It can be inferred from the passage that the Esperanto word malespera means C> hopelessness C> hope C> hopeless Cc hopeful Look at the expression popping up in paragraph 4.. READING Re
Trang 118 Look at the word it in paragraph 2 Click 20 Click on the drawing that shows what
on the word or phrase in paragraph 2 that happens after a chlorine molecule reacts
A
19 Look at the word culprits in paragraph 3 ‘
This word is closest in meaning to which of ( „
KT
~
C
©) Guilty parties Cc) Detectives
©) Group members
- = > |
+
21 Click on the sentence in paragraph 3 that explains how much damage chlorine can
do
Trang 2
PASSAGE THREE (Questions 22-34)
Dr Esperanto, when signing the book He selected the name Esperanto because this word means “a
Esperanto is what is called a planned, or artificial, language It was created more than a century
ago by Polish eye doctor Ludwik Lazar Zamenhof Zamenhof believed that a common language would
help to alleviate some of the misunderstandings among cultures
In ZamenhofS first attempt at a universal language, he tried to create a language that was as
uncomplicated as possible This first language included words such as ab, ac, ba, eb, be, and ce This
did not result in a workable language in that these monosyllabic words, though short, were not easy
to understand or to retain
Next, Zamenhof tried a different way of constructing a simplified language He made the words
in his language sound like words that people already knew, but he simplified the grammar
tremendously One example of how he simplified the language can be seen in the suffixes: all nouns in
this language end in 0, as in the noun amiko, which means “friend,” and all adjectives end in -a, as in
the adjective bela, which means “pretty.” Another example of the simplified language can be seen in
the prefix mal-, which makes a word opposite in meaning; the word malamiko therefore means
“enemy,” and the word malbela therefore means “ugly” in Zamenhof’s language
In 1887, Zamenhof wrote a description of this language and published it He used a penname,
« person who hopes” in his language Esperanto clubs began popping up throughout Europe, and by
1905 Esperanto had spread from Europe to America and Asia
In 1905, the First World Congress of Esperanto took place in France, with approximately 700
attendees from 20 different countries Congresses were held annually for nine years, and 4,000
attendees were registered for the Tenth World Esperanto Congress scheduled for 1914, when World
War I erupted and forced its can
it was introduced, it is estimate
Esperanto has had its |
in the period since World War I EE] Today, years after
ps a quarter of a million people are fluent in it
Current advocates would like to see its use grow considerably and are taking steps to try to make this
happen
22
23
The topic of this passage is 25
> a language developed in the last few
years Cc) one man’s efforts to create a universal
language
> how language can be improved
Cc) using language to communicate
internationally
26
According to the passage, Zamenhof
wanted to create a universal language
C) to resolve cultural differences
C> to provide a more complex language
C> to build a name for himself
C> to create one world culture
27
It can be inferred from the passage that the Esperanto word malespera means
C> hopelessness C> hope
C> hopeless Cc) hopeful
Look at the expression popping up in paragraph 4 This expression could best be replaced by
C> leaping C> shouting Cc) hiding CC) opening
Click on the sentence in paragraph 4 that
Trang 328 It can be inferred from the passage that the 32 Click on the paragraph that describes the Third World Congress of Esperanto took predecessor to Esperanto
place
Ạ in 1905
C> English grammar
C) world government
29 According to the passage, what happened C> applied linguistics
to the Tenth World Esperanto Congress?
Cc) It had 4,000 attendees
C > It was scheduled for 1915
C > It had attendees from 20 countries
C> It never took place ©) how current supporters of Esperanto
are encouraging its growth C> another of Zamenhof's
34, The paragraph following the passage most likely discusses
30 Look at the expression ups and downs, in accomplishments
paragraph 6 This expression is closest in ©) the disadvantages of using an artificial
© take offs and landings
€ 5 highs and lows
31 The following sentence could be added to
paragraph 6
This may seem like a large number, but
it is really quite small when compared
with the billion English speakers and billion Mandarin Chinese speakers in today’s world
Where would it best fit into the paragraph?
