r

car, bu t I was so a n g ry w ith y o u I f

only 3 (we / not fig h t) lik e

tha t yesterday, th e n I w o u ld n 't have

got drunk and crashed i t I f o n ly t h a t

( tree / not be) th e re ! I w ish

(.I / not yell) a t th e p o lic e

officer, eith er Then I m ig h t n o t be

Language note I hope versus I wish

Use I hope if you w a n t so m e th in g th a t is possible

I hope I can come to your party. (I'll tr y m y best and

if possible I'll come)

Use / wish if som e th in g isn’t possible

I I wish I could come to your party, (bu t

unfortunately I can't)

9 Rewrite the sentences beginning with the words given.

1 M y phone never works properly It's so annoying!

10 M atch com m ents (1-6) w ith the responses (a-f).

1 I c a n 't believe you le ft th e address on yo u r desk!

2 There’s no need to snap at me like th a t

3 W hy on earth did you buy such a huge hom e cinema?

4 W hy can’t you ask Joe? It’s not as th o u g h he’s g o t anything better to do

5 I to ld you w e s h o u ld n 't have come I'm so bored!

6 I w ish you'd stop go in g on ab o u t it

I know It’s ju s t th a t he’s n o t as ta c tfu l as you

I w o u ld n 't have if you hadn’t been ye llin g at me to hurry up

So you keep saying I w ish you w o u ld drop it

It’s ju s t th a t I’m no t sure w h a t to do, t h a t’s all

OK I’m sorry It’s ju s t th a t you keep in te rru p tin g me

W hy not? It’s n o t as if w e can’t afford it

P r o n u n c i a t i o n Soft a nd hard с and g

11 Look at th e underlined letters in th e words in the box and w rite the words under th e correct h eading in th e table.

associated n e g o tia tio n casualty rage

1 /s/ receive 3 М з/ in te llig e n t

2 / к / careful 4 /g /g o

12 6.2 Listen and check Practise saying the words.

13 M atch th e sentence halves to complete the rules.

1 We usually pronounce с a s /s /a n d g a s /Уз/

2 We usually pronounce с as /к / and g as /g /

a a fte r th e le tte rs e, i o ry

b a fte r o th e r letters

0 6

Vo c a b u l a r y C o n flic t a n d re s o lu tio n

1 Choose th e c o rre c t w o rd s

F ilm o f t h e W e e k

B lo o d D ia m o n d (2006) showing on Channel 5, Wednesday at 9pm

Sierra Leone 1999, a cou ntry ravaged b y th e 'coup / conflict betw een

govern m ent Casualties / troops and rebel forces In th e opening

scene, th e R evolutionary United Front (RUF) invades / defends

a sm all village, capturing a fisherm an called S olom on Vandy, and

forcing his son Dia to be com e a child soldier S olom on is fo rce d to

dig fo r diam onds, th e rebels' main sou rce o f funding He find s a large

pink diam ond, and m anages to hide it, b u t th e rebel officer in charge,

Captain Poison, sees him d o so However, fighting suddenly Creaks

down / breaks out betw een the arm y and th e rebels resulting in the

latter being 5defeated / withdrawn. Both S olom on and Captain Poison

are im prisoned, and w ith the m is Danny Archer, an ex-m ercenary

turne d diam ond smuggler He overhears Captain Poison yelling

at Solom on ab ou t th e diam o nd and sees an opportunity A fter

Negotiating / establishing S olom on's release, Archer agrees to help

him 7gain / track down his fam ily in exchange fo r the diam ond

The tw o men Bsuffer sanctions / join forces w ith an Am erican journalist

called M addy Bowen, w h o w a nts to help Solom on On discovering

Archer’s true motives, however, she refuses to continue unless he

agrees to help her expose the atrocities and hum an rights Violations

/ negotiations surrounding the blood diam ond trade in Sierra Leone

Archer agrees, and they use the press convoy to travel across country

M addy leaves the country, and the men finally succeed in finding the

mining cam p, where they find not only S olom o n’s son, but also Captain

Poison The '°resolution / tension rises as Dia refuses to acknow ledge

his father, and Archer and Solom on "gain ground / are surrounded

by Captain Poison and his men, but an air strike by South African

mercenaries enables Solom on to kill Poison Their troubles aren't over,

however, as the leader of the South African m ercenaries no w w a nts the

diam ond fo r himself Archer m anages to 12achieve a resolution / seize

control by killing him and his men, but gets badly injured Realising he

is dying, he gives the diam ond to Solom on and tells him to take his son

and go He delays the soldiers chasing them to give Solom on and Dia

tim e to escape His final act before he dies is to phone M ad dy to ask

her to help Solom on and his family get to safety

Re a d i n g

2 Quickly read the article W hat is the m ain topic?

a th e differences betw een h u m an and an im a l

be ha viou r

b th e effects o f w a r and w h y it is so destructive

с w h e th e r fu tu re w ars are in e vita b le

d th e groups o f people w h o are m ore likely to be

violent

3 Read th e article again For statem en ts

1 -9 , decide w h eth er th e w riter agrees ( / ) , disagrees (X) or doesn’t com m ent (DC).

