Tài liệu Figure Drawing - Sea lion, Gorilla, Human pdf

Short, stubby tail.. Very short hair; fur much darker when wet.. I longus; BiFem Biceps femoris; Brcph Brachiocephalicus; Brrad Brachioradialis; Bucc Buccinator; Delt Deltoid; Digas Diga

200 SEA LION > ANATOMY

Sea lion characteristics: Webbed flipper-like forefoot and hind foot.

Front flipper thicker on front edge Skin of flipper extends past tips of

toe bones, supported by individual cartilages attached to ends of toe

bones Noticeable claws on three middle toes of hind foot; other claws

tiny and inconspicuous Front flipper triangular; hind flipper rectangular.

Hind limb can be advanced forward—can walk, but thigh and lower leg

encased in skin of abdomen (seals can't walk—their hind limbs

perma-nently extended backward) Elbow also enclosed in body skin, but

fore-arms are free Body streamlined (torpedo-shaped) for swimming Thick

insulating blubber layer between skin and muscles Thick, flexible,

mus-cular neck Pelvis and femur small Sternum has forward projection.

Small external ears present (absent in seals) Ears and slit-like nostrils

can be closed under water Short, stubby tail Very short hair; fur much

darker when wet Body uniform in color (no spots) Males larger than

females Closely related to terrestrial carnivores Pinniped is not

scientif-ic classifscientif-ication, but means "fin footed."

AbDIL Abductor digit! I longus; BiFem Biceps femoris; Brcph Brachiocephalicus; Brrad Brachioradialis; Bucc Buccinator; Delt Deltoid; Digas Digastric; ECRB Extensor carpi radialis brevis; ECRL Extensor carpi radialis longus; ECU Extensor carpi ulnaris; EDI Extensor digiti I; ED1L Extensor digiti I longus; EDBr Extensor digitorum brevis; EDC Extensor digitorum com munis; EDLat Extensor digitorum lateralis; EDLon Extensor digitorum longus; ExAbO External abdominal oblique; FCR Flexor carpi radialis; FCU Flexor carpi ulnaris; FD1L Flexor digiti I longus; FDP Flexor digitorum profundus; FDS Flexor digitorum superficialis; Gastr

Gastrocnemius; GluMe Gluteus medius; GluSu Gluteus superficialis; Grac Gracilis; Ilioc Iliocostalis; LatDo Latissimus dorsi; LeNas Levator nasolabialis; LLaMx Levator labii maxillaris; Long! Longissimus; Mass Masseter; Myloh Mylohyoid; Omohy Omohyoid; OrOc Orbicularis oculi; OrOr Orbicutaris oris; PalLo Palmaris longus; PecPr Pectoralis profundus; PecSu Pectoralis superficialis; PerBr Peroneus brevis; PerLo Peroneus longus; Plant Plantaris; PrTer Pronator teres; RecAb Rectus abdominis; SeiVT Serratus ventralis thoracis; Smemb

Semimembranosus; Splen Splenius; Stmas Sternomastoid; Stthh Sternothyrohyoid; Temp Temporalis; Ten FA Tensor fasciae antibrachii; TenFL Tensor fasciae latae; TibCr Tibialis cranialis; Trap Trapezius; TriLa Triceps brachii, lateral head; TriLo Triceps brachii, long head; VasLa Vastus lateratis.

(from specimen;after blainviller)

SEA LION + ANATOMY 201

CALIFORNIA SEA LION (FEMALE)

Zalophus californianus

(after muriee)

202 PINNIPED > PROPORTION

SEA LION (CALIFORNIA)

PINNIPED + PROPORTION 203

WALRUS

204 GORILLA * ANATOMY

LOWLAND GORILLA (MALE)

Gorilla gorilla

Gorilla characteristics: Walks on ends of uppermost phalanges of hand;

middle phalanges rest on ground Short thumb does not touch the

ground Walks on sole and heel of foot Thumb and big toe opposable;

large big toe angles out, away from foot Nails on digits Well-developed

clavicle attached to scapula and sternum Forearm rotates

(pronates/supinates) Arms longer than legs Upper arm longer than

fore-arm (about equal in chimps) Five digits on each limb Shoulders thrust

forward Thigh longer than lower leg Stocky body, large abdomen.