Click on the square (M) to add the sentence
to the paragraph
Trang 4PASSAGE FOUR (Questions 35-44)
Paul Bunyan is perhaps America’s best-known folk hero A fictional logger of incredible
strength, he was most likely based on an actual nineteenth century logger from the northern United
States or Canada As a folk hero, he struck a chord with Americans on some level, perhaps because he
was incredibly strong but also because he was hard-working and capable, ingenious in solving |
problems, and fun-loving
Though there is evidence that Paul Bunyan tales were part of oral tradition in the nineteenth
century, Paul Bunyan stories did not appear in written form until the early twentieth century
Journalist James McGillivray included descriptions of Bunyan in a series of essays entitled “The
Round River Drive,” which appeared in a number of Midwestern newspapers between 1906 and 1910
However, it was through an extensive advertising campaign that Paul Bunyan moved solidly into
Recognizing the appeal of Paul Bunyan as a figure for his company’s advertising, William
Laughead, an advertising executive for the Red River Lumber Company, initiated a campaign that
consisted of a series of publications featuring Paul Bunyan For several decades, the company _
distributed these publications free of charge and made no attempt to obtain a copyright on them In
fact, the company vigorously encouraged other writers to make use of Paul Bunyan because it felt
that the use of this character enhanced the name recognition of the Red River Lumber Company
inasmuch as the name of the folk hero and the name of the company had become interwoven
GE The Bunyan stories published by Red River and further circulated by others were tall tales of
gigantic proportions [EJ In these tales, Bunyan is depicted as a man of superhuman proportions, who
is strong, hard-working, entrepreneurial, and innovative, In one story, for example, Paul is
credited with digging the Great Lakes in order to create a watering hole for his giant ox, Babe MJ In
another of these tales, Paul caused an entire winter of blue snow to fall by swearing a blue streak after
he injured himself by smashing his thumb with a large hammer 9
Fascination with Paul Bunyan has continued to grow, and today he is a standard of American
folklore The prevalence of Bunyan as a figure of folklore today is evidenced by references to him in
countless stories, cartoons, poems, and songs as well as the numerous community festivals and
logging competitions featuring Paul Bunyan that can be found throughout the sections of the country
where logging has a strong tradition
35 This purpose of this passage is to 38 Which of the following CANNOT be
inferred about the Red River Lumber Company’s advertising campaign featuring Paul Bunyan?
C> present the actual feats of a real-life
logger C> discuss a “larger than life” folk hero
C> provide an overview of American ©) The company did not protect its
C> The campaign did little to enhance the
company’s profitability
36 Itis NOT stated in the passage that Paul ©) The company wanted the name Paul
C > dedication to work
Trang 540 Look at the word interwoven in paragraph
3 This word could best be replaced by
©) unfashionable
42 Click on the sentence in paragraph 4 that discusses a weather phenomenon that Paul Bunyan supposedly caused
C) mixed together
is close in meaning to countless
41 The following sentence could be added to
A third story in the series describes plots of some of the tales of Paul Bunyan Paul’s role in establishing the
Mississippi River
Where would it best fit into the paragraph?
Click on the square (@) to add the sentence
to the paragraph
Circle the number of each of the questions on the test that you answered incorrectly or were unsure of Then you will see which skills you should be sure to focus on
Trang 6READING
Reading is tested in the third section on both the paper TOEFL test and the computer
TOEFL test This section consists of reading passages followed by a number of questions
The paper and the computer reading sections are similar in the following ways:
© the types of passages
© the language skills tested
¢ the ordering of the questions
The paper and the computer reading sections are different in the following ways:
© the types of questions
© the number of questions
© the amount of time
© the strategies and procedures
READING ON THE PAPER TOEFL® TEST
On the paper TOEFL test, the third section is called Reading Comprehension This section
consists of five passages and fifty questions (although some tests may be longer) You have
fifty-five minutes to complete the fifty questions in this section
There is only one type of question in the Reading Comprehension section of the paper
TOEFL test:
Multiple-Choice questions ask you to select the best answer to questions about the
information given in the reading passages A multiple-choice question on the
paper test may ask about the main ideas, directly answered details, indirectly
answered details, vocabulary, or overall review ideas
The questions on the paper test are presented in linear order The passages progress from
easy to difficult, and the questions are presented in the order in which they appear in the
passage
Trang 7
360 READING
3 Do not worry if a reading passage is on a topic you are unfamiliar with All of the information that you need to answer the questions is included in the passages You do not need any background knowledge to answer the questions
4 Do not spend too much time on a question you are unsure of If you do not know the answer to a question, simply guess and go on You can return to this question later in the section if you have time
5 Guess to complete the section before time is up There is no penalty for guessing, so
it can only increase your score to guess the answers to questions that you do not have time
Now look at a reading passage from the paper TOEFL test, followed by a number of multiple-choice questions
Example from the Paper TOEFL Test
Obsidian is a distinctive type of igneous rock that forms
as a result of the melting of deep crustal granite rocks into
magma Because of the speed at which the magma cools,
Line crystallization does not occur, and a solid, shiny, volcanic,
color, obsidian can also take on a golden or silvery sheen or
be striped in a rainbow of hues
Obsidian is generally found in small outcrops, though
large masses of it can be found in a few notable locations Two (10) _ such sites are the giant Valles Caldera in New Mexico, where
the obsidian flows are hundreds of feet thick, and the Glass
Buttes in Oregon, which are composed entirely of obsidian
Because of its properties, obsidian was prized in many
ancient cultures Obsidian is easily worked into shapes with
flint and was thus used in the production of simple hunting weapons It can also be polished to an extremely high luster
and was thus held in a high regard in a number of cultures as
Now look at the first question, which is a multiple-choice question that asks about a direct detail from the passage