1 It is su rp ris in g w h a t stu d e n ts believe

6 People s h o u ld n ’t share w h a t th e y have

i f th e ir reasons fo r d o in g so are s e lfish I

a c tin g aggressively to w a rd s one another

4 Find words or phrases in th e article which

5 agreem ents b e tw ee n tw o groups,

w ith b o th sides g e ttin g p a rt o f

w h a t th e y w a n t (paragraph 5)

6 de fe a t (paragraph 5)

Will there ever be an end to war? The m a jo rity o f th e

attendees on my c urre nt a n th ro p o lo g y course answ ered a

fatalistic'No' Their response was la rgely pre d icta b le , given

that we are relentlessly b o m b a rd e d w ith im ages o f th e

military, its m achinery and w eapons, w a r-to rn cities and

grieving civilians The m edia g rim ly rem inds us o f th e sheer

number of ongoing co n flicts a ro un d th e w o rld ; a b o u t th e

huge casualty rate in cou ntrie s w h ic h w e w o u ld p ro b a b ly

struggle to locate on a m ap There seems to be a general

impression tha t there is no chance o f a peaceful life on th e

planet, so long as the re is h u m an life

It’s certainly true th a t c o n flic t appears to have escalated

in the last decade Some a n th ro p o lo g is ts cla im th a t th is is

natural, insofar as it is an in trin sic p a rt o f h u m an n a ture to be

aggressive Primates, o u r closest liv in g relatives, also have a

tendency towards violence T herefore it is easy to d ra w th e

conclusion that hum ans fig h t because it is an in era dica ble

part of our genetic heritage However, are w e w ro n g to m ake

this assumption?

While primates can display exce ptio na l levels o f b ru ta lity

towards outsiders, th e y are also capable o f re co n cilia tio n

(mainly through g ro o m in g and m a tin g ) and can even avoid

conflict when the y perceive th a t th e re is a strateg ic ad van ta ge

in doing so Put more sim ply, apes and m onkeys w ill o n ly

fight if they believe th e y can w in o r escape re trib u tio n Surely,

then, humans have th e capacity to avoid h o s tility too There

is already some evidence th a t th e w o rld's m a jo r pow ers have

realised the lose-lose scenario th a t w o u ld fo llo w nuclear

conflict, as many governm ents are c u rre n tly discussing

disarmament and arms red u ctio n program m es

So are th e re m ore proactive ways to avoid conflict? The more

in s tin c tiv e ly peaceful prim ates are th e ones w ith access to

p le n tifu l foo d, and this should te ll us som e th in g basic about

hu m an co n flict If hu m an p o p u la tio n s were m ore w illin g to

d is trib u te th e ir foo d, fue l and o th e r natural resources more

e q uita bly, th e re w o u ld be less reason to fig h t Even if our

m o tiv e fo r sharing is tech nica lly self-centred, this is irrelevant because in th e lo ng te rm it sim p ly makes sense fo r us to do so

H istorically, w h e n e ve r th e re has been m ore dem and than

s u p p ly fo r fo o d , fu e l o r land, c o n flic t has arisen Therefore,

in o rd e r to share these resources, it is v ita l th a t po pu latio n

g ro w th is lim ite d One w ay to achieve this is th ro u g h the

sc h o o lin g o f w o m e n ; statistics show th a t in countries where

w o m e n are m ore educated, th e b irth rate tends to be lower A nd w ith gre ater e d uca tion , w o m e n are also able to

p a rtic ip a te m ore in d e c isio n -m a k in g at all levels o f society,

in c lu d in g g o ve rn m e n t W hile I hesitate to label

w o m e n as th e m ore peaceful gender, th e y have

a d iffe re n t set o f n e g o tia tio n skills th a n men

A nd w e need th e skills o f b o th to he lp fin d

th e kin d o f com prom ises req uire d to avoid large-scale co n flic t E volution m ay have in s tille d w ith in us th e