Sloping forehead, large brow ridges, rounded muzzle Large bony crest on

top of skull in male Thick crown pad of skin layers and hair on top of the

head, especially in male Large nostrils Small, deep-set eyes face forward

for binocular vision Small ears (chimps have large ears) Large canine

teeth Foramen magnum (hole for spinal cord) located near bottom of

cra-nium No tail Face, ears, bottoms of hands and feet naked Longest hair

on arms, ends at wrist Thick fur layer on top of gluteal muscles.

AbDiS Abductor digit! V; AbDM Abductor digiti minimi; AbHal Abductor halluds;

AbMDS Abductor metatarsi digiti V; AbPB Abductor pollicis brevis; AbPL Abductor

pollicis longus; AdHal Adductor halluds; AdPol Adductor pollicis; Anc Anconeus;

BicLH Biceps brachii, long head; BicSH Biceps brachii, short head; BiFemLH

Biceps femoris, long head; BiFemSH Biceps femoris, short head; Brach Brachialis;

Brrad Brachioradialis; Bucc Buccinator; DAnOr Depressor anguli oris; DelAc

Deltoid, acromial portion; DelSp Deltoid, spinal portion; Digas Digastric; DLI Depressor labii inferioris (mandibularis); ECRB Extensor carpi radialis brevis; ECRL Extensor carpi radialis longus; ECU Extensor carpi ulnaris; EDS Extensor digiti V (Extensor digitorum lateralis); EDBr Extensor digitorum brevis; EDC Extensor digitorum communis; EDLon Extensor digitorum longus; EHB Extensor halluds brevis; EHL Extensor halluds longus; EPBr Extensor pollicis brevis; EPL Extensor pollicis longus; ExAbO External abdominal oblique; FCR Flexor carpi radialis; FCU Flexor carpi ulnaris; FDBr Flexor digitorum brevis; FDLon Flexor digi-torum longus; FDP flexor digidigi-torum profundus; FDS Flexor digidigi-torum superfi-cialis; FPB Flexor pollicis brevis; FPL Flexor pollicis longus; Front Frontalis; GasLa Gastrocnemius, lateral head; GasMe Gastrocnemius, medial head; GluMe Gluteus medius; GluMx Gluteus maximus (superfidalis); Grac Gradlis; Ilioc Iliocostalis; Infra Infraspinatus; Inter Interossei; LatDo Latissimus dorsi; LLSAN Levator labii

superioris alaeque nasi (levator nasolabialis); LLSup Levator labii superioris

(maxillaris); Longi Longissimus; Mass Masseter; Omohy Omohyoid; OrOc Orbicularis oculi; OrOr Orbicularis oris; PalLo Palmaris longus; PecMa Pectoralis major; PecQu Pectoralis quartus; PerBr Peroneus brevis; PerLo Peroneus longus; PrTer Pronator teres; RecAb Rectus abdominis; RecFe Rectus femoris; Risor Risorius; Sart Sartorius; SerAn Serratus anterior (serratus ventralis thorads); Sol Soleus; Splen Splenius; Stend Semitendinosus; Sthy Sternohyoid; Stman Sternomandibularis; Stthy Sternothyroid; TeMaj Teres major; TeMin Teres minor; Temp Temporalis; Ten FA Tensor fasciae antibrachii; TenFL Tensor fasciae latae; TibAn Tibialis anterior (cranialis); TibPo Tibialis posterior (caudalis); Trap Trapezius; TriLa Triceps brachii, lateral head; TriLo Triceps brachii, long head; VasLa Vastus lateralis; VasMe Vastus medialis; ZygMa Zygomaticus major(zygo-maticus); ZygMi Zygomaticus minor.

(from specimensd)

GORILLA > ANATOMY 205

LOWLAND GORILLA (MALE)

(after reven )

2O6 APE > PROPORTION

LOWLAND GORILLA

APE > PROPORTION 20/

ORANGUTAN

208 HUMAN » ANATOMY

Human characteristics: Enormous braincase, flat face Upright forehead

(small brow ridges in male) Eyes face forward for binocular vision Small

canine teeth same size as adjacent teeth Highest development of facial

muscle control to broadcast facial expressions Foramen magnum on

bottom of cranium—skull balanced on top of vertical spine when

stand-ing Upright spine has four curves—neck and lumbar portions curve

for-ward; thoracic and sacral portions curve backward Well-developed

clavi-cle attached to scapula and sternum Scapula on back surface of rib cage

(on side in four-legged animals); rib cage compressed front to back (side

to side in four-legged animals) Thumb opposable; big toe is not Flat

nails on digits Five digits on each limb Walks upright on two legs, on

sole and heel of foot Legs longer than arms Upper arm longer than

forearm Thigh longer than lower leg Forearm rotates

(pronates/supinates) No tail.

AbDM Abductor digiti minimi; AbHal Abductor hallucis; AbPB Abductor poliicis

brevis; AbPL Abductor poliicis longus; MitAg Adductor magnus; AdPol Adductor

poliicis; kncAnconeus; Bleep Biceps brachii; BiFemLH Biceps femoris, long head;

BiFemSH Biceps femoris, short head; Brach Brachialis; Brrad Brachioradialis;

Bucc Buccinator; DAnOr Depressor anguli oris; DelAc Deltoid, acromial portion;

DelSp Deltoid, spinal portion; DepSu Depressor supercilii; DLI Depressor labii

inferioris (mandibularis); ECRB Extensor carpi radialis brevis; ECRL Extensor carpi radialis longus; ECU Extensor carpi ulnaris; EDBr Extensor digitorum brevis; EDC Extensor digitorum communis; EDLon Extensor digitorum longus; EH L Extensor hallucis longus; EPBr Extensor poliicis brevis; EPL Extensor poliicis longus; ExAbO External abdominal oblique; FCR flexor carpi radialis; FCU Flexor carpi ulnaris; FDLon Flexor digitorum longus; FDS Flexor digitorum superficialis; FHL Flexor hallucis longus; FPB Flexor poliicis brevis; FPL Flexor poliicis longus; Front Frontalis; GasLa Gastrocnemius, lateral head; GasMe Gastrocnemius, medial head; GluMe Gluteus medius; GluMx Gluteus maximus (superficialis); Grac Gracilis; Ilioc Iliocostalis; Infra Infraspinatus; Inter Interossei; LatDo Latissimus dorsi; LevSc Levator scapulae (serratus ventralis cervicis); LLSAN Levator labii

superioris alaeque nasi (levator nasolabialis); LLSup Levator labii superioris

(maxillaris); Long! Longissimus; Malar Malaris; Mass Masseter; Ment Mentalis; Nasal Nasalis; Occip Occipitalis; Omohy Omohyoid; OrOc Orbicularis oculi; OrOr Orbicularis oris; PalLo Palmaris longus; PecMa Pectoralis major; PerBr Pemneus brevis; PerLo Peroneus longus; PerTe Pemneus tertius; Proc Proceros; PrTer Pronator teres; RecAb Rectus abdominis; RecFe Rectus femoris; Rhom Rhomboid; Rlsor Risorius; Sart Sartorius; SerAn Serratus anterior (serratus ventralis tho-racis); Smemb Semimembranosus; Sol Soleus; Splen Splenius; Stend Semitendinosus; Sthy Sternohyoid; Stmas Sternomastoid; TeMaj Teres major;

TeMin Teres minor; Temp Temporalis; TenFL Tensor fasciae latae; TibAn Tibialis anterior (cranialis); TibPo Tibialis posterior (caudalis); Trap Trapezius; TriLa Triceps brachii, lateral head; TrILo Triceps brachii, long head; TriMe Triceps brachii, medial head; VasLa Vastus lateralis; VasMe Vastus medialis; ZygMa

Zygomaticus major (zygomaticus).

(from speccimens)

HUMAN + ANATOMY 2Op

(from dissectinos)

21O HUMAN » PROPORTION

HUMAN > PROPORTION 211

(all after richer)