1 What is stated in the passage about obsidian?
(A) It results from rapidly cooling magma
(B) Itis crystalline
(C) Itisasedimentary rock
Trang 8
INTRODUCTION (Paper and Computer)
To answer this question, you should find the part of the passage that states that because of the speed at which the magma cools, crystallization does not occur, and a solid, shiny, volcanic, glass-like rock results From this, it can be determined that obsidian results from rapidly cooling magma,
and that it is not crystalline, that it is a volcanic rather than sedimentary rock, and that it
has a shiny finish rather than a dull finish Answer (A) is therefore the best answer to this
question
Now look at the second question, which is a multiple-choice question that asks about a
vocabulary word from the passage
2 The word “sites” in line 10 is closest in meaning to
(A) pieces (B) layers
(C) places
(D) distances
To answer this question, you should find the word sites in line 10 in the passage and read
the context around it The passage mentions a few notable locations and two such sites From
this context, you can determine that sztes is close in meaning to locations, or places Answer
(C) is therefore the best answer to this question
Now look at the third question, which is a multiple-choice question that asks you to
infer an indirect detail from the passage
3 It can be inferred from the passage that obsidian would least likely have been used to make
(A) aspear (B) an arrowhead (C) aring
(D) abelt
The passage states that obsidian was used in the production of simple hunting weapons and that
it was held in high regard in a number of cultures as a semiprecious stone in jewelry From this, it can be inferred that obsidian would likely have been used to make a spear or an arrowhead,
which are types of weapons, or a ring, which is a type of jewelry, and that obsidian, which is
36}
Trang 9362 READING
To,answer this question, you should skim each of the line numbers in the answer choices
for information about the colors of obsidian Lines 5-7 mention that obsidian is black in
color, that it can take on a golden or silvery sheen, and that is can be striped in a rainbow of hues
This sentence clearly discusses the colors of obsidian, so answer (B) is the best answer to this
question
(Paper TOEFL® Test)
| Skim the reading passage to determine the main idea and the overall organization of ideas in the passage You do not need to understand every detail in each passage to answer the questions correctly It is therefore a waste of time to read the passage with the intent of understanding every single detail before you try to answer the questions
2 Look ahead at the questions to determine what language skills are being tested
in the questions Questions related to different language skills are answered in different ways
3 Find the section of the passage that deals with each question The language skill tells you exactly where to look in the passage to find correct answers
¢ For main idea questions, look at the first line of each paragraph
¢ For directly and indirectly answered detail questions, choose a key word in the question, and skim for that key word (or a related idea) in order in the passage
¢ For pronoun questions, the question will tell you where the pronoun is located in the passage
¢ For transition questions, look at the beginning or the end of the passage
¢ For vocabulary questions, the question will tell you where the word is located in the passage
¢ For where-in-the-passage questions, the answer choices give you the four possible locations of the correct answer
¢ For tone, purpose, and course questions, look at the first line of each paragraph -
4 Read the part of the passage that contains the answer carefully The answer will probably be in a very predictable place in the passage
5 Choose the best answer to each question from the four choices listed in your test book You can choose the best answer according to what is given in the appropriate section
of the passage, eliminate definitely wrong answers, and mark your best guess on the answer sheet
Trang 10
INTRODUCTION (Paper and Computer)
READING ON THE COMPUTER TOEFL® TEST
On the computer TOEFL test, the third section is called the Reading section This section
consists of four to five passages and forty-four to sixty questions You have seventy to ninety
minutes to complete the questions in this section
There are three types of questions in the Reading section of the computer TOEFL test:
1 Multiple-Choice questions ask you to select the best answer to questions about the
information given in the reading passages A multiple-choice question on the com-
puter test may ask about the main ideas, directly answered details, indirectly
answered details, vocabulary, or overall review ideas
2 Click-on questions ask you to find a word, phrase, sentence, or paragraph in a pas-
sage that answers a question and to click on that word, phrase, sentence, or para-
graph They may also ask you to click on one of four pictures following a passage
In a click-on question, you may be asked to click on a vocabulary word with a spe-
cific meaning, a reference for a particular pronoun, a sentence or picture that
answers a detail question, or a paragraph that develops a main idea
3 Insertion questions ask you to find the most logical place in a passage to insert a
specific piece of information In an insertion question, you may be asked to insert a
sentence that expresses a main idea, a supporting detail or an example, a transi-
tion, or a concluding idea into the appropriate place in a passage
The questions in the Reading section of the computer test are presented in linear order
The passages progress from easy to difficult, and the questions are presented in the order
in which they appear in the passage
GENERAL STRATEGIES FOR READING
5E
(Computer TOEFL® Test),
| Be familiar with the directions The directions on every computer TOEFL test are the
same, so it is not necessary to spend time reading the directions carefully when you take the
test You should be completely familiar with the directions before the day of the test
2 Dismiss the directions as soon as they come up The time starts when the directions
come up You should already be familiar with the directions, so you can click on
3 Understand that this section of the test is linear rather than computer adaptive
This means that the ordering of the passages and questions is specified (and is not based on
363