in s tin c t to fig h t, b u t we can also evolve to ove rcom e it

you r online DVD rental c lu b 2 , the

experience has been rather disappointing

I cho se you r club 3 due to the

prom ises m ade in you r advertisem ent This

claim ed that th e DVDs w o uld be delivered

within tw o days o f ordering, and tha t each

DVD w as guaranteed to be o f a high quality

However, neither o f these selling po in ts has

turne d o u t to be true

I w aited over a w e e k fo r th e first DVD to

arrive I rang you r cu s to m e r assistance

num ber on several occasions, but despite

leaving m ultiple m essages 4 asking

fo r inform ation, m y calls w ere never returned

A fter nine days, the DVD eventually arrived in

a to rn envelope I cou ld not play it as it had

6 been dam aged I returned the

DVD to you r com p an y and attach ed a note

w ith an explanation o f w h a t had happened

Nevertheless, this m o n th ’s fee w as still

debited from m y ba nk account

I feel tha t this is an exam ple o f 8

p o o r sen/ice, and I w o uld like to request a full

refund Furtherm ore I w o u ld like to cancel m y

subscription w ith im m ediate effect

Language note despite / in spite o f

Despite and In spite o f can also be fo llo w e d by

a noun

Despite this problem, I have generally been

4 Rewrite th e sentences using linkers from exercise 3 Use each linker at least once.

1 A lth o u g h he prom ised to call us back, he never did

2 It was because o f th e w ro n g in s tru c tio n s t h a t w e c o u ld n 't use

th e p ro du ct

3 There was a fa u lt in th e camera so w e c o u ld n ’t take any photos

4 The casing w as cracked, w h ich is w h y th e gam e d id n ’t work

5 I asked fo r a red m odel b u t I was sen t a y e llo w one

6 I w is h to re tu rn th is cam corder because th e lens is scratched

2 Complete th e em ail w ith th e words in th e box.

desperately e vid e n tly extrem e ly

largely rece ntly u n fo rtu n a te ly

5 Im agine you have bought one of th e item s or services in

th e pictures W rite a letter of com plaint (1 5 0 -1 9 0 words) explaining w hy you are dissatisfied w ith th e item or service and saying w hat you would like to happen next.

I 6

V o c a b u la ry B u ild e r Q uiz 6

V O C AB U LA R Y E xtended m e ta p h o r s

6 Complete the dialogue w ith th e correct form of words and

phrases in the box.

invade ta rg e t bom bard aggression gun

launch defend cap ture challenge co m b a t

I A: Have you seen th e ir n e w ad? It's unbelievable! C ow den have

I 1 a m a rk e tin g cam p aign th a t d ir e c tly2

our customers Housem an w ill be o u t fo r blood th is m o rn in g

I В: I know She's called me to see her in her office in te n m in u te s

I A: Have you g o t y o u r3 ready? Because she'll com e at

you w ith 4 blazin g fo r n o t ha ving a n ticip a te d th is

I B: But how could I possibly have predicted it?

I A: You're M a rke tin g M anager! She’ ll say you should have been

aware th a t th e y w ere de veloping a n e w product, so th a t w e

could do s o m e th in g to 5 any negative im p a c t it

m ight have on o u r ow n She'll see th is as a stra te g ic move to

I 6 o u r corner o f th e m arket, and w i l l7

you w ith accusations o f negligence and com placency, so you'd

better th in k o f a cou nter-a ttack, and fast

B: How? I’m go in g to g e t fire d , aren’t I?

I A: Not if you’re clever Look, Cowden h a v e8 o u rte rrito ry

You need to go in th e re and convince Housem an th a t w e can

rise to t h e9 and retaliate w ith an 10

advertising cam paign o f ou r ow n Tel I her y o u ’re already w o rkin g

on it, and y ou’ll have a proposal fo r her by th e end o f today

B: OK,you’re rig ht.T h anks

7 Write your own poem w ith one of th e following titles or your

own idea, using w ar as an extended m etaphor Rem em ber

that it doesn’t need to rhym e.

D o w n lo a d th e V ocabulary B uilder fo r U n it 6 and t r y th e

qu iz be lo w W rite y o u r answers in yo u r n o te b o o k T h e ncheck th e m and record y o u r score

1 C om plete th e sentences w ith th e correct fo rm o f th e

w o rd s in brackets

1 T h e (continue) o f random bom b attackshas caused w idespread pu blic outrage

2 He w as e x tre m e ly (aggression), w h ich

d id n ’t gain h im any sym pathy

3 There was a (note) lack o f violence orvan da lism at yesterday's m atch

4 T h e (com plex) o f th e reasons fo r th e

d isp u te is h a m p e rin g e ffo rts to fin d a solutio n

5 S e x u a l (harass) in th e w o rkplace isunacceptable

6 There is co n sid e ra b le (hostile) betw een

4 C om plete th e sentences w ith s u ita b le verbs

1 S h e am ends a fte r d e stro yin g his pa inting

2 A fte r th e n e w wave o f attacks, te n s io n

th ro u g h o u t th e to w n

3 The rebels w a n te d t o a ceasefire to tend

to th e w o un ded

4 Their m a rria g e dow n and they g o t divorced

5 There’s no need t o offence at a sim ple

c o m m e n t!

6 T h e y a coup and to o k control o f th epre sid entia l residence

7 We need to ou r tro o p s fro m th e w a r

im m e dia te ly It’s tim e our soldiers came home

S core /2 5

W a it a couple o f weeks and tr y th e quiz again

Com pare y o u r